Cleaner Waste Systems最新文献

{"title":"Sustainable concrete development using groundnut shell ash: A response surface methodology approach","authors":"Raghavendra Mahesh ,&nbsp;Shiva Kumar G ,&nbsp;Ujwal M.S. ,&nbsp;Likheeth J. ,&nbsp;Vinay A. ,&nbsp;Poornachandra Pandit","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and global warming are primarily driven by carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel combustion across energy, transportation, and industrial sectors. Among industrial contributors, the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is a significant source of emissions due to its energy-intensive processes and chemical decomposition of limestone. Cement is widely used in concrete because of its cost-effectiveness and reliability; however, its high energy consumption and environmental impact necessitate the search for sustainable alternatives. Previous studies have explored various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash, silica fume, and groundnut shell ash (GSA), but many lack optimization in their application, particularly in tailoring the GSA content with water<img>cement (w/c) ratios to achieve optimal workability and mechanical performance. Additionally, existing research often overlooks systematic experimental designs that comprehensively evaluate fresh and hardened properties via advanced statistical techniques. This study addresses these gaps by employing response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize concrete mixtures incorporating GSA as a partial cement replacement (3–12 %) with w/c ratios ranging from 0.4–0.6. Workability (slump, Vee–Bee consistency, compaction factor) and mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength) were evaluated according to Indian standards. The results demonstrated that the GSA significantly influenced the concrete properties, with an optimal mixture of 6.27 % GSA and a 0.42 w/c ratio achieving a desirability of 66.38 %. This study provides a data-driven approach to enhancing concrete sustainability by utilizing agricultural waste while addressing key shortcomings in prior research. The optimized concrete mixture not only demonstrated enhanced mechanical and fresh properties but also significantly contributes to the broader agenda of sustainable construction. By incorporating groundnut shell ash (GSA), an agricultural waste, this study promotes circular economy practices and reduces reliance on traditional cement, which is a major contributor to global CO₂ emissions. The findings underscore the feasibility of replacing a portion of OPC with GSA without compromising performance, thereby supporting the transition to greener infrastructure materials. This research lays the groundwork for scalable, eco-efficient concrete production, especially in regions with abundant agricultural residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100379"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold in-place recycling of asphalt pavement: A case study with laboratory and in-situ testing for a highway project in Southern Vietnam","authors":"Huu-Bang Tran ,&nbsp;Vu To-Anh Phan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of Cold In-Place Recycling (CIR) for asphalt mixtures, covering on-site investigations, reclaimed asphalt materials, laboratory testing, structural design, and field evaluations. In the CIR process, foamed asphalt and Portland cement were used as additives. The foamed bitumen was produced by combining bitumen with 3 % water at a flow rate of 10.8 m³/s, resulting in an expansion ratio of 8 and a minimum half-life of 6 s. CIR properties, such as indirect tensile strength under dry, wet, and equilibrium humidity conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that CIR with a foamed bitumen content of 1.9 % met the relevant requirements set by current standards. Additionally, incorporating 1 % cement into the foamed bitumen significantly enhanced the indirect tensile strength of the CIR by approximately 45.1 %. The combination of 1.9 % foamed bitumen and 1 % cement notably improved the tensile strength ratio, thereby increasing durability compared to other mixtures. Field construction was conducted, and test results confirmed that the in-situ CIR samples met the key requirements of AASHTO MP31-22, demonstrating the method's suitability for sustainable road construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green adsorption of oil and grease from wastewater using oil palm leaves activated carbon","authors":"Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa ,&nbsp;Muhammad Usama Salim Gandapur ,&nbsp;Hifsa Khurshid","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oil and grease contamination in wastewater poses a significant environmental threat due to its persistence and harmful ecological effects. Conventional treatment methods are often limited by high costs, inefficiency, and the risk of secondary pollution. This study investigates the use of oil palm leaves-based activated carbon (OPLAC) as a low-cost, environmentally friendly adsorbent for removing oil and grease from wastewater. A Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process, resulting in 17 batch experiments. The model successfully predicted oil and grease removal efficiency. The regeneration and reusability study has also contributed to great results. It identifies optimal conditions at pH 6, 0.16 g adsorbent dosage, and 44 min contact time to achieve a high removal efficiency of 99.4 %. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models best describe adsorption data. Both have R² values of 0.99, confirming strong model fit and consistent adsorption behaviour. The regeneration and reusability efficiency of OPLAC was 92 %, 85 % and 77 % with a 15 % loss. These findings highlight the potential of OPLAC as a viable solution for treating oil- and grease-laden wastewater and as a means to valorize agricultural waste, contributing to circular economy practices and sustainable water management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stakeholders analysis of deposit refund waste collection system based on quality function deployment method","authors":"Marah Almelhem ,&nbsp;Eszter Sós ,&nbsp;Péter Földesi","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a structured conceptual model for analyzing stakeholder complexity within Hungary’s newly implemented Deposit Refund System (DRS), using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) framework. A House of Quality (HoQ) matrix was developed to map the relationships between the functional features of the system and the specific requirements of key stakeholders, including government, system operators, manufacturers, retailers, and customers. A qualitative focus group method was applied to gather expert input and evaluate system features based on stakeholder experience and the evolving Hungarian context. Rather than aiming for statistical generalization, the study focuses on illustrating how structured modeling can reveal stakeholder trade-offs and support strategic alignment in complex waste collection systems. Findings highlight areas of convergence and divergence among stakeholders and demonstrate the utility of the QFD-based approach in designing adaptable, stakeholder-informed DRS models. The results are particularly relevant for countries in the early stages of DRS implementation or those seeking to redesign existing systems to better integrate technical feasibility and stakeholder priorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonation for enhancement of fine recycled aggregate applied to mortar","authors":"Henrique Comba Gomes ,&nbsp;Augusto Cesar da Silva Bezerra ,&nbsp;Conrado de Souza Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Flavia Spitale Jacques Poggiali ,&nbsp;Boksun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Some of the challenges faced by the construction industry related to sustainability are the generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW), environmental impacts caused by the demand for natural aggregates, and associated carbon (CO₂) emissions. One potential solution is recycling CDW as recycled aggregates (RA). Though, RA generally performs poorly compared to natural aggregates (NA) in concretes. Researchers suggest that CO₂ curing via accelerated carbonation may improve the properties of RA. However, further investigation is needed to understand the impact of CO₂ curing on mortar made with fine recycled aggregates (FRA). This study explores the effects of CO₂ curing on FRA under three different moisture content conditions (0 %, 30 %, and 50 %) in combination with accelerated carbonation. The CO₂ curing was then tested in five mortar mixes: 0 % RA, 50 % FRA, 100 %FRA, 50 % CO₂-cured FRA, and 100 % CO₂-cured FRA. The aggregate physical properties were analysed while CO₂ curing was assessed through mass gain, differential thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The mortar mix performance was evaluated through physical, mechanical and durability properties. The results revealed the 30 % moisture condition produced the highest carbonation results, leading to a reduction in FRA porosity. Also, mortars with CO₂-cured FRA demonstrated better overall performance compared to non-carbonated RA, and in some cases even outperformed mortars made with NA. These findings suggest that CO₂ curing could be an effective strategy to enhance the properties of FRA, expanding their potential applications in the construction industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable use of MDF waste in construction","authors":"Oly Vololonirina ,&nbsp;Louis Augé–Collomb ,&nbsp;Amandine Delfau ,&nbsp;Tiphaine De La Croix Vaubois ,&nbsp;Florence De Mengin Fondragon","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF) has become a ubiquitous material in furniture and construction. However, its increasing use generates significant waste. This paper proposes an approach to addressing these challenges by exploring its potential use in construction to minimize incineration and landfilling. The first part of the paper consists in reviewing the current state of knowledge regarding MDF, the waste recovery techniques, and associated challenges. It shows that many methods were studied but were not developed on an industrial scale.</div><div>In the second part, we explain the materials and methods used to investigate the potential of incorporating MDF waste into concrete. For that, MDF waste was ground and used as substitution of coarse mineral aggregates with a mass proportion from 0 % to 9 %. As a very preliminary study, the parameters studied were limited to the density and absorption coefficient of the MDF aggregates and the compressive strength of concrete. The results showed that because of the high absorption coefficient of the organic aggregates, the slump of fresh concrete was between 3 and 14 cm and the compressive strength of hardened concrete samples at 12 days were below 5 MPa for samples containing GMDF. However, it is reasonable to predict that the compressive strength of specimens containing MDF waste can align with the requirements for non-structural lightweight concrete (below 17 MPa at 28 days) providing some improvements on the mixing formulation including adjustment of the water content by the treatment of GMDF prior to casting of concrete or fixing the water-to-cement ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the role of steel mill scale in self-compacting concrete as partial fine aggregate replacement: Experimental and modelling insights","authors":"H.N. Raghavendra ,&nbsp;M.S. Ujwal ,&nbsp;G. Shiva Kumar ,&nbsp;T.P. Sanjeev ,&nbsp;H.S. Raghavendra Prajwal ,&nbsp;B.V. Ajith ,&nbsp;Poornachandra Pandit","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the potential of steel mill scale (SMS), a steel industry byproduct primarily composed of iron oxides, as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in self-compacting concrete (SCC). SMS was incorporated at replacement levels ranging from 10 % to 40 % by weight of fine aggregate. Experimental investigations have assessed rheological, mechanical, and durability properties in accordance with the EFNARC and IS codes. Rheological results confirmed that all the mixtures met the workability criteria, with slump flows ranging from 685 mm (SMS20) to 694 mm (SMS40). SMS25 presented the shortest T50 time of 5.2 s, indicating improved flowability. The mechanical