{"title":"Fault Diagnosis Method for Open-Circuit Faults in NPC Three-Level Inverter Based on WKCNN","authors":"Guozheng Zhang;Menghui Li;Xin Gu;Wei Chen","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00012","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing demand for high reliability and availability in power conversion equipment within power electronics systems, the fault diagnosis of neutral-point-clamped (NPC) three-level inverters has garnered widespread attention. To address the challenges of fault feature extraction, this article proposes an end-to-end diagnostic approach based on a wavelet kernel convolutional neural network (WKCNN), capable of extracting multi-scale features from current signals to significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy. This method directly uses raw three-phase current signals as input, applying wavelet kernel convolution to automatically capture frequency-domain fault features, combined with a Softmax classifier optimized by the Adam algorithm to achieve fault diagnosis for NPC three-level inverters. Experimental results under various operating conditions demonstrate that this approach maintains robust diagnostic accuracy across multiple fault scenarios, with comparative analysis further confirming its advantages in diagnostic efficiency and performance over traditional machine learning and other deep learning methods.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 2","pages":"234-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11014611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Additional Magnetic Field of Dual-Parallel Rotor Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and its Influence on Electromagnetic Torque","authors":"Yang Chen;Dajun Tao;Baojun Ge","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00015","url":null,"abstract":"The coupling effect of dual-parallel rotor connected stator permanent magnet synchronous motor not only affects the magnetic field in the coupling area, but also generates an additional magnetic field in the uncoupled area. The characteristics of the additional magnetic field and its influence on electromagnetic torque are studied in this paper. The topology and parameters of motor are described briefly. The existence of additional magnetic field is proved by the simulation models under two boundary conditions, and its characteristics and source are analyzed. The analytical model is established, and the influence of key parameters on the additional magnetic field is discussed. On this basis, the influence of the additional magnetic field on the electromagnetic torque of the motor is studied, and the analytical expression of the additional torque is constructed. The fluctuation rule is analyzed, and the additional magnetic field separation model is proposed. The theoretical analysis and simulation results reveal and improve the internal mechanism of reducing motor torque ripple by optimizing the duty angle and coupling distance. Finally, a prototype test platform is built to verify the correctness of the proposed theory and the accuracy of the simulation model.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 2","pages":"189-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11014610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced Sensorless Control of Switched Reluctance Motors Using Inertial Phase-Locked Loop for Extended Speed Range","authors":"Zifeng Chen;Xijian Lin;Huayu Ji;Zehua Li;Hang Zhao;Dianxun Xiao","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00013","url":null,"abstract":"Sensorless control of switched reluctance motors (SRMs) often requires a hybrid mode combining low-speed pulse injection methods and high-speed model-based estimation. However, pulse injection causes unwanted audible noises and torque ripples. This article proposes an enhanced model-based sensorless approach to extend downwards the speed range in which sensorless control can work without injection. An inertial phase-locked loop (IPLL) based on a stator flux observer is introduced for position estimation. Compared to the conventional phase-locked loop scheme, the IPLL offers a more robust disturbance rejection capability and thus reduces the flux model errors at lower speeds. Experimental results substantiate the feasibility of the extended low-speed operation using the model-based sensorless control approach.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 2","pages":"246-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11014605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Robustness Evaluation Method for the Robust Control of Electrical Drive Systems Based on Six-Sigma Methodology","authors":"Nabil Farah;Gang Lei;Jianguo Zhu;Youguang Guo","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00011","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous uncertainties in practical production and operation can seriously affect the drive performance of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). Various robust control methods have been developed to mitigate or eliminate the effects of these uncertainties. However, the robustness to uncertainties of electrical drive systems has not been clearly defined. No systemic procedures have been proposed to evaluate a control system's robustness (how robust it is). This paper proposes a systemic method for evaluating control systems' robustness to uncertainties. The concept and fundamental theory of robust control are illustrated by considering a simple uncertain feedback control system. The effects of uncertainties on the control performance and stability are analyzed and discussed. The concept of design for six-sigma (a robust design method) is employed to numerically evaluate the robustness levels of control systems. To show the effectiveness of the proposed robustness evaluation method, case studies are conducted for second-order systems, DC motor drive systems, and PMSM drive systems. Besides the conventional predictive control of PMSM drive, three different robust predictive control methods are evaluated in terms of two different parametric uncertainty ranges and three application requirements against parametric uncertainties.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 2","pages":"131-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11014606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent Development of Aircraft Electric Propulsion System: A Technical Review","authors":"Wei Chen;Yexin Yan;Yang Qi;Ming Huang;Weilin Li","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00004","url":null,"abstract":"The technology of electric propulsion aircraft (EPA) represents an important direction and an advanced stage in the development of aviation electrification. It is a key pathway for green development in aviation industry and can significantly enhance the energy efficiency of aircraft propulsion system. Electric motor is the most critical electromechanical energy conversion component in an aircraft electric propulsion system (EPS). High-performance electric motors, power electronic converters and EPS control form the foundation of the EPA. This paper provides an overview of the characteristics of electric motors for EPA, analyzes the inverter topologies of EPSs, and reviews ongoing EPA projects. The article highlights the latest advancements in three types of motors: superconducting motors (SCMs), permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), and induction motors (IMs). It summarizes the control system architectures of current EPA initiatives and, building on this foundation, proposes future research directions for EPSs. These include cutting-edge areas such as high-performance motors and advanced manufacturing technologies, GaN- or SiC- based inverter integration and innovation, electric propulsion control systems, and optimization of wiring systems.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"115-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10932751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sreeram K;Preetha P K;Javier Rodríguez-García;Carlos Álvarez-Bel
