Deristisya Zahra , Mohammad Zarei , Jinwoo Hwang , Eunho Lee , Seung Goo Lee
{"title":"Oxidation-resistant and highly sensitive cellulose paper pressure sensor for wearable electronics","authors":"Deristisya Zahra , Mohammad Zarei , Jinwoo Hwang , Eunho Lee , Seung Goo Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nonbiodegradable polymers widely used in wearable electronics and sensors contribute significantly to e-waste and environmental toxicity. While the integration of biodegradable biopolymers offers a promising solution, their application is hindered by challenges in achieving reliable conductivity, sensitivity, and stability. In this study, we develop a biodegradable cellulose paper pressure sensor coated with silver nanowires (AgNWs), Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>Tx (MXene), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The AgNWs/MXene/rGO-coated cellulose paper capacitive pressure sensor demonstrates high sensitivity (1.031 kPa<sup>−1</sup>) over a wide pressure range (0–40 kPa), remarkable robustness (5000 cycles), and excellent sensing stability (>44 days). Moreover, the incorporation of rGO nanosheets enhances the resistance and stability of the AgNWs/MXene-coated paper-based composite against oxidation. Furthermore, various sensory architectures, including origami butterfly and kirigami snowflake pressure sensors, have been demonstrated using AgNWs/MXene/rGO-coated cellulose paper for a wide range of physiological sensing applications. These diverse applications highlight the versatility, adaptability, and applicability of the AgNWs/MXene/rGO-coated paper-based capacitive pressure sensor for fabricating biodegradable wearable sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100672"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adiansyah Syarifuddin , Muhammad Hanif Muflih , Nur Izzah , Ummul Fadillah , Andi Fadiah Ainani , Andi Dirpan
{"title":"Pectin-based edible films and coatings: From extraction to application on food packaging towards circular economy- A review","authors":"Adiansyah Syarifuddin , Muhammad Hanif Muflih , Nur Izzah , Ummul Fadillah , Andi Fadiah Ainani , Andi Dirpan","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pectin-based edible films and coatings have witnessed significant application in fresh food and processed food due to their functionalities as a carrier for active compounds and as a barrier against moisture and gases, which can help maintain the freshness and prolong the shelf-life of food products without sacrificing the sensory acceptance of food products. The current review covers the source and extraction methods of pectin, the use of plasticizers and active agents, the fabrication methods employed, and the application of these films and coating on food products. Thus, using pectin-based edible films and coatings in the food industry is important because it reduces agricultural waste and utilizes by-products of the food processing industry, thereby stimulating sustainable food packaging towards a circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sapropel-enriched sodium carboxymethyl cellulose gel systems: formulation approaches, stability and bioactive potential","authors":"Aneka Kļaviņa , Jeļena Reste , Inese Mārtiņsone , Ivars Vanadziņš , Inna Juhņeviča , Ilona Pavlovska","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sapropel, a sediment rich in organic matter and bioactive compounds, has significant potential for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. This study aimed to develop a stable, water-soluble hydrogel containing sapropel extract as a delivery platform for these bioactive compounds. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) was used as a gelling agent in eight formulations, with or without sapropel extract, and buffer solutions (NaCl, MgSO<sub>4</sub>, MgCl<sub>2</sub>). The gels were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, stability, and thermal resistance over a 2-year period under different storage conditions.</div><div>All sapropel extract containing formulations exhibited a smooth, homogeneous and light-yellow appearance with good stability and spread ability. The pH levels ranged from 4.7 to 7.4, within the acceptable range for skin application, although formulations with MgCl<sub>2</sub> showed greater pH fluctuations. Viscosity analyses revealed that sapropel extract decreased viscosity, particularly under fluctuating temperatures. MgSO<sub>4</sub>-buffered formulations exhibited the most stable viscosity over time. However, some formulations demonstrated decreased stability and viscosity after prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures and UV light. Centrifugal and thermal tests confirmed the physical stability of the gels, with no phase separation observed.</div><div>Overall, the study confirms the feasibility of incorporating sapropel extract into stable, water-soluble hydrogels, making them suitable for potential therapeutic and cosmetic uses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100669"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Payamifar , Amin Foroozandeh , Mehrab Pourmadadi , Majid Abdouss , Mohammad Hasanzadeh