performance peaked at 15 % SMS (SMS15), yielding the highest 28-day compressive strength of 45.45 MPa, split tensile strength of 3.80 MPa, and flexural strength of 4.72 MPa. Durability assessments revealed that SMS40 had the lowest mass loss (0.9 %) under acid attack and the deepest carbonation depth of 8.0 mm at 28 days. Elevated temperature tests revealed that the SMS mixtures retained up to 85 % of the compressive strength at 500°C due to hydrothermal interactions. Microstructural analysis (SEM) revealed denser matrix development at optimal replacement levels. Machine learning models such as decision trees, random forests, and multilayer perceptrons have been applied to predict compressive strength. The random forest regressor performed best, achieving an R² of 0.98, an RMSE of 1964.47, and an MAE of 1125.55. Most existing studies focus on mechanical properties or use SMS in conventional concrete. Integrated assessments covering durability and microstructure in SCC, especially with predictive modeling, are limited. This study bridges that gap through experimental testing and advanced machine learning integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of the hot composting berkeley method as a soil amendment for cauliflower cultivation","authors":"Noura Kka,&nbsp;Sherwan Ahmed,&nbsp;Kharman Qader","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hot Composting Berkeley Method (HCBM) is an economic and environmentally friendly soil amendment. The quality of the compost is essential to supply plants with essential nutrients. To enhance the nutrient value of growing media and raise awareness about recycling and reuse, this study explored the quality of the HCBM and its effect of supplementing peat moss with varying proportions on early-stage vegetative growth of cauliflower. This rapid composting technique is completed in just 18 days. The resulting compost was rich in nutrients, containing 1.77 % organic matter, 1.03 % total organic carbon (TOC), 0.16 % total nitrogen, 1470 mg.kg⁻¹ phosphorus, and 21300 mg.kg⁻¹ potassium, along with other essential elements in varying concentrations. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment with three replicates was conducted to assess the impact of six soil substrate mixtures consisting of sand, clay, peat moss, and compost in varying proportions (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 %) on a local cauliflower cultivar. The highest value of the number of leaves, leaf area, fresh leaf weight and growth area was observed in media containing 5 % and 10 % compost. Conversely, growth was significantly reduced at the 25 % compost level. These findings highlight the potential of HCBM compost as a sustainable soil amendment that enhances plant growth when properly mixed with other media. Moreover, HCBM offers a practical solution for recycling farm and kitchen waste through a fast, space-efficient process and low cost. Further research is recommended to evaluate its application across a broader range of vegetables and indoor ornamental plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular economy in education: Determinants of school recycling intentions and behaviors for inorganic waste","authors":"Dewi Kusuma Wardani ,&nbsp;Budi Wahyono ,&nbsp;Fransisca Rachmawati Indira ,&nbsp;Diya Rofika Rahmawati ,&nbsp;Rizka Andriyati","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on recycling intentions and behaviors in educational contexts, particularly at the primary education level, remains underexplored. This study investigates the determinants of recycling intentions and behaviors, focusing on inorganic waste management in primary schools, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the circular economy framework. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from principals and teachers representing 401 public primary schools across Central Java, Indonesia. The results reveal that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly influence recycling intentions, while perceived behavioral control, intentions, pressures, enablers, and barriers significantly affect recycling behaviors. However, barriers such as limited resources and inadequate technical knowledge hinder the effective translation of intentions into actual behaviors. These findings underscore the critical role of school leadership, environmental attitudes, and external pressures in fostering sustainable recycling behaviors in schools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of electro-fenton parameters for phenol degradation in portable toilet wastewater: Advancing towards sustainability","authors":"Brayan Alexis Parra-Orobio ,&nbsp;Yolanda Rico-Lizcano ,&nbsp;Jonathan Soto-Paz ,&nbsp;Luis Alfonso Guerra-Hernández ,&nbsp;Pablo César Manyoma-Velásquez ,&nbsp;Yorgi San Juan-Garisado ,&nbsp;Jesús David Álvarez-Trujillo ,&nbsp;Miguel Casallas Ojeda","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wastewater from portable toilets (WWPT) is characterized by a variety of recalcitrant chemical compounds such as phenols and organics that are difficult to treat by conventional methods. However, WWPT treatment is scarce in literature, especially with a focus on sustainability. In this study, the Electro-Fenton (EF) process was used to remove phenols and organics from WWPT and to analyze the toxicity of the effluent for water reuse purposes. The experimental design used response surface methodology to determine the occurrence of operating parameters such as hydrogen peroxide dose (100, 174, 200 g L⁻¹) and current density (10, 50, 90 A m⁻²). The experiments were performed in a 3 L reactor in batch mode. It was found that the optimum operating conditions were 187 g L⁻¹ and 90 A m⁻², which allowed obtaining an effluent pH of 7.4, TSS removal of 87.6 % (418 mg L⁻¹), chemical oxygen demand of 96.4 % (191.5 mg L⁻¹), biological oxygen demand of 98 % (87 mg L⁻¹), phenols with 98 % (0.15 mg L⁻¹) and germination index of 108.9 %. This showed that treated WWPT can be used for irrigation. In terms of cost, the treatment could be US$ 0.88 L⁻¹. Overall, the EF process is presented as a suitable process to treat WWPT and reduce the pollution load on the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}