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Torque and Speed Control Strategies for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives","authors":"Sreeram K;Preetha P K;Javier Rodríguez-García;Carlos Álvarez-Bel","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00006","url":null,"abstract":"Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs), outfitted with rugged construction, good speed range, high torque density, and rare earth-free nature that outweigh induction motors (IM) and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), afford a broad range of applications in the domain of electric vehicles (EVs). Standard copper magnetic wire and low-carbon steel laminations are used to construct SRMs, which give them high efficiency in the range of 85–95%. Despite SRM's desirable features over traditional motor-speed drives, high torque ripples and radial distortions constrain their deployment in EVs. Precise rotor position is imperative for effective management of the speed and torque of SRMs. This paper provides an illustrative compendium on review of the torque-speed control and ripple mitigation techniques using design enhancements and control methods for SRM drives for EV applications. The various schemes were evaluated on their performance metrics-operational speed range, control complexity, practical realization, need for pre-stored parameters (lookup tables of current, inductance and torque profiles) and motor controller memory requirements. The findings provide valuable insights into balancing the gains and tradeoffs associated with EV applications. Furthermore, they pinpoint opportunities for enhancement by analyzing the cost and technical aspects of different SRM controllers.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"46-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10932740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PLL Frequency Stability Enhancement Under Weak Grid Considering Reactive Current Support","authors":"Bin Hu;Ling Zhan;Heng Nian;Donglian Qi","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00007","url":null,"abstract":"The phase-locked loop (PLL) plays an essential role for synchronizing renewable power generation to the grid. However, as per the grid-code compliance for reactive current support, the PLL output frequency fluctuates significantly and exceeds the limitation, which seriously threaten the safe supply of electricity. In this paper, the underlying theoretical mechanism and dominant force behind the maximum PLL frequency deviation are revealed. Accordingly, two feasible approaches are proposed to enhance the PLL frequency stability with validations in experimental results.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"110-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10932741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Content","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10946685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bahaddin Goksun;Ismet Sen;Musap Kuzucu;Bati Eren Ergun;Ilhan Kocaarslan;Mehmet Onur Gulbahce
{"title":"Design and Parametric Optimization of a Double-Sided Linear Induction Motor for Hyperloop Pod","authors":"Bahaddin Goksun;Ismet Sen;Musap Kuzucu;Bati Eren Ergun;Ilhan Kocaarslan;Mehmet Onur Gulbahce","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00009","url":null,"abstract":"The hyperloop idea, which is one of the most ecofriendly, low-carbon emissions, and fossil fuel-efficient modes of transportation, has recently become quite popular. In this study, a double-sided linear induction motor (LIM) with 500 W of output power, 60 N of thrust force and 200 V/38.58 Hz of supply voltage was designed to be used in hyperloop development competition hosted by the scientific and technological research council of turkey (TÜBİTAK) rail transportation technologies institute (RUTE). In contrast to the studies in the literature, concentrated winding is preferred instead of distributed winding due to mechanical constraints. The electromagnetic design of LIM, whose mechanical and electrical requirements were determined considering the hyperloop development competition, was carried out by following certain steps. Then, the designed model was simulated and analyzed by finite element method (FEM), and the necessary optimizations have been performed to improve the motor characteristics. By examining the final model, the applicability of the concentrated winding type LIM for hyperloop technology has been investigated. Besides, the effects of primary material, railway material, and mechanical air-gap length on LIM performance were also investigated. In the practical phase of the study, the designed LIM has been prototyped and tested. The validation of the experimental results was achieved through good agreement with the finite element analysis results.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"36-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10946686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Improved Feedforward Control Strategy to Promote the Rapidity of PMSM Servo System and Reduce Overshoot Oscillation","authors":"Wentao Zhang;Yan Zhang;Yongxiang Xu;Jibin Zou","doi":"10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00008","url":null,"abstract":"Under the condition of large inertia load, the stability of the servo system is more sensitive to the response speed and more likely to produce overshoot oscillations. In order to realize the requirements of high-precision and fast-response control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) under large inertia load, an improved feedforward control strategy based on position impulse compensation and PD iterative algorithm is proposed to improve the response speed of the PMSM servo system and reduce the overshoot oscillation. This paper analyzes the mathematical models of the speed servo system and position servo system of the PMSM, calculates position overshoot impulse of the PMSM servo system, and improves the traditional feedforward control strategy to reversely compensate when the position is about to overshoot. Moreover, in order to further reduce the position overshoot, the PD iterative control algorithm is superimposed without increasing the complexity of the algorithm. The input signal is continuously corrected through multiple runs to achieve a smoother response control. The effectiveness of the proposed feedforward control strategy is verified by simulation and experiment.","PeriodicalId":100229,"journal":{"name":"CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"100-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10946688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}