Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Model-driven high-level expression of β-mannanase in Pichia pastoris for degrading mannan in palm kernel expeller","authors":"Youyan Rong ,&nbsp;Kai Hong ,&nbsp;Cancan Dong,&nbsp;Yanfeng Wang,&nbsp;Le Gao,&nbsp;Xin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palm kernel expeller (PKE), a copious byproduct, is limited in its application to non-ruminant diets due to the presence of antinutritive factors, predominantly galactomannan, necessitating effective enzymatic hydrolysis by β-mannanase to enhance its nutritional value. Here, a cross-strategy combining the <strong>p</strong>redicting <strong>m</strong>utations with <strong>e</strong>nhanced <strong>p</strong>rotein <strong>e</strong>xpression (PMEPE) model with B-factor analysis was employed to rationally modify the gene encoding β-mannanase CsMan5A in <em>Pichia pastoris</em>. The expression level of mutant CsMan5A-Q7S improved 17 % compared to the wild type, reaching 16.38 g/L, which resulted in an increased enzyme activity titer of 147,597 U/mL and specific enzyme activity of 9010.81 U/mg, respectively increasing by 32.87 % and 13.81 % compared to the wild-type. Then, the expression of CsMan5A-Q7S was further elevated to 18.70 g/L through cell wall engineering. Computational simulations explained the mechanism of the superior thermostability and activity observed in the CsMan5A-Q7S mutant, which presented a more stable overall structure than the wild type. The residue left after hydrolysis by CsMan5A-Q7S had lower fiber content, as well as higher protein content, thereby effectively enhancing its feed quality. This study achieved exceptional phenotypic enhancement of β-mannanase production in <em>Pichia pastoris</em> by an effective strategy through computational modeling, protein engineering, and cell wall modification strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of hydroxyapatite, montmorillonite and carboxymethylcellulose in pH-responsive nanocomposites for teriparatide delivery","authors":"Hamid Reza Hosseini ,&nbsp;Majid Abdouss ,&nbsp;Zahra Hosseini ,&nbsp;Mehrab Pourmadadi","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite significant progress, the approach to drug delivery in bone tissue engineering encounters unique challenges due to the intricate bone anatomy. In response, a novel pH-responsive hydrogel nanocomposite (CMC/MMT/HAP) has been developed for precise delivery of Teriparatide (PTH (1-34)), with the primary objective of enhancing drug solubility, stability, and mitigating degradation. This nanocomposite provides an efficient injectable dosage regimen, addressing side effects, safety concerns, and the inconvenience of frequent injections. The nanocomposites underwent comprehensive characterization through various analytical techniques, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Zeta potential analysis, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The nanocomposites displayed an average crystallite diameter of 29.2 ± 1.4 nm. The PTH (1-34)-loaded nanocarrier exhibited a hydrodynamic size of 193.48 ± 3.8 nm and a surface charge of − 40 mV. Furthermore, the loading and encapsulation efficiencies were determined to be 38% and 82%, respectively. Utilizing the dialysis method in conjunction with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, drug diffusion experiments unveiled a sustained-release pattern. As the pH decreased from 7.4 to 5.6, there was a corresponding increase in PTH (1-34) diffusion. After 24 h, drug release was higher in the acidic pH (58%) compared to the physiological pH (32%). This trend persisted, culminating in 98.5% and 64% release percentages after 240 h. Swelling tests demonstrated that the hydrogel exhibited a high fluid absorption capacity in physiological-like conditions, a property that facilitates enhanced tissue integration and supports sustained, diffusion-controlled drug release. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay showed a marked increase in osteogenic differentiation, with the nanocomposite exhibiting the highest activity, highlighting its potential for bone regeneration. The biocompatibility of the PTH (1-34)-loaded nanocarrier was evaluated using the MTT assay with L929, HEK-293, and SaOS-2 cell lines as test models.The results affirmed its non-toxic nature and demonstrated its ability to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Drawing insights from these findings, the CMC/MMT/HAP@PTH (1-34) nanocomposite, as a drug delivery system, presents a highly efficient and biocompatible approach to enhance therapeutic efficacy, thereby overcoming limitations associated with drug delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101013"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced functionalization of ozone-modified starch as a gelatin substitute in gummy candy formulations","authors":"Akram Khezri,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Sahari,&nbsp;Mohsen Barzegar,&nbsp;Hassan Ahmadi Gavlighi,&nbsp;Mohsen