Cleaner Waste Systems最新文献

{"title":"Ecological responses to anthropogenic stress: Restoring degraded landscapes from galamsey activities in Ghana – A review","authors":"Kwame Anokye ,&nbsp;Lois Okyere Darko","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Illegal small-scale mining (galamsey) in Ghana has caused severe ecological degradation, including deforestation, soil depletion, biodiversity loss, and water contamination. This review synthesizes existing literature on the environmental impacts of galamsey and evaluates restoration strategies employed in affected landscapes such as the Atewa Range and Offin River Basin. Using a systematic narrative review methodology, peer-reviewed articles, government reports, and grey literature were analyzed to assess degradation patterns, restoration interventions, and implementation challenges. Empirical findings indicate that major rivers, including the Pra and Ankobra, are heavily polluted with mercury and cyanide, exceeding WHO safety limits. Deforestation rates in mining zones have significantly reduced carbon sequestration, contributing to climate vulnerability. Restoration strategies—such as afforestation, biochar application, and phytoremediation—have had mixed success due to weak policy enforcement, financial constraints, and low community engagement. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of global best practices, such as China's policy-driven land reclamation and Brazil's agroforestry-based restoration, into a localized framework for sustainable rehabilitation in Ghana. The findings emphasize the need for adaptive restoration techniques, stronger regulatory mechanisms, and community-inclusive approaches to enhance ecological resilience. Limitations include the reliance on secondary data, highlighting the need for field-based validation of restoration outcomes. Future research should explore long-term ecological monitoring and innovative restoration models specific to Ghana’s socio-environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable solutions with AHP, reliability, and HAN-fuzzy sensitivity analysis for landfills in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Saidur Rahman Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Zainab H.A. Alnaser ,&nbsp;Ikrema Hassan ,&nbsp;Sani I. Abba","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landfills in arid and hot regions pose unique challenges due to accelerated decomposition rates and heightened risks of environmental contamination. This study explores the processes, treatment methods, and design considerations critical for managing waste in such extreme environments. Focusing on Saudi Arabia as a case study, the analysis highlights the need for climate-specific solutions to improve the design and operational efficiency of landfills. To identify key sustainability drivers, a hybrid sensitivity framework combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a Hybrid Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (HAN-Fuzzy) was employed. AHP-derived weights ranged from 0.07 to 0.43, reflecting expert prioritization of variables such as resource reservoir (RR), design, construction &amp; maintenance costs (DS and M&amp;O), and site selection (SS). In contrast, HAN-Fuzzy revealed that RR was the most influential variable (RMSE = 3.29 × 10⁻⁶), followed by DS and M&amp;O (RMSE = 2.20 × 10⁻⁵) and SS (RMSE = 3.28 × 10⁻⁵), illustrating a notable divergence between expert perception and data-driven impact. The findings underscore the importance of aligning strategic planning with both stakeholder input and empirical sensitivity outputs. The study offers actionable insights for policymakers, landfill operators, and environmental engineers seeking to optimize waste management in arid regions. Future directions include incorporating predictive modeling, advanced biodegradation technologies, and stakeholder engagement frameworks, all in alignment with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 goals for sustainable resource use and environmental resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100419"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular economy in education: Determinants of school recycling intentions and behaviors for inorganic waste","authors":"Dewi Kusuma Wardani ,&nbsp;Budi Wahyono ,&nbsp;Fransisca Rachmawati Indira ,&nbsp;Diya Rofika Rahmawati ,&nbsp;Rizka Andriyati","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on recycling intentions and behaviors in educational contexts, particularly at the primary education level, remains underexplored. This study investigates the determinants of recycling intentions and behaviors, focusing on inorganic waste management in primary schools, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the circular economy framework. