Cleaner Waste Systems最新文献

{"title":"Towards cleaner semiconductor packaging: Life cycle assessment of material and location decisions on carbon and water scarcity footprints","authors":"Ali Ouattara ,&nbsp;Chen Chuan Lin ,&nbsp;Jia-Yi Thum ,&nbsp;Chien-Hung Kuo ,&nbsp;Lance Hongwei Huang ,&nbsp;Allen H. Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semiconductor devices drive technological innovation needed for the transition toward more sustainable systems; however, their manufacturing entails significant environmental burdens, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water scarcity. This study conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental performance of two major semiconductor packaging types, Lead Frame (LF) and Flip Chip (FC), using gold (Au) or copper (Cu) bonding wires. Carbon footprint (CF) and water scarcity footprint (WSF) are quantified in accordance with ISO 14067 and ISO 14046, respectively, using the ReCiPe and AWARE methods, with a functional unit of 1 mm³ . Results indicate that FC-Au wire has the highest CF <strong>(</strong>2.72E-03 kgCO₂eq) and overall environmental impact (2.43E-04 Pt), driven mainly by electricity consumption and upstream raw material production. The same configuration exhibits the highest water use (3.62 E-03 m³), and a WSF evaluated at 2.49 E-03 m³ world-eq. Incorporating regional water scarcity data reduces WSF values by up to 71.19 %, noting the importance of spatial resolution. An alternative assessment with a FU of one piece confirms this trend. Cu-based packaging represents a more sustainable alternative to Au-based packaging, exhibiting significantly lower environmental impacts and water scarcity burdens. These results provide actionable insights for material selection and for identifying sustainable manufacturing locations, particularly in regions such as Japan and Malaysia, within the semiconductor industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Have we engineered adsorbents for obsolescence? A critical mandate for regeneration in the age of perpetual pollution","authors":"Rich Jhon Paul Latiza ,&nbsp;Rugi Vicente Rubi ,&nbsp;Reibelle Raguindin","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar is widely promoted as a sustainable solution for pharmaceutical water treatment, yet its environmental value depends entirely on a capability that is frequently assumed but rarely proven: long-term regenerability. This study challenges the prevailing single-use paradigm by quantifying the durability and methodological rigor of contemporary biochar research. Through a systematic review of 258 studies (2021–2025), we identified a final cohort of 57 experimental papers (N = 147 datasets). The review exposes a critical blind spot: 60 % of high-quality studies completely omit experimental regeneration data. For the 34 studies that did report cycling metrics, we performed a random-effects meta-analysis to establish the field’s first quantitative benchmark for durability. The results reveal a pooled mean performance loss of 29.8 % (95 % CI: 21.1 %–38.4 %) over an average of just five cycles. Subgroup analysis identified the regeneration mechanism as the primary driver of heterogeneity (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>=99.3 %); notably, thermal regeneration proved superior (6.7 % loss) to the widely used solvent washing methods (36.2 % loss). Methodological assessment further reveals that 85 % of studies fail to account for the secondary waste generated during regeneration. To bridge this gap between academic claims and engineering reality, we propose the “Minimum Information for Adsorbent Regeneration” (MIAR) guidelines, mandating the reporting of secondary waste, energy inputs, and statistical durability in future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of rice husk and coconut coir-based green desiccants toward industrial moisture control applications","authors":"Ajay P.D ,&nbsp;Ganesha A ,&nbsp;Girish H ,&nbsp;Nitesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Shiva Kumar ,&nbsp;Sampath Suranjan Salins","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural waste materials such as rice husk and coconut coir offer eco-friendly, low-cost alternatives to conventional desiccants. This study evaluates their potential for moisture control applications following nitric acid (4 N HNO₃) treatment. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that acid treatment significantly increased porosity from 34.95 % to 53.13 % in rice husk and from 39.72 % to 52.90 % in coconut coir. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed enhanced hydroxyl group availability, with treated rice husk showing 1.61-fold higher O-H peak intensity compared to untreated samples. