Cleaner Waste Systems最新文献

{"title":"Kiwi peel waste enhances manure protein degradation: Statistical optimization using Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology","authors":"Noori M. Cata Saady,&nbsp;Tasnia Hasan Nazifa","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anaerobic digestion (AD) of protein-rich waste is challenged by ammonia accumulation. This study explores the potential of Kiwi peel waste (KPW)-derived proteases (actinidin) to enhance manure protein degradation. It used Box–Behnken response surface design to optimize the protein quantity and ammonia reduction in batch experiments. It studied the individual and interactive effects of the manure degradation parameters (manure dosage, KPW dosage, and time). The optimal manure protein quantity reduction (39 ± 0.54 %) was obtained at manure dosages of 4 g VS L⁻¹, KPW dosage of 7.5 g VS L⁻¹, and 48 h. However, the optimum conditions for reducing ammonia by 64 ± 0.65 % are manure dosage of 9 g VS L⁻¹, KPW dosage of 7.5 g VS L⁻¹, and 48 h. A highly predictive second-order polynomial model predicted reduction consistent with those observed experimentally (<em>R</em>² = 0.99). Change and decrease in FTIR peak intensity from 3200 to 3400 cm⁻¹ confirmed the disturbance of hydrogen bonds and the breaking of amide or N-H bonds within side chains in the hydrolyzed manure sample. The tests characterizing the hydrolyzed substrate and the statistical model data affirm that employing KPW for manure degradation is a feasible strategy to tackle ammonia buildup. This approach can potentially enhance protein degradation in manure and increase methane yield in AD. Future studies may explore the effects of using different types of manure or other slaughterhouse waste to understand the model’s viability on various protein-rich wastes. The stability of actinidin needs to be investigated under different environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, nutrients, etc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing the key drivers and barriers for implementing circular economy practices in waste management systems using ISM and MICMAC analysis","authors":"Nitish Kumar Minz ,&nbsp;Monika Yadav ,&nbsp;Anshika Prakash ,&nbsp;Shivani Kain","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition toward a circular economy (CE) offers a sustainable alternative to traditional waste management systems but faces significant challenges due to technological, policy, economic, and behavioural barriers. Addressing the fragmented understanding of these factors, this study presents a structured, data-driven framework by integrating Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis, validated through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Through systematic literature review and expert consultation, the research identifies and prioritises twelve key drivers and barriers influencing CE adoption in waste management. The findings reveal that advanced recycling technologies, policy support, and waste-to-energy opportunities act as pivotal enablers, while infrastructure limitations and high investment costs emerge as major barriers. The ISM model constructs a hierarchical structure of interdependencies, and MICMAC analysis categorises factors based on their driving and dependence powers, offering strategic insights. SEM validation confirms the robustness of the proposed framework, with significant causal relationships (e.g., β = 0.72 between technological advancements and infrastructure development). This study contributes a state-of-the-art decision-support model to guide policymakers and industry stakeholders in designing targeted interventions, accelerating the transition toward sustainable and circular waste management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a three-dimensional sustainable waste management scale for small rapidly industrialising states","authors":"Khaled M. Alhosani","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper develops and validates a scale that measures sustainable industrial waste management in small, rapidly industrialising states (SIWM-SRIS), considering the perspective of industrial waste management stakeholder groups. Small states encounter unique vulnerabilities in managing industrial waste due to their small land size, warranting a novel measurement scale for insight gathering instrumental to policy making and sustainable waste planning. The SIWM-SRIS scale development and validation process is conducted in six main stages. Stages one and two constitute a review of scales in related fields and a systematic literature review (SLR) to verify the known research gap and inform the theoretical direction for the new scale development. Stage three constitutes expert interviews to explore key sustainability motives of waste management stakeholders. The fourth stage is a pilot survey (n = 60) to rank important sustainability indicators. The fifth is a formal survey study (n = 391) to validate the measurement scale. Finally, a case study of a plastic factory in the Emirate of Ajman is conducted for scale validation. For stages four to six, the government waste regulatory arm of Ajman Municipality, businesses in the plastic waste-generating industry, and private industrial waste management businesses in the Emirate are involved. SIWM-SRIS scale exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability and validity tests reveal three dimensions: environmental (7 items), economic (5 items), and social (3 items). SIWM-SRIS is capable of measuring sustainability motives among industrial waste management stakeholders in small, rapidly industrialising states. The findings are validated through triangulation, construct validity, discriminant validity and other reliability benchmarks, including Cronbach’s Alpha and Composite reliability. The SIWM-SRIS scale is an innovative tool that uniquely addresses the distinct challenges of sustainable industrial waste management in small, rapidly industrialising states, filling a critical gap in existing research. It provides firm grounds for industrial waste management evaluation, performance benchmarking, and policy planning in small, rapidly industrialising states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GIS-based optimization of solid waste collection points and routes: A case study of Majengo Ward, Sumbawanga Municipality, Tanzania","authors":"Muhajir Mussa Kwikima ,&nbsp;Fortunata Ngole","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the potential of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and optimization techniques to improve municipal solid waste management in Sumbawanga Municipality, Tanzania. While GIS applications in waste management are established, scalable models for secondary cities in resource-limited African contexts remain understudied. The research focuses on Majengo Ward, a rapidly urbanizing area with an inadequate waste collection system. Through a mixed-methods approach, the study bridges this gap by proposing solutions to enhance waste collection coverage, reduce environmental impact, and optimize operational efficiency. Spatial analysis reveals significant inefficiencies in the existing system, with only 40 % of the 3.5 tonnes of daily waste collected. Using GIS and suitability modeling, seven new collection points are strategically identified, considering population density, road proximity, and environmental risks. Optimization algorithms (p-median and p-center) design efficient routes, minimizing distances and travel times. The proposed system is projected to increase waste collection coverage by 90 %, reduce fuel consumption by 25 %, and decrease driver working hours by 30 %. The cost-benefit analysis demonstrates significant economic and environmental benefits, with a payback period of 3.5 years. This study highlights the effectiveness of data-driven approaches in addressing waste management challenges in developing cities. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, planners, and waste management practitioners, contributing to sustainable urban development in Tanzania and similar contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable concrete development using groundnut shell ash: A response surface methodology approach","authors":"Raghavendra Mahesh ,&nbsp;Shiva Kumar G ,&nbsp;Ujwal M.S. ,&nbsp;Likheeth J. ,&nbsp;Vinay A. ,&nbsp;Poornachandra Pandit","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and global warming are primarily driven by carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel combustion across energy, transportation, and industrial sectors. Among industrial contributors, the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is a significant source of emissions due to its energy-intensive processes and chemical decomposition of limestone. Cement is widely used in concrete because of its cost-effectiveness and reliability; however, its high energy consumption and environmental impact necessitate the search for sustainable alternatives. Previous studies have explored various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash, silica fume, and groundnut shell ash (GSA), but many lack optimization in their application, particularly in tailoring the GSA content with water<img>cement (w/c) ratios to achieve optimal workability and mechanical performance. Additionally, existing research often overlooks systematic experimental designs that comprehensively evaluate fresh and hardened properties via advanced statistical techniques. This study addresses these gaps by employing response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize concrete mixtures incorporating GSA as a partial cement replacement (3–12 %) with w/c ratios ranging from 0.4–0.6. Workability (slump, Vee–Bee consistency, compaction factor) and mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength) were evaluated according to Indian standards. The results demonstrated that the GSA significantly influenced the concrete properties, with an optimal mixture of 6.27 % GSA and a 0.42 w/c ratio achieving a desirability of 66.38 %. This study provides a data-driven approach to enhancing concrete sustainability by utilizing agricultural waste while addressing key shortcomings in prior research. The optimized concrete mixture not only demonstrated enhanced mechanical and fresh properties but also significantly contributes to the broader agenda of sustainable construction. By incorporating groundnut shell ash (GSA), an agricultural waste, this study promotes circular economy practices and reduces reliance on traditional cement, which is a major contributor to global CO₂ emissions. The findings underscore