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from principals and teachers representing 401 public primary schools across Central Java, Indonesia. The results reveal that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly influence recycling intentions, while perceived behavioral control, intentions, pressures, enablers, and barriers significantly affect recycling behaviors. However, barriers such as limited resources and inadequate technical knowledge hinder the effective translation of intentions into actual behaviors. These findings underscore the critical role of school leadership, environmental attitudes, and external pressures in fostering sustainable recycling behaviors in schools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employing response surface methodology in the production of sustainable PC yarn from recycled polyester and recycled cotton","authors":"Riffat Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Bashar Uddin ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rashel Hawlader ,&nbsp;Ahmed Jalal Uddin","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The textile sector has been rapidly shifting toward recycled fibers, propelled by the growing ecological concerns, compliance requirements of the circular textiles strategy, volatile virgin-fiber prices, and a growing demand from eco-aware consumers for sustainable clothing. In light of these trends, this study aims to create eco-friendly and sustainable polyester-cotton (PC) yarns by optimizing the use of recycled fibers. Specifically, the research replaces virgin polyester entirely with recycled polyester and incorporates recycled cotton to reduce reliance on virgin cotton. An I-optimal mixture design, a component of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), was applied to determine the ideal blend ratio of recycled polyester, recycled cotton, and virgin cotton while satisfying the desired yarn strength and elongation required for fabric production. The design expert software recommended sixteen experimental runs with distinct blend ratios. The responses (quality parameters) of the sample yarns were evaluated, and regression analysis along with ANOVA was conducted to develop predictive models and response surface equations for each response. The analysis identified an optimal fiber blend consisting of 70 % recycled polyester, 18 % recycled cotton, and 12 % virgin cotton. Yarns produced using this optimized composition exhibited properties closely aligning with the predicted values, thereby validating the effectiveness of the I-optimal mixture design in optimizing fiber blends and reliably forecasting yarn characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling technologies for brominated flame-retardant plastics in e-waste","authors":"Sherif Farag ,&nbsp;Yara Farag ,&nbsp;Mai Attia","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the fast-growing worldwide population and the large use of electronic gadgets, electronic waste (e-waste) plastics—which compose 25–30 % of total e-waste—have become rather common. Landfilled or burned non-biodegradable plastics include hazardous brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which pose hazards to human health and the environment. Thus, methods for sustainable recycling are rather crucial. This work is a comprehensive literature review based on an extensive search across a wide range of major databases and critical screening of the existing studies; no new laboratory experiments were performed. Investigated in this review work are novel methods for recycling e-waste plastics containing BFRs—including solvent extraction, hydrothermal treatment, supercritical CO₂ extraction, microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and catalytic pyrolysis— were reported in this literature. Of these methods, microwave-assisted pyrolysis has shown maximum performance in optimizing material recovery and breaking down BFRs. Across the reviewed studies, it was found that microwave facilitates selective breakdown, improves heating efficiency, and helps to gather important byproducts including hydrocarbons, metals, and bromine compounds, therefore enabling a more sustainable e-waste treatment system. Moreover, this review work offers a complete knowledge of the thermal degradation behaviour of significant BFRs, including hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) isomers and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), so evaluating the efficacy of several removal procedures for these hazardous chemicals. Better knowledge of successful BFRs recycling helps researchers to build ecologically viable industrial applications and circular economy solutions. The results motivate resource recovery and minimize the environmental impact of electronic waste disposal, thereby guiding next research and development in e-waste plastic recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black Soldier Fly Larvae as a circular solution for organic waste management and sustainable livestock feed in Ghana","authors":"Kwame Anokye","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic waste management and livestock feed security remain critical challenges in Ghana, worsened by inefficient waste disposal systems, high feed costs, and environmental degradation. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) technology presents an innovative, circular bioeconomy solution by simultaneously addressing these issues through waste bioconversion and sustainable feed production. This study evaluates the feasibility of BSFL technology in Ghana, integrating economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Using a narrative literature review, data from peer-reviewed journals, institutional reports, and case studies were synthesized to assess their potential applications, benefits, and barriers to adoption. Key findings reveal that BSFL-based bioconversion can reduce organic waste volume by up to 85.5 %, significantly mitigating landfill dependency and greenhouse gas emissions. Economically, BSFL meal provides a cost-effective alternative to fishmeal and soybean meal, with potential feed cost reductions of up to 30 %, enhancing profitability for poultry and aquaculture farmers. Socially, consumer acceptance studies indicate that over 87 % of surveyed individuals in Ghana and neighboring countries are open to consuming animal products derived from BSFL-fed livestock. However, challenges such as high initial investment costs, regulatory gaps, and limited public awareness hinder widespread adoption. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of BSFL’s integration into Ghana’s circular economy, bridging knowledge gaps on its economic viability, policy implications, and social acceptance. To accelerate large-scale adoption, the study recommends the development of a National Insect Farming Policy, financial incentives for BSFL entrepreneurs, and nationwide public education campaigns. A multi-stakeholder approach involving government agencies, private sector actors, and research institutions is crucial for effective implementation. Urgent action is required to position BSFL as a transformative tool in waste management and food security, ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience in Ghana’s agricultural sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable biofuel production from waste potato residue in South Africa: Bibliometric analysis and SWOT appraisal","authors":"Isaac A. Sanusi ,&nbsp;Stella B. Eregie ,&nbsp;Abimbola E. Oluwalana ,&nbsp;Sinenhlanhla L. Mweli ,&nbsp;Jeremia S. Sefadi ,&nbsp;Ayodeji E. Adedoyin ,&nbsp;Michael O. Olusanya ,&nbsp;Gbenga P. Sanusi ,&nbsp;Johnson O. Adelakun","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>South Africa energy consumption will increase due to increasing urbanisation and industrialisation. A major part of this energy need is met by fossil fuel that is predominantly (&gt;60 %) sourced through imports (&gt;13 billion litres). This increase in energy consumption, coupled with high reliance on fuel importation, presents huge challenge to South Africa's energy security. Also, the excessive consumption of fossil fuels has raised key environmental issues. Therefore, exploring biofuel production from agricultural waste such as potato residue is desirable. This review reports a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and bibliometric analyses to assess the feasibility and potential of biofuel production from potato residue in South Africa. It also examined South Africa biofuel economics in the context of renewable energy development and sustainability. Potato residue as a feedstock for biofuels is abundant, and has high useful carbohydrate content for biofuel production. Weaknesses that could limit potato residue valorisation for biofuel production are its seasonal availability and high perishability. Opportunities for biofuels from potato residue in South Africa include potato residue disposal management, the potential for rural development, increase internal revenue with future external revenue possibility and reduced dependence on crude oil and coal. Foreseeable threats are needed investment, market readiness and variabilities, technological readiness, and government policy as well as commitment. This analytical review elucidates valuable scientific perspectives into the viability, potential bottlenecks, and opportunities for biofuel production from potato residue in South Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilization of black soldier fly larval frass through vermicomposting with cattle manure: Agricultural and chemical assessment","authors":"Felipe do Casal de Paula ,&nbsp;Monica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa ,&nbsp;Jessica Caroline de Lima ,&nbsp;Larissa Tonial dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frass, a byproduct of <em>Hermetia illucens</em> (black soldier fly) rearing, contains high levels of nutrients, but its direct application to soil may be limited due to biological instability and phytochemical compounds. This study aimed to assess the vermicomposting of frass mixed with cattle manure at different proportions, targeting its stabilization for agricultural use. Five mixtures with increasing frass content (0–100 %) were prepared, and physicochemical parameters, germination index (GI), and structural characteristics were monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Our findings revealed that high frass content compromises worm development and compost maturity. The mixture of 50 % frass and 50 % cattle manure showed the best results regarding stability, nutrient content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) value, and was not phytotoxic (GI &gt; 80 %). FTIR analysis confirmed the degradation of organic compounds and the formation of stable functional groups. In