{"title":"Advancements in Wearable Solar Cell Technology: Integrating Perovskites and Dye-Sensitized Cells","authors":"Mukund Ayalasomayajula;Mohit Ravi Khurana;Vasanth Balakrishnan;Prince Shiva Chaudhary;Sourayan Basu Bal;Rishav Kumar Baranwal","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3394388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3394388","url":null,"abstract":"The surge in wearable technology demands a sustainable power source to meet its impending growth. With billions of connected devices and escalating CO2 emissions, integrating solar energy into wearables emerges as a critical solution. While conventional solar cells have made strides, adapting them to wearable tech remains a challenge due to their limited flexibility. Silicon-based cells, the most efficient currently, face hurdles in achieving both flexibility and durability. Emerging solar cell types like organic photovoltaics (OPVs), perovskite-based, dye-sensitized, and quantum dot cells show promise for wearables, but each comes with integration complexities and material selection intricacies. This article delves into the intricacies of solar cell integration into wearable tech, specifically focusing on perovskites and dye-sensitized solar cells due to their compatibility with current wearable technology. Exploring their design, operational mechanisms, and material adaptations, this article highlights advancements, challenges, and the need for a delicate balance between mechanical flexibility and industrial feasibility in creating market-ready wearable solar technology.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 5","pages":"205-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Psaltakis;Konstantinos Rogdakis;Konstantinos Chatzimanolis;Emmanuel Kymakis
{"title":"Dataset of Perovskite Memristive Current–Voltage Characteristics for Pattern Recognition","authors":"George Psaltakis;Konstantinos Rogdakis;Konstantinos Chatzimanolis;Emmanuel Kymakis","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3390671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3390671","url":null,"abstract":"The ever-increasing number of Internet-of-Thing devices requires the development of edge-computing platforms to address the associated demand for big data processing at low power consumption while minimizing cloud communication latency. Neuromorphic computation is a viable solution to avoid an unsustainable energy cost; however, achieving stable memristive switching is a complex process. Mixed halide perovskite resistive memories are a promising technology that usually requires an extensive experimental characterization procedure till a stable operation mode is reached, resulting in an abundance of data that need to be manually processed. In this study, we create a dataset for pattern recognition based on thousands of images of experimental current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of solution-processed, and thus printable, mixed halide perovskite memristors. We have categorized our experimental data into seven distinct categories of memristive behavior depending on the shape of the I–V curves. A machine learning (ML) approach is implemented using a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained using this image-based dataset. After the training phase, the CNN is able to categorize any new experimental I–V across the seven generic types, while a binary categorization process by splitting the experimental data into those exhibiting good or bad switching characteristics is demonstrated with validation accuracies of up to 91%. Overall, it is shown that this ML-based pattern recognition approach can assist in identifying how many of the tested memristive devices exhibit stable, optimum switching dynamics, and upon expanding the model, it could predict which characterization parameters are most influential toward achieving an efficient device operation.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 8","pages":"363-367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generalized Rapid TFT Modeling (GRTM) Framework for Agile Device Modeling With Thin-Film Transistors","authors":"Longfan Li;Jun Li;Changyan Chen;Yuhang Zhang;Jian Zhao;Yongfu Li;Xiaojun Guo","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3384934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3384934","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces the generalized rapid thin-film-transistor (TFT) modeling (GRTM) framework, an innovative approach using deep learning (DL) techniques for efficient and accurate modeling and generation of Verilog-A code of TFT devices. Traditional TFT modeling methods, such as physics-based and lookup table (LUT)-based models, often involve complex, manual parameter tuning and struggle with generalizability across different device types. The GRTM framework streamlines the modeling process by leveraging DL algorithms to automatically learn from input datasets, significantly reducing human effort in parameter extraction and fitting. Thus, a new aspect of GRTM is its compatibility with commercial SPICE simulators, achieved by converting DL models into Verilog-A SPICE code. The framework’s efficacy is demonstrated through its application to low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS) TFT devices, showing a fourfold increase in accuracy and a substantial reduction in model development time compared with conventional physics-based models. The performance and features of the GRTM framework are compared with existing methods, highlighting its potential to revolutionize TFT device modeling.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 5","pages":"190-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tulika Bajpai;Ajay Kumar Dwivedi;R. K. Nagaria;Shweta Tripathi
{"title":"High Performance Er-Doped ZnO (EZO)/WSe₂ Heterostructure-Based Wideband Photodetector","authors":"Tulika Bajpai;Ajay Kumar Dwivedi;R. K. Nagaria;Shweta Tripathi","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3384944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3384944","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports Al/Erbium-doped ZnO/WSe2/ITO-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) structure-based wideband photodetector. The EZO and WSe2 are deposited using spin coating method, whereas, Al contacts were deposited over EZO layer using thermal evaporation technique. The p-type tungsten di-selenide (WSe2) layer deposited over indium tin oxide (ITO) coated PET substrate forms a heterojunction with n-type Erbium-doped ZnO (EZO) layer. The photodetector performance parameters like responsivity, external quantum efficiency (EQE), specific detectivity, and sensitivity were calculated at fixed power of 0.118 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu text{w}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and at 2 V bias. The proposed device shows a very high EQEs/responsivity \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$R_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (A/W) of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.26 times 10^{4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000%/72.90, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.3 times 10^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000%/30.60, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.52 times 10^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000%/14.10 at 400 nm (UV), 600 nm (visible), and 1150 nm (NIR), respectively, under 2-V bias. Furthermore, the proposed photodetector behaves as a self-powered detector for normal as well as circularly polarized light (CPL). The proposed photodetector may find its application in optoelectronics for broadband detection and polarization sensors.