the feasibility of replacing a portion of OPC with GSA without compromising performance, thereby supporting the transition to greener infrastructure materials. This research lays the groundwork for scalable, eco-efficient concrete production, especially in regions with abundant agricultural residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100379"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and mechanical characterization of mortar with partial cement replacement by white mud (kamero)","authors":"Saroj Subedi,&nbsp;Md Tamanna Aalam,&nbsp;Sagar Ranabhat,&nbsp;Prabhat Baral,&nbsp;Laxman Bhujel,&nbsp;Tek Raj Gyawali","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing demand for cement but its production’s effect on CO₂ emission and land degradation, there is a pressing need to find viable alternatives that can partially or significantly replace it. Many studies have investigated the usage of various waste materials for the cement replacement. One promising area of research is focused on white mud (WM), exploring its potential as an effective replacement in construction materials. This study investigates the effectiveness of WM on the physical and mechanical properties of mortar. The control mortar was with water-cement ratio of 0.45 and cement: sand ratio of 1:1.92. The replaced content of WM to cement was 0.0 %, 2.5 %, 5.0 %, 7.5 %, and 10.0 % (by weight of cement). The required physical, mechanical, and durability tests of mortar were conducted. The findings suggest that the optimal replacement percentage is 2.5 %. It increased the 28-day compressive strength by 15.0 %, but decreased the splitting tensile and flexural strengths by 13.7 % and 7.5 %, respectively. The use of WM also caused the increase in the density resulting in the reduction of water absorption. The obtained results suggest that the substitute of cement with WM is viable in both aspects on enhancing the properties of mortar and reducing the cement consumption. Overall, this research highlights the potential of WM as an eco-friendly and effective partial cement replacement, especially at lower substitution levels, which not only enhances the required properties of mortar but also minimizes the cement consumption mitigating the problems of CO₂ emission and land degradation contributing to the sustainable development goals. The implementation of this finding offers multiple benefits, including the production of more sustainable and cost-effective concrete, protection of human health from WM dust through its proper utilization, and the rehabilitation of previously unusable land into fertile ground for increased agricultural productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting organic waste and biomethane generation potential of a non industrial district of Eastern India: A data-driven approach to sustainable energy and waste management","authors":"Anudeb Ghosh ,&nbsp;Debasis Maji ,&nbsp;Shireen Roy ,&nbsp;Saradashree Pal ,&nbsp;Aman Basu ,&nbsp;Richik GhoshThakur ,&nbsp;Srinivasan Balachandran","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste management is a critical indicator, affecting public health, sanitation, and environmental sustainability, which can improve living standards in disadvantaged communities. The main objective of the study is to estimate population growth and organic waste production and assess the methane production until 2051 in 6 municipalities of Birbhum district. Arithmetic and Geometric Progression were used for population predictions, and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) models for methane estimation. This study found that Birbhum municipal solid waste (MSW) contains 57–64 % organic material from markets, kitchens, and gardens, varying by municipalities. Results show that Class II municipalities like Bolpur generates 21 Metric Tonnes (MT) of organic waste everyday (364.86 gm per capita in 2021). With a 40 % organic waste collection efficiency, Bolpur can generate 7.67 Gg of methane yearly, expected to increase to 57 Gg/year by 2051, equivalent to 76 hm³ /year of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). By 2051, other municipalities—Sainthia, Rampurhat, Nalhati, Suri, and Dubrajpur—shows high biomethane potential and the predicted LPG-equivalent methane production is 13.82, 19.92, 24.52, 22.95, and 1.78 hm³ respectively. This methane potential is due to exponential population increase and rising per capita MSW generation rates of 548.55, 609, 404.07, 645.38, and 501.45 gm per capita per day (g.p.c.d.) for Sainthia, Rampurhat, Nalhati, Suri and Dubrajpur municipality respectively. The results indicate that Birbhum's organic waste have high Biomethane Potential (BMP), highlighting the need to enhance waste collection and management. Effectively using this resource can boost district socio-economic growth, cleaner energy production, and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mediating role of environmental performance between green supply chain management and organizational market performance: Digitalization as a key dimension (In the case of the Ethiopian manufacturing industry)","authors":"Jemal Mekasha Yimer ,&nbsp;Aschalew Degoma Durie ,&nbsp;Abiot Tsegaye Kibiret","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Companies are increasingly exploring green supply chain management practices to integrate environmental considerations into their supply chains. However, little is known about the mediating role of environmental performance between green supply chain management practices and market performance. This research examines the mediating role of environmental performance in the relationship between green supply chain management practices and market performance. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the proposed hypotheses using a sample of 306 companies from a cross-sectional survey. Moreover, an independent sample T-test was also utilized to compare the practice level of two industries. The results indicate that digitalized green supply chain practice and green distribution directly improve firms' market performance, while sustainable packaging, green purchasing, and green manufacturing influence market performance indirectly through environmental performance. The study suggests that the primary driver for integrating digitalization in the Ethiopian manufacturing industry is economic benefits rather than environmental sustainability. Therefore, manufacturing firms should also consider the benefits of digitalization on their sustainability performance. Further, manufacturing firms should not solely expect immediate economic, market, and financial performance improvement from GSCM, but should recognize the long-term benefits that result from improved environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seafood by-products from canning industry: A review on the environmental assessment of valorisation pathways and future trends","authors":"Cheila Almeida ,&nbsp;Maria Sapatinha ,&nbsp;Carla Pires ,&nbsp;Maria Leonor Nunes ,&nbsp;António Marques","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seafood canning industries generate large amounts of by-products, including effluents, with high organic and salt contents. Valorisation treatments can transform by-products into valuable products applying a circular approach, however they also entail environmental impacts. This review analysis articles published between 2013 and 2023 on valorisation treatments for the production of value-added products from seafood canning industry by-products. It also verified to which extent the environmental performance of those treatments was considered by gathering information on the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology that assess impacts comprehensively. A second goal was to investigate the European Union (EU) seafood canning industry to provide data on potential by-products and amounts generated. A total of 18 valorisation treatments and 12 different products were found. Bioactive products represented 61 % of the products and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) were the most frequently products obtained. FPHs are, proteins that are broken down into smaller peptides used to improve the functional and nutritional properties of food. PHAs serve as raw materials to replace petroleum-based plastics. A total of eight articles assessed environmental impacts of valorization options, but only six used LCA related with fishmeal production together with uses of by-products as fish oil, fish pâté, energy recovery, lipid extraction and PHAs production. Based on the EU annual production of canned seafood products, it was estimated that 511 k tonnes of by-products could be available. The valorisation of such by-products face challenges as their variability and degradation and, although it is a low-cost raw material, logistics are required to collect them. The environmental impacts, currently assessed of valorisation treatments are not representative of the most promising technologies and therefore it is still difficult to take evidenced-based decisions on the fate of the fish by-products coming from canning industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold in-place recycling of asphalt pavement: A case study with laboratory and in-situ testing for a highway project in Southern Vietnam","authors":"Huu-Bang Tran ,&nbsp;Vu To-Anh Phan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of Cold In-Place Recycling (CIR) for asphalt mixtures, covering on-site investigations, reclaimed asphalt materials, laboratory testing, structural design, and field evaluations. In the CIR process, foamed asphalt and Portland cement were used as additives. The foamed bitumen was produced by combining bitumen with 3 % water at a flow rate of 10.8 m³/s, resulting in an expansion ratio of 8 and a minimum half-life of 6 s. CIR properties, such as indirect tensile strength under dry, wet, and equilibrium humidity conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that CIR with a foamed bitumen content of 1.9 % met the relevant requirements set by current standards. Additionally, incorporating 1 % cement into the foamed bitumen significantly enhanced the indirect tensile strength of the CIR by approximately 45.1 %. The combination of 1.9 % foamed bitumen and 1 % cement notably improved the tensile strength ratio, thereby increasing durability compared to other mixtures. Field construction was conducted, and test results confirmed that the in-situ CIR samples met the key requirements of AASHTO MP31-22, demonstrating the method's suitability for sustainable road construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}