Asghari","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to modify potato starch through a combination of preheating and ozone treatment to develop a viable alternative to gelatin for use in gummy candy formulations. Ozonation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve desirable characteristics, including hydrogel strength, water solubility, and paste clarity. The optimized modified starch was comprehensively analyzed for carbonyl and carboxyl group content, pH, color, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and morphological properties. The optimized starch was incorporated into gummy candy formulations at varying concentrations. FT-IR analysis indicated increased carbonyl and carboxyl group content following ozonation, while morphological assessment revealed only minor surface alterations in starch granules. Ozonation decreased the gelatinization temperature, and color analysis showed increased L* and b* values in the modified starch. Incorporating the modified starch into gummy candies enhanced L* values, decreased b* values, and improved water activity (aw) and moisture retention compared to formulations containing native starch. Furthermore, the modified starch enhanced the gumminess, chewiness, hardness, and melting point of the candies. Notably, formulations with 25–50% substitution of ozone-modified starch exhibited textural, thermal, and sensory properties closely resembling those of gelatin-based candies and were preferred by the majority of panelists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101014"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive alginate and carrageenan nanocomposite packaging: a review of recent insights on fabrication techniques, applications and environmental concerns","authors":"Arshied Manzoor ,&nbsp;Tariq Khan ,&nbsp;Audil Hassan Lone ,&nbsp;Abdul Haque ,&nbsp;Fawzi Banat","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polysaccharide-based bioactive films from alginate and carrageenan are gaining interest in food packaging, biomedical applications, and environmental sustainability. From the past decade, film/coating improvements have been talking of the town through different research modifications. Approaches such as modifying the polymer matrix along with the addition of different plants and animal-based additives have been explored in the area concerned to enhance film performance. Developing films by the addition of nanocomposites based on alginate and carrageenan presents a unique and robust method towards enhancing the functional and techno-functional characteristics of packaging film/coatings credited to the synergistic combination of natural polymer matrices and incorporated nanomaterials. There are some studies discussing the usage of these polymers in the packaging industry. However, our study adds on the approach by discussing the development of films/coatings using the alginate and carrageenan blend. This review paper delves into the recent advancements and applications of polysaccharide-based bioactive films, focusing specifically on alginate and carrageenan. It covers the diverse applications of these polymers in the development of nanocomposites for antimicrobial packaging. This study systematically examines antimicrobial agents derived from fruit byproducts, animal sources, and probiotic agents, and their integration into packaging materials. The paper examines the characteristics of antimicrobial packaging systems, focusing on their barrier and mechanical properties. Various techniques for the development and fabrication of these films are discussed, highlighting the role of different polysaccharides in film formation. The properties of the developed films are analyzed, particularly their antimicrobial mechanisms of action against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The possible uses of these bioactive films in food packaging are described, particularly for fruits and vegetables, meat and meat products, and dairy products. This study highlights the significant potential of alginate and carrageenan-based bioactive films, along with the blends thereof enhanced with nano-sized particles, to boost food safety, food quality and extend the shelf life of perishable products. Lastly the manuscript also focuses on safety regulations towards the food packaging films/coatings developed from these polymers for their wider applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101011"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysaccharide polymer-based nanoparticles for nano fertilizer and nano pesticides–A review","authors":"Oluwatoyin A. Fabiyi ,&nbsp;Ayorinde V. Ogundele ,&nbsp;Hector S. Mella","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global population and escalating threats from plant pathogens demand sustainable strategies for enhancing food security. While conventional fertilizers and pesticides remain essential, their overuse leads to pest resistance, disruption of soil microbiota, and environmental contamination. Smart polymeric materials particularly polysaccharide-based nanoparticles