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrated substantially lower regeneration temperatures: 150 °C for rice husk and 118 °C for coconut coir, compared to conventional desiccants (silica gel: 120–180 °C; zeolites: 200–400 °C). Moisture adsorption testing at 75 % relative humidity showed treated rice husk achieved 48.2 g (100 g)⁻¹ capacity while treated coconut coir reached 57.0 g (100 g)⁻¹, both exceeding silica gel (35–40 g (100 g)⁻¹ Rice husk exhibited superior thermal stability (up to 542 °C) and durability, making it ideal for high-temperature industrial applications, while coconut coir demonstrated faster regeneration kinetics suitable for energy-efficient systems. A Figure of Merit integrating adsorption capacity, regeneration time, and temperature (0.321–0.322 g/100 g/h/°C) confirms their competitive performance. These findings establish that acid-treated agricultural waste is a viable, sustainable desiccant with promise for future industrial moisture control, air conditioning, and food preservation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure time risk assessment for filtered tailings facilities generating acid mine drainage","authors":"Corentin Chevalier ,&nbsp;Nelson Morales Varela ,&nbsp;Isabelle Demers","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tailings filtration reduces the geotechnical risks of tailings storage facilities by minimizing water management requirements compared to conventional tailings stored as slurry. However, prolonged exposure of sulfide tailings to the atmosphere may increase geochemical risks by generating acid mine drainage. This study identifies the main risks associated with prolonged exposure of acid generating filtered tailings through both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment. A workshop was conducted in collaboration with sector experts from two mining sites with filtered stockpiles. Results indicate that deposition may be delayed due to operational geotechnical constraints, and reclamation work were identified as the most critical stage regarding tailings exposure time. Additionally, a quantitative risk assessment was performed using site production data, material properties, and various deposition scenarios to estimate the time required for sufficient tailings cover to reduce oxygen flux. Quantitative risk assessments can help determine the parameters most susceptible to prolonged exposure, enabling the optimization of stockpile design to mitigate risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposal of a framework to determine the maturity level in sustainable supply chain management: A multiple case study","authors":"Raquel Ottoboni Pavan ,&nbsp;Syntia Lemos Cotrim ,&nbsp;Reginaldo Fidelis ,&nbsp;Gislaine Camila Lapasini Leal ,&nbsp;Antonio Marco-Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study is to identify variables that can be used to formulate a framework for assessing the level of maturity in Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM). The factors that motivated the conception of such objectives include the growing interest in conducting studies aimed at sustainability, in response to the increasing environmental and social impacts present in society, and the need to consolidate the concepts found in literature regarding SSCM. In addition, the absence of similar studies in the current literature was noted, with the majority being carried out in emerging countries, such as Brazil. A classification of the main motivating factors for adopting such practices was conducted, and a proposal for a maturity model and an original framework for classifying SSCM maturity levels was developed. To verify the applicability of the proposed maturity model and framework, a multiple-case study was carried out with five Brazilian companies from different supply chains; and the SSCM maturity model was applied to each company. From results, it was found that of the five companies analyzed, one adopted fewer consolidated SSCM practices with motivation focused on cost reduction and prevention, being classified as preventive in SSCM maturity. Four adopted a greater volume of consolidated practices with motivation focused on competitive advantages, being classified as proactive in SSCM maturity., it was possible to find a positive relationship between the intensity of adoption of SSCM practices and their primary motivating factors with the SSCM maturity level, as well as to analyze the applicability of the framework and the listed SSCM practices, increasing the knowledge available in the literature on the subject.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100485"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovering acidic solid residues from wet chemical phosphorus recovery of sewage sludge ash in the production of cementitious composites","authors":"Elifsu Balci,&nbsp;Lorenzo Esposito,&nbsp;Liberato Ferrara,&nbsp;Roberto Canziani,&nbsp;Andrea Turolla","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) represents a promising solution to P supply concerns, with a key challenge being the management of the acidic solid residues (ASR) generated by wet chemical P recovery processes. This work explores the integration of ASR, obtained by SSA leaching with different extractants, as a partial substitute of sand in cementitious mortars. ASR samples were first physically and chemically