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 5","pages":"214-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Laser Sintering Direct Ink Write Silver Nanoflake Ink for On-Demand Manufacturing of Electronics in Space","authors":"Ellie Schlake;Nirmala Kandadai","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3384331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3384331","url":null,"abstract":"Developing manufacturing methods for flexible electronics will enable and improve the large-scale production of flexible, spatially efficient, and lightweight devices. Laser sintering is a promising postprocessing method to produce consolidated films for flexible electronic devices while reducing power consumption compared to standard thermal sintering. This work further explores laser sintering of direct ink write (nScrypt) printed silver as a continuation of previous studies on nScrypt-printed silver and aerosol jet-printed gold, platinum, and titanium dioxide for manufacturing printed electronics (PEs) on the International Space Station (ISS). Four different laser wavelengths are studied for laser sintering nScrypt silver nanoflake ink on flexible polyimide and rigid glass substrates. The laser systems investigated are continuous wave (CW) 808 nm, CW 445 nm, CW 1064 nm, and pulsed femtosecond (fs) 1040-nm lasers. The laser power and scanning speed are varied to compare the laser systems and optimize laser sintering parameters for the silver ink. The resistivity of the laser-sintered silver NPs is compared to the resistivity of the unsintered silver to demonstrate the effectiveness of laser sintering. An optimal resistivity of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.81times 10^{-8},,Omega cdot text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is achieved for the nScrypt silver laser sintered using a fs 1040-nm laser.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 6","pages":"242-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10488399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pranay Doshi;Zhou Li;Fabian Langer;Daniel H. Gutierrez;Niels Benson;Dennis Nordlund;Debbie G. Senesky;Ram P. Gandhiraman
{"title":"Plasma Jet Printing of Diamond and Silicon","authors":"Pranay Doshi;Zhou Li;Fabian Langer;Daniel H. Gutierrez;Niels Benson;Dennis Nordlund;Debbie G. Senesky;Ram P. Gandhiraman","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3384330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3384330","url":null,"abstract":"Diamond with nitrogen, silicon and other group IV vacancies have been receiving attention as single-photon sources for various quantum applications. Typically, diamond is prepared by epitaxial methods and the desired vacancies are incorporated by in situ doping or ion implantation. Here we prepare diamond by plasma jet printing from nanodiamond ink and incorporate silicon also by printing using a nanoparticle ink. Printed diamond films exhibit all the characteristic Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) features commonly seen in epitaxially-grown films. Printed silicon films are crystalline and when printed on diamond, silicon incorporation shows the characteristic silicon vacancy PL peak.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 6","pages":"252-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics Call for Papers: Cross Society Special Issue (ISCAS & IFETC) on Flexible Hybrid Electronics: Advancing Next-Generation Applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3419825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3419825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 4","pages":"169-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10584437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anindya Nag;Oliver Ozioko;Woo Soo Kim;Joseph Andrews
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Issue on Self-Powered Sensors and Wearable Electronic Systems","authors":"Anindya Nag;Oliver Ozioko;Woo Soo Kim;Joseph Andrews","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3408001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3408001","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable sensing has recently been highly preferred due to its quick and accurate measurement of physiological parameters. These sensors have been devised using various polymers \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000 and nanomaterials \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[4]</xref>\u0000 suited for the chosen application. With the exponential growth of wearable electronics \u0000<xref>[5]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[6]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[7]</xref>\u0000, there is a need to broaden their capabilities in terms of functionality and availability. Commercializing these wearable electronics needs further encouragement to use these sensors as point-of-care devices. Self-powered sensors \u0000<xref>[8]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[9]</xref>\u0000 are one of the growing aspects in the sector of wearable sensing. With the growing requirement for energy usage, self-powered sensing systems need to be developed to generate and harvest energy ubiquitously \u0000<xref>[10]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[11]</xref>\u0000. This Special Issue highlights some of the published papers that work on using smart textiles and self-powered devices for efficient and sustainable sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 4","pages":"118-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10584438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics Call for Papers: Special Issue on Selected Papers from the IEEE International Conference on Flexible, Printable, Sensors and Systems (FLEPS 2024)","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3419826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JFLEX.2024.3419826","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100623,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics","volume":"3 4","pages":"170-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10584429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}