offer a promising approach for controlled and targeted agrochemical delivery. However, most existing reviews provide broad overviews of polymeric carriers without emphasizing the synthesis, mechanistic behaviour, and soil interactions of polysaccharide-derived nanocarriers. While polysaccharide-based nanoparticles are widely studied for agrochemical delivery, this review identifies critical gaps between lab-scale innovation and field applicability. We analyse trade-offs in scalability, environmental persistence, and regulatory barriers, proposing a roadmap for next-generation formulations (marine polysaccharides, enzyme-triggered release). It focuses on their mechanisms of action, structural features, delivery strategies, and highlights the specific challenges and future directions for optimizing their agricultural performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101009"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of kappa-carrageenan-based magnetic nanocomposite hydrogels for pH-sensitive delivery of diclofenac and ibuprofen","authors":"Zeinab Azimian ,&nbsp;Negin Sohrabi ,&nbsp;Reza Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, nanocomposite hydrogels composed of κ-carrageenan (κ-CG), Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles, and Cu-Co layered double hydroxides (LDH) were prepared as pH-sensitive drug delivery systems for the loading and controlled release of Diclofenac and Ibuprofen. Potassium Chloride (KCl) was used as a physical crosslinking agent. The prepared nanocomposite hydrogel beads were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX-mapping, and VSM methods. The drug release and swelling behavior of these hydrogels have been studied in buffer solutions of different pH (1.2, 5.4, 6.8, and 7.4). In addition, to investigate the drug release mechanisms, different models were studied. The in-vitro drug release and kinetics analysis revealed that the κ-CG/Fe₃O₄/Cu-Co-LDH exhibited enhanced performance in acidic (stomach-like) pH conditions and enhances drug dosing stability through controlled release. The swelling results showed that the effect of pH on the swelling of hydrogels was not statistically significant, but the effect of the type of carrier, in other words, the addition of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and Cu-Co LDH, on the swelling of hydrogels was significant (at 95 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101012"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified biogenic nanocellulose and PHB from cacao fruit waste for enhanced mechanical and barrier performance of PHBV films","authors":"Maria A. Gamboa-Suárez ,&nbsp;Néstor C.Posada Rubiano ,&nbsp;Silvia J. Suárez-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Cristian Blanco-Tirado ,&nbsp;Cesar A. Sierra ,&nbsp;Mabel J. Quintero-Silva ,&nbsp;Marianny Y. Combariza","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing demand for sustainable packaging materials has intensified interest in polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as biodegradable alternatives to plastics. Among these, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a commercially available copolymer, shows promise for packaging but is hindered by limited mechanical strength and poor moisture resistance. We explore a biotechnological strategy to enhance PHBV film performance using two additives produced via microbial fermentation of effluents from cacao fruit processing: (i) TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose (BC-TOCN) chemically modified by amidation with octadecyl amine (BC-TOCN-AMD C-18), and (ii) low-molecular-weight polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Hydrophobization of BC-TOCN-AMD C-18 was confirmed by a maximum water contact angle of 147°, higher than unmodified BC-TOCN, and decreased surface free energy (SFE) with minimal polar contribution.</div><div>Incorporating the two additives into PHBV films formed by melt extrusion increased the water contact angle from 89 to 112°, enhanced tensile strength from 0.50 to 5.5 MPa, and improved surface smoothness. Additionally, the films show 10.47 % reduction in water permeability and 9.54 % decrease in oxygen permeability compared to neat PHBV. These effects are attributed to synergistic interactions promoting improved dispersion and interfacial compatibility. The results highlight the potential of BC-based nanomaterials and homopolymeric PHB to modulate PHBV properties, supporting applications in sustainable packaging requiring moisture control and biodegradability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101010"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of natural hemicellulose additive from waste resource of Lanzhou lily for eco-friendly water-based lubricant","authors":"Min Xie ,&nbsp;Zhaoxia Li ,&nbsp;Haihong He ,&nbsp;Yutong Liang ,&nbsp;Xue Yan ,&nbsp;Jiarui Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of functional, cost-effective, and environmentally benign additives is critical for enhancing the lubricity of water-based fluids. This study proposes hemicellulose, isolated from abundant lily stem waste, as a novel bio-based lubricant additive, leveraging its natural abundance, non-toxicity, and unique polysaccharide structure capable of forming protective tribo-films. Through alkaline extraction and ethanol precipitation, hemicellulose was obtained with a xylose content of 52.13 % (High-performance anion-exchange chromatography) and molecular weight of 124 kDa (Gel permeation chromatography). Rheological tests of hemicellulose solutions demonstrated concentration-dependent viscosity enhancement, from 0.95 mPa·s (0.5 wt.