characterized, and their disposability in landfills as non-hazardous or inert waste was assessed. Fe, Si and Ca were the main components identified in H₂SO₄- and HCl-based ASR (ASR/H₂SO₄ and ASR/HCl, respectively), while Zn and Cu were the principal detected heavy metals. Slight exceedances of Cu and Zn thresholds for ASR disposability in non-hazardous landfills were observed, with further optimisation of the leaching process potentially ensuring legal compliance. The residues were then ground and employed as a 25% volumetric sand replacement in cementitious mortars. Tailored water content adjustment need to be made to ensure workable mixes and cast the specimens. The mechanical performance of mortars was evaluated through flexural and compressive strength tests. By properly adjusting the water content, the reduction in compressive strength was maintained within acceptable levels when using ASR/HCl. Specifically, while the use of ASR/H₂SO₄ led to a minimum 42% decrease in 28th-day compressive strength and 47% decrease in 28th-day flexural strength, sand substitution with ASR/HCl limited the reduction to 12% for compressive strength and 26% for flexural strength, paving the way for effective use of these residues in the production of cement-based construction materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of vision–language models for waste classification: Zero- and few-shot with a training-free tip-adapter","authors":"Jonas V. Funk,&nbsp;Paul Bäcker,&nbsp;Lukas Roming,&nbsp;Jerardh Josekutty,&nbsp;Georg Maier,&nbsp;Thomas Längle","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate waste classification is essential for effective recycling. For household waste, changing recycling policies and the introduction of new materials in consumer products continually reshape sorting categories across regions and over time. These changes challenge existing sensor-based sorting systems trained for a specific classification task, and restoring accuracy with fully supervised retraining is costly because it requires new labeled data and full model updates. We investigate whether foundation models can deliver accurate image-based waste classification with no or few labeled examples. We analyze existing methods such as multimodal large language models (MLLMs), vision–language models (VLMs), Vision Transformers (ViTs), and a baseline CNN across four datasets, including a new food vs. non-food packaging dataset, with varying numbers of labeled examples. Further, we propose adaptations to the existing approaches, such as chain-of-thought prompting for MLLMs, and ensemble prompting and a Tip-Adapter for VLMs. We show that MLLMs perform well on zero-shot classification and larger models like GPT-4o further improve with few examples, but at infeasible computational cost for industry-scale inference. For a comparably faster way of zero-shot classification, we show that VLMs yield an accuracy of 90.4% on TrashNet, by contrast, a CNN typically needs a few hundred labeled images to achieve similar performance. Using the training-free Tip-Adapter with only 10 labeled example images per class lifts macro-F1 by 8.1 points over the zero-shot VLM baseline. Overall, we propose a guideline for language-driven, training-free methods for waste classification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100475"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Colombian native avocado (Persea americana cv. papelillo): biochar, bio-oil, biogas, and edible oil production","authors":"Dionisio Humberto Malagón-Romero ,&nbsp;Marco Antonio Velasco-Peña ,&nbsp;Juan Pablo Arrubla-Vélez ,&nbsp;Luis Fernando Clavijo-Barreto ,&nbsp;Iván Nicolás Barrera-Mendoza ,&nbsp;Edwin David Jiménez-Montero","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Colombian native avocado variety <em>Persea americana</em> cv. Papelillo, traditionally cultivated alongside coffee crops, remains scientifically underexplored despite its local economic importance. Unlike commercial cultivars such as Hass, this variety faces commercialization challenges due to rapid ripening and oxidation, leading to significant underutilization of its byproducts. This research addresses that gap by integrating two valorization routes for Papelillo byproducts—seeds and second-grade pulp—within a circular bioeconomy framework. Slow pyrolysis of seeds was performed to produce biochar, bio-oil, and biogas, while hydrodynamic cavitation was used to extract edible oil from second-grade pulp. Thermal decomposition kinetics were analyzed using thermogravimetric (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) techniques, supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Activation energies were calculated through the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose models. Pyrolysis yielded 31.2 % biochar (21.39 kJ/kg calorific value), 3.7 % bio-oil, and 59.8 % biogas. The biochar exhibited favorable morphology and high heavy-metal adsorption potential. Hydrodynamic cavitation achieved a 69.16 % oil yield in 15 min with low energy intensity (990 