conclusion, vermicomposting with cattle manure is an effective strategy for frass stabilization, addressing an important gap in the literature and enhancing its potential as an organic fertilizer in sustainable farming systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties of blended Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) concrete using additive micro silica exposed to organic peat water environment","authors":"Monita Olivia ,&nbsp;Ririn Asmanovita ,&nbsp;Ines Junita Sinuhaji ,&nbsp;Wulan Ramanda Putri ,&nbsp;Iskandar R. Sitompul ,&nbsp;Panca Setia Utama ,&nbsp;Steve W.M. Supit","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blended Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) concrete is a relatively new type of binder that can potentially reduce palm oil waste and carbon dioxide emissions associated with the Portland cement-based industry. POFA has pozzolanic properties that enable concrete to improve its resistance in aggressive environments such as organic acid peat water. Increasing POFA content by over 20 % is prone to strength degradation and durability problems, and adding micro silica could improve the properties of concrete. This research aims to study the fresh properties, physical properties, mechanical properties, and durability of combined POFA concrete with micro silica in the peat water environment. A mixture optimization was conducted, and the optimum micro silica content was 10 %. In this study, four mixes with various POFA (0, 20, 40 %), and micro silica percentage by weight (0, 5, 10, 15 %) were investigated. Control mixtures were Portland Composite Cement (PCC) and PCC with 10 % silica (PCC-POFA0). The samples were immersed in peat water for 3, 7, and 28 days. The compressive strength, tensile strength, porosity, sorptivity, weight change, shrinkage, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), half-cell corrosion and corrosion rate were determined. The PCC-POFA20 has the best compressive and tensile strengths, as well as the lowest porosity and sorptivity. It also passes the UPV test as high-quality concrete and has a low corrosion rate. In conclusion, mix PCC-POFA20 with 10 % micro silica produces concrete with the highest resistance to acidic organic peat water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social learning, public participation and community engagement in waste management: A bibliometric analysis of trends and gaps","authors":"Rony Sandra Yofa Zebua ,&nbsp;Sunarti ,&nbsp;Andi Wahyudi ,&nbsp;Istiana Hermawati ,&nbsp;Wisber Wiryanto ,&nbsp;Asmadi Adnan ,&nbsp;Caecilia Suprapti Dwi Takariani ,&nbsp;Alhadi Saputra ,&nbsp;Zaenal Abidin","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Public participation is a key to a successful municipal waste management (MWM) system, but making it sustainable remains challenging. Social learning is one potential solution to improve and sustain public participation, as it encourages the community to become more engaged in the program through a collaborative process involving diverse actors. However, previous studies paid little attention to this topic. This study aimed to provide evidence on the development of studies on public participation and community engagement in waste management, and to further investigate the studies on social learning within collaborative systems for the public participation. It employed bibliometric analysis, utilizing the public participation ladder by Arnstein, social learning theory, and the collaborative governance model as the analytical framework. Using two tools, Visualization of Similarities viewer (VOSviewer) and Biblioshiny, this study mapped the metadata and analyzed 140 selected documents through a systematic search of the Scopus database. This study revealed some insights. First, public acceptance and identification of behavioral determinant factors have been a consistent main topic of studies, especially in developing countries, indicating a low level of participation as the focus of prior studies. In contrast, an active partnership with the government and other stakeholders throughout the planning and decision-making processes is expected to be the primary focus. Second, only a limited number of studies on waste management have analyzed the collaborative dynamic interaction and social learning process more closely in developed country contexts. Studies on other crucial aspects of collaborative governance, such as organizational design and facilitative leadership, are also lacking, despite their importance for social learning in collaborative governance. More comprehensive studies were required to be explored in future studies, including the starting conditions as an enabler of the collaborative process. This study is a novel investigation that employs a bibliometric analysis to visualize the growth of studies in the public participation context of waste management. The findings contribute, both theoretically and practically, in waste management field by providing future research directions and offering insights for policymakers, NGOs, and other relevant stakeholders to develop collaborative strategies that enhance public participation sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}