{"title":"Cyclodextrin-based nanocarriers as promising scaffolds for overcoming challenges of doxorubicin delivery in cancer chemotherapy","authors":"Sara Payamifar , Amin Foroozandeh , Mehrab Pourmadadi , Majid Abdouss , Mohammad Hasanzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmacotherapy, a cornerstone in cancer treatment, faces significant challenges due to the inherent water-insolubility of many potent anticancer drugs. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have emerged as a promising solution in the field of drug delivery. This review highlights the use of CD-based nanocarrier systems as a transformative approach for encapsulating and precisely delivering doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer therapy. By exploring the synergistic potential of these nanocarriers, this study emphasizes their capability to overcome longstanding challenges and advance the frontiers of cancer treatment. Additionally, this review surveyed the application of CDs-incorporated nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of DOX. Then, several challenges associated with the effective pharmacotherapy of cancer using CDs-DOX, including issues related to drug loading and maintaining consistent release profiles that achieve high and sustained drug loading levels over time. In conclusion, by incorporating CDs into their formulations, it is anticipate the development of advanced chemotherapy agents that effectively address the challenges of efficient cancer treatment. Looking ahead, the ongoing advancement of nanocarrier systems comprising CD-based molecules holds great promise for improving the quality of life for patients worldwide. This study outlines how CDs address issues such as inconsistent drug loading and sustained release, aiming to achieve high and prolonged drug levels. The point that incorporating CDs could lead to the development of advanced chemotherapy agents that improve patient quality of life highlights a forward-looking and innovative aspect. By exploring CD-incorporated nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of DOX, the study aligns with cutting-edge research trends in precision medicine. The focus on CDs as nanocarrier scaffolds to address longstanding challenges in drug delivery is a key novel aspect. This overview collectively underscores the novel contributions of the study in advancing cancer chemotherapy through innovative nanotechnology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johanna A. Thomann , Michael Polhuis , J.O.P. Broekman , Peter J. Deuss , Hero J. Heeres , André Heeres
{"title":"Tuning properties of native potato starch by combining heat-moisture treatment with ion exchange","authors":"Johanna A. Thomann , Michael Polhuis , J.O.P. Broekman , Peter J. Deuss , Hero J. Heeres , André Heeres","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides insights into novel combinations of hydrothermal modifications and mineral enrichment by demonstrating the versatility of this environmentally more benign approach compared to other common chemical starch modifications like crosslinking. Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) (15 % moisture, 100 °C) of native potato starch (NPS) affords granular products that gelatinise at lower temperatures, hold more water as gel, and are more susceptible to enzymatic digestion. Prior mineral enrichment of NPS with sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions yielded significant changes in pasting curves, with monovalent cations increasing peak viscosity, while divalent cations decrease peak viscosity through ionic crosslinking of phosphate groups, allowing further fine tuning of swelling behaviour. Both short and long HMT (4 h and 16 h) triggered partial disruption of crystallinity and an increase in particle size without visible surface damage as evidenced by X-ray diffraction, laser diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. These novel products may find applications where a thickening agent is needed, and high levels of target minerals are desirable like sport nutrition. The viscosity behaviour, available energy and essential minerals may be beneficial to the formulation and nutritional value of energy gels, while adhering to clean-label requirements of today`s food industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaqi Hu , Daraz Ahmad , Li Ding , Haroon Rasheed , Andreas Blennow , Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard , Jinsong Bao