kJ/kg), producing oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and with desirable physicochemical properties. This study presents the first integrated dual-valorization model for the native Colombian avocado variety, <em>Persea americana</em> cv. Papelillo. The developed framework integrates the hydrodynamic cavitation-assisted extraction of edible oil from pulp with the slow pyrolysis of biomass waste like seeds. This model successfully demonstrates the feasibility of converting this native avocado waste into bio-oil, biochar and nutraceutical-grade oils, thereby supporting sustainable agro-industrial practices and regional bioeconomic development in Colombia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of closed landfills: A qualitative study evaluating real case studies from Norway","authors":"Bojana Petrovic ,&nbsp;Helen Kristine French ,&nbsp;Ole Jørgen Hanssen ,&nbsp;Trond Mæhlum ,&nbsp;Christian Schöpke","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landfilling remains a widely used and economically viable waste disposal method, particularly in regions with limited access to advanced treatment technologies. However, once these sites reach capacity and are closed, their long-term environmental management becomes a critical concern for municipalities and stakeholders. This study explores post-closure landfill management strategies by examining three closed landfill cases in Norway. A literature review was conducted to establish a baseline understanding of current practices and gaps. Despite previous research on landfill gas utilization and waste-to-energy technologies, there is a lack of empirical, site-specific studies addressing the long-term aftercare and post-closure management of closed landfills in European contexts. Therefore, this study addresses this gap by providing a case-based assessment of closed landfill management practices in Norway. Findings were synthesized using a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analytical framework to assess both internal and external influencing factors. The results highlight key strengths, including existing gas monitoring systems and recycling efforts, as well as critical weaknesses, such as infrastructure instability and limited historical assessment data. Opportunities are found in areas such as methane mitigation, circular economy integration, and land reuse planning, while threats include financial constraints and long-term maintenance concerns. Drawing on these insights, the study emphasizes the importance of developing integrated aftercare strategies that incorporate environmental monitoring, risk assessments, and cost-benefit analyses tailored to site-specific conditions. These insights are valuable for stakeholders, including municipalities, policymakers, landfill owners, national authorities, industries, and waste management companies, in shaping future initiatives for repurposing landfills.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry-wet mechanical treatment to produce high-quality recycling aggregate and cement raw material from mixed construction and demolition waste – A material flow analysis case study from Austria","authors":"Dominik Blasenbauer ,&nbsp;Johann Fellner ,&nbsp;Stefan Skutan ,&nbsp;Jakob Lederer","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixed demolition waste comprises concrete, stones, bricks, fine mineral fractions, and extraneous materials that can impair the quality of recycled aggregate. Upgrading this waste into high-quality building materials requires sophisticated dry-wet mechanical treatment. However, detailed analyses of material flows, energy use, and composition from such processes are scarce, though essential for LCA and economic assessments. Recycling outcomes also depend on local conditions, making the collection of primary data crucial. For Austria, existing studies are outdated or missing. This study investigates dry-wet mechanical treatment of mixed demolition waste at an Austrian facility. The process combines dry pre-treatment (screening, sorting, metal removal) with wet steps (washing, screening, density separation). A three-day sampling campaign revealed that 78 wt% of the input material becomes high-quality recycled aggregates. Fines (21 wt%) are used in cement production as a substitute for primary raw materials. Metals and impurities (1 wt%) enter recycling or waste-to-energy streams, with no landfill fraction. The final product, a standardized 0/16 aggregate mix, meets environmental standards and achieves end-of-waste status under Austrian law. Wet treatment reduces non-mineral impurities by ∼40 wt% compared to dry treatment and improves grading curves by removing fines. Chemical analysis confirms this, as washing transfers oxides and minerals from fines to the filter cake. A simplified economic analysis indicates that gate fees and product trading are the primary revenue drivers. Future work builds on the data assessed and uses it as a basis for a comprehensive life cycle and economic analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}