%) to 2.31 mPa·s (2 wt.%) at 50 s^-¹. Tribological evaluations showed that 2 wt.% hemicellulose reduced the friction coefficient by about 50 % (20–80 N) and decreased wear rate by one order of magnitude at 60–80 N compared to water, while extended effective lubrication to load of 100 N without performance degradation. Surface analysis (Scanning electron microscope / X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy / Transmission electron microscope) confirmed a thin (about 10 nm), dense boundary film via hemicellulose adhesion, effectively preventing metal-to-metal contact. This work validates hemicellulose as a sustainable, high-performance lubricant additive and offers a promising pathway for agricultural waste valorization in eco-friendly lubrication systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101008"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional novel xanthan gum-based composite films incorporating hyaluronic acid and graphene oxide for thermally assisted in vivo wound healing","authors":"Ying Ku Lee ,&nbsp;Yu Chen Chien ,&nbsp;Ming Wei Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed a multifunctional, thermo-responsive wound dressing composed of xanthan gum (Xn), hyaluronic acid (HA), and graphene oxide (GO). The film (Xn/HA/GO) was crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). FTIR analysis confirmed successful crosslinking through characteristic peaks at 1560 cm⁻¹ (-C-O<img>C-) and 1700 cm⁻¹ (-C-O<img><em>C</em> = <em>O</em>-), indicating the formation of ester bonds. The resulting film exhibited desirable physical properties, including a gel content of 87.4 %, water content of 80.0 %, and the tensile strength of 52.82 MPa. MTT assays showed no cytotoxicity and after 48 h of cell culture, Xn/HA/GO increased L929 fibroblast viability by 1.51-fold, respectively, compared to control. In vivo, mice with subcutaneous wounds treated with Xn/HA/GO and NIR laser (805 nm, 42 °C, 20 min/day, 7 days) showed a 36.2 % wound reduction and no inflammation. Masson’s trichrome staining showed 1.82-fold more collagen in the photothermal group compared to Xn/HA/GO without thermal therapy, respectively. These results highlight the potential of Xn/HA/GO composite films as multifunctional wound dressings that combine mechanical robustness, photothermal responsiveness, and biocompatibility for accelerated wound healing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101007"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the flame resistance of cotton via N-acryloylglycine-based chemical functionalization","authors":"Jenny Alongi ,&nbsp;Matteo Arioli ,&nbsp;Claudia Forte ,&nbsp;Michele Pierigé ,&nbsp;Silvia Pizzanelli ,&nbsp;Paolo Ferruti ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Ranucci","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cotton was chemically modified with N-acryloylglycine (NAG) via oxo-Michael addition under basic conditions at 50 °C, producing COT-g-NAG₃ and COT-g-NAG₆ with 3 % and 6 % add-ons, respectively. The goal was to graft onto cotton an analogue of the glycine-based M-GLY polyamidoamine flame retardant repeat unit. Solid-state NMR confirmed the presence and quantity of grafted NAG. SEM and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the grafting process preserved the fiber morphology and crystalline structure. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed enhanced thermo-oxidative stability between 350 and 450 °C, compared to virgin cotton. Flame retardant performance was evaluated through horizontal (HFST) and vertical flame spread tests (VFST). In VFST, neither sample self-extinguished, but both retained substantial char. In HFST, COT-g-NAG₃ showed a reduced burning rate (0.18 vs. 0.98 mm/s), while COT-g-NAG₆ self-extinguished, leaving 79 wt.% residue, compared to 1 % for untreated cotton. Combustion residues exhibited a porous char typical of intumescent materials, like that observed in M-GLY coatings. These results confirm that NAG grafting imparts effective flame retardancy by inducing intumescence, without compromising cellulose integrity. The covalent nature of the grafting also enhances wash durability, minimizing leaching and environmental release. This strategy highlights the promise of amino acid-based acrylamides for the tailored-design of flame retardant cotton fabrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101006"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}