{"title":"The identification of thresholds of starch phosphate and amylose levels on multi-scale structures and functional properties of potato starch","authors":"Yaqi Hu , Daraz Ahmad , Li Ding , Haroon Rasheed , Andreas Blennow , Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard , Jinsong Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Both amylose content (AC) and starch phosphate content (SPC) play important roles in determining the functional features of starch in potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L.) tubers. However, the relative contribution of these two factors on starch properties has not been determined. The SPC, AC, and various multi-scale structures and functional properties of 13 natural potato starches with varying SPC (ranging from 449 ppm to 1004 ppm) and AC (from 18.8 % to 27.8 %) were investigated. It was found that SPC is closely correlated with the length and proportion of branch chains, and potato starches with high SPC tended to have a lower proportion of amylose. An elevation in SPC significantly enhanced the surface layer ordering of starch granules, while an increase in AC restricted the expansion of starch granules. With a critical SPC of 700 ppm, when the SPC of potato starch surpassed this threshold, phosphate played a predominant part in conferring the functional properties to the potato starch. An increase in SPC boosted the swelling capacity and lessened short-term retrogradation and strength of the starch gel. Conversely, when the SPC fell below this threshold, the influence of AC became more prominent. A higher AC promoted short-term retrogradation and strength of the starch gel. The results of this study further elucidates the subtle interplay between AC and SPC, providing deeper insights into the relationship between phosphate and amylose content and the structure and function of potato starch.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100676"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herlina Marta, Sylviana Chandra, Yana Cahyana, Nandi Sukri, Aldila Din Pangawikan, Tri Yuliana, Heni Radiani Arifin
{"title":"Arrowroot (Maranta arundinaceae L.) starch-based edible coating formulation and its application to shelf-life extension of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)","authors":"Herlina Marta, Sylviana Chandra, Yana Cahyana, Nandi Sukri, Aldila Din Pangawikan, Tri Yuliana, Heni Radiani Arifin","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arrowroot starch, a locally abundant and underutilized resource in Indonesia, shows promise as a base material for edible coatings due to its transparency, odorlessness, and high amylose content. This study evaluated the effectiveness of arrowroot (<em>Maranta arundinaceae</em> L.) starch-based coatings in extending the shelf life of tomatoes (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em> L.) under room temperature storage. Coating formulations were prepared using 3 % and 4 % starch concentrations, 4 % glycerol, and 0.1 % Tween 80, and applied to tomatoes, while uncoated samples served as controls. Over a 15-day storage period, with evaluations every three days, the 4 % arrowroot starch coating was most effective in reducing respiration rate, preserving color (a* value:1.65 ± 3.08), minimizing color change (ΔE: 9.95 ± 3.10), and reducing texture degradation (20.53 ± 1.88) and weight loss (1.39 %). Consequently, the shelf life of coated tomatoes was extended to 26 days, compared to 20 days for the controls. These results suggest that arrowroot starch-based edible coatings can serve as a sustainable postharvest management strategy for extending the shelf life of fresh produce, thereby minimizing food waste and promoting the use of biodegradable materials in food preservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100674"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Umair , Song Xun , Saqib Jabbar , Muhammad Abid , Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka , He Zhendan
{"title":"Recent breakthroughs of non-thermal cold plasma food processing: A review","authors":"Muhammad Umair , Song Xun , Saqib Jabbar , Muhammad Abid , Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka , He Zhendan","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymers are extensively utilized in industrial and (bio) medical applications for eco-friendly packaging solution, but they are typically unsuitable for usage owing to their moisture sensitivity, low surface free energy and barrier properties. The use of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) technology to mitigate the surface characteristics of biopolymers is a fast developing research area and has a lot of appeal. This review explores the emerging field of surface modification of biodegradable polymers with ACP for food packaging application, presenting them as potential one avenue sustainable solution for biodegradable, better moisture barrier properties, and its food compatibility with minimal environmental impact and improved functionality. Key topics addressed included structural and functional properties of a biopolymer surface, topographical changes, the concerns regarding the critical outcome on the polymer qualities and highlighting the potential of ACP in cleaning and deposition biopolymers to reduce environmental impact and preserve food quality. Further, it delves recent advancements in food packaging technology that have made it possible to preserve both food and food packaging. There have been few investigations into the impact of cold plasma on the polymers used in packaging materials. However, a significant gap has been identified in the field of biodegradable polymers used in the food industry. This, combined with concerns about petrochemical-based polymers' environmental impact, prompted researchers to investigate the effects of cold plasma on biodegradable polymers. This review lays groundwork for determining the effect of ACP on a number of food packaging applications, including primary, smart, and active packaging. The purpose of this study was to determine whether various packaging solutions were compatible with the ACP process characteristics of food decontamination operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100673"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M Mohinur Rahman Rabby , Md.Mahmudur Rahman , Bijoy Chandra Ghos , Md.Abdul Gafur , Md. Al-Amin , Shamim Dewan , Md.Ashraful Alam , Md.Ismail Hossain
{"title":"Production of CNC from agro-waste biomass (maize shells) as a potential reinforcement in bio-nanocomposites: Extraction, modification, and characterization study","authors":"M Mohinur Rahman Rabby , Md.Mahmudur Rahman , Bijoy Chandra Ghos , Md.Abdul Gafur , Md. Al-Amin , Shamim Dewan , Md.Ashraful Alam , Md.Ismail Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellulose nano crystal (CNC) has been considered as multifunctional biopolysaccharide due to its outstanding properties and biodegradable nature. CNC was derived from agro-waste namely maize shells by different treatment like soaping, alkali treatment, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis. Maize shells were chosen as it is considered a waste material that has no use rather burning. While burning of these releases exposes a considerable amount of environmentally airborne pollutants which are responsible for global warming. However, the properties of the extracted CNC were characterized by using FTIR-ATR, XRD,TGA,DTA,DTG, FESEM, DLS, UV–vis-NIR, and Zeta-potential analysis. The removal of hemicellulose and lignin were expelled from CNC asserted by FTIR-ATR. FESEM was used to capture microstructure and surface morphology. TGA/DTA/DTG was used for measurement of thermal stability. Phase composition, crystal structure/exact atomic position were analyzed by XRD measurement. The CNC was found more thermal stability (exposing 40 % residual mass at 600 °C), high crystallinity index (76.09±0.91 %) with good structural purity and smaller particle size around 100 nm along with negative zeta potential. Due to these outstanding properties the newly produced CNC could be beneficially used as a potential reinforcement in bionanocomposite fabrication for various uses in biomedical, industrial, and engineering sectors for the development of sustainable environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100671"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced properties of chitosan-PVA nanocomposite films with lemongrass oil microcapsules","authors":"Melahat Daeialiakbar , Shima Yousefi , Weria Weisany","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The need for sustainable antimicrobial packaging has driven research into biodegradable materials that extend shelf life and reduce reliance on synthetic additives. This study developed biocomposite films using chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), enhanced with lemongrass essential oil (LGEO) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Different concentrations of LGEO (5 %-20 % w/w) and CNCs (0.5 %-1.5 % w/w) were systematically evaluated for their effects on the films' mechanical, antimicrobial, and physicochemical properties. The results showed that incorporating CNCs and LGEO significantly improved antimicrobial efficacy and hydrophobicity, as reflected in reduced water vapor permeability and increased water contact angles. Films with higher CNC concentrations (1.5 %) exhibited reduced water solubility and swelling due to enhanced crosslinking and crystallinity, while lower concentrations resulted in higher values. Over time, all samples displayed weight loss, pH increases, and reduced moisture, titratable acidity, and firmness, alongside color changes indicated by a decline in the L* index and an increase in the a* index. Optimized films outperformed cellophane in maintaining physicochemical stability and reducing microbial spoilage of cherry tomatoes during storage. These findings underscore the potential of CNC- and LGEO-enriched CS/PVA biocomposite films as eco-friendly, effective packaging solutions for extending the shelf life of perishable foods while addressing plastic waste issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100668"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}