Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Molecular interactions and release mechanisms of Finasteride in β-CD and Trimethyl-β-CD complexes: A computational and experimental approach","authors":"Reza Allahyari ,&nbsp;Mehrdad Hadadian ,&nbsp;Behnam Mahdavi","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low water solubility of Finasteride (Fin) presents a significant challenge to its effective use in patients. To address this issue, the trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD) was prepared to encapsulate Fin, improving its aqueous solubility and release, along with other physical characteristics. Additionally, an inclusion complex of β-CD with Fin was prepared to provide a comparison between both carriers. The complexes were characterized using BET, XRD, FT-IR, TGA, FE-SEM, and DLS techniques. The formation of the encapsulated drug was studied computationally through GaussView 5.0.8. The encapsulation efficiency study showed a higher yield for β-CD/Fin. Furthermore, the <em>in vitro</em> release study of Fin from both carriers demonstrated a sustainable cumulative release for β-CD/Fin. The kinetic study revealed a non-Fickian and case II release mechanism for TM-β-CD/Fin and β-CD/Fin. These findings suggest TM-β-CD for applications requiring improved Fin water solubility and β-CD to prolong the release process for different purposes. The data obtained from computational methods confirmed the experimental findings and provided insight into the rationale behind these phenomena. Furthermore, a simulation study suggested that Fin enters the CDs` cavities via its pyridine ring and forms hydrogen bonds with TM-β-CD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101025"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spray dried inulin–sodium carboxymethylcellulose microcarriers with solid-to-colloidal transition: Development for foliar delivery of polyphenol-rich extract","authors":"Rita Patrizia Aquino,&nbsp;Teresa Mencherini,&nbsp;Pierluigi Mazzei,&nbsp;Tiziana Esposito,&nbsp;Francesco Del Prete,&nbsp;Francesca Fortunato,&nbsp;Giacomo Pepe,&nbsp;Giulia Auriemma,&nbsp;Francesca Sansone","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports on the development of a carbohydrate-based spray-dried microparticulate system (F-CHES) conceived for the stabilization and foliar delivery of polyphenol-rich plant extracts for sustainable phyto defense applications. Chestnut spiny bur (CHES) extract, with demonstrated anti-fungal activity against phytopathogens, was micro-encapsulated via spray-drying in a polysaccharide matrix, composed primarily of inulin (INU DP ∼15), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and low amount of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS 0.05 % w/v), engineered to improve extract processability, water compatibility, stability and functional performance. Structural characterization by semi-solid (HRMAS) and solid-state (CPMAS) NMR revealed polysaccharide matrix–extract interactions that influenced the internal organization and component distribution within microparticles. The integration of high-resolution analytical techniques was also essential for standardizing the production process. The optimized F-CHES 0.8 micropowder, containing 1.5 % w/v of CHES extract, 5 % INU, 0.8 % Na-CMC, showed a process yield (70.42 ± 2.42 %) and high encapsulation efficiency (98.58 %). The formulation ensured chemical stability over 12 weeks (active compound retention ≥94.86 %), and displayed favorable morphological and physicochemical properties, including hydrodynamic diameter of 0.55 µm and ζ-potential of –37.2 mV. Interestingly, upon dispersion in water, the microparticles converted into a colloidal state and the resulting dispersion can form stable transparent coating on leaf surface suited for foliar delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101023"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New coacervates and crosslinkers from Araucaria heterophylla and Commiphora pedunculata exudates for microencapsulation of essential oils","authors":"Codjo Camille Dedjiho ,&nbsp;Agnès Crépet ,&nbsp;Fifa Théomaine Diane Bothon ,&nbsp;Cokou Pascal Agbangnan Dossa ,&nbsp;Jean-Charles Majesté ,&nbsp;Lara Leclerc ,&nbsp;Jéremie Pourchez ,&nbsp;Corinne Jégat","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Araucaria heterophylla (Ah)</em> and <em>Commiphora pedunculata (Cp)</em> are plant exudate gums from the flora of Benin composed mainly of carbohydrate polymers and a considerable amount of essential oils. The aim of this work is to evaluate the functional properties of these polysaccharide extracts such as the ability to coacervation and cross-linking with gelatin, in order to formulate polymeric materials as microcapsules for essential oils produced exclusively from local resources without toxic products. Their physicochemical and chemical characterics were analysed. The polysaccharide extracts of Ah and Cp plants are water-soluble, amorphous, thermally stable polymers (Td ≈ 300°C) with a number-average molar mass of 21300 and 362600 g.mol^-1. The composition of the monosaccharide was determined by HPLC after acid hydrolysis. Galactose, arabinose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid are present in both plants. Galactose is predominant in Ah, while arabinose dominates in Cp. Their aqueous solutions, with mass fractions between 0.5 and 1 %, are slightly acidic and surface-active. At 25°C, in a range of higher concentrations (10-60 %), their aqueous solutions are shear thinning. The presence of glucuronic acid gives the polysaccharides in aqueous solution sufficiently stable negative charges (ζ= -17.0±2.4 mV) to behave like an anionic polymer. These properties allow microencapsulation of the essential oils by complex coacervation between extracted polysaccharides and gelatin for an antioxidant and antibacterial activity. In addition, the polysaccharides were oxidized to be used as crosslinkers for gelatin and their non-cytotoxicity was demonstrated. This work closely follows the guidelines of green chemistry and contributes to a circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101024"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced synbiotic delivery platforms: Integrating prebiotic alginate co-encapsulants for probiotic protection in functional foods","authors":"Mehdi Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Khajeh ,&nbsp;Ramin Shahbahrami ,&nbsp;Zahra Hashami ,&nbsp;Leila Mirmoghtadaie ,&nbsp;Runak Ghobadi ,&nbsp;Amir Mohammad Mortazavian ,&nbsp;Seyede Marzieh Hosseini","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in functional food design emphasize the importance of synbiotic encapsulation systems that simultaneously protect probiotics and stimulate their activity via co-delivered prebiotics. This review explores innovative co-encapsulation strategies employing fermentable fibers to enhance probiotic survival, gastrointestinal stability, and controlled release in complex food matrices. Rather than relying solely on traditional carriers such as alginate, emerging systems integrate complementary polymers—such as chitosan, pectin, resistant starches, or plant-derived gums—into multilayer or composite capsules. These platforms offer superior protection during processing, storage, and digestion while also improving sensory and functional properties of the final product. Despite promising results, challenges remain in scalability, in vivo validation, and regulatory harmonization. This comprehensive review synthesizes current approaches and highlights future directions for engineering next-generation synbiotic delivery vehicles tailored for real-world food applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101022"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucomannan-based biodegradable film modified with turmeric and selenium powder for ammonia sensing and smart shrimp packaging","authors":"Somayeh Mansouryar,&nbsp;Sajad Pirsa,&nbsp;Mir Khalil Pirouzifard","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports the development of glucomannan-based biodegradable films (from salep) incorporating bioactive compounds of turmeric powder (TP) and selenium powder (SP) to improve physicochemical properties and enable ammonia sensing. Films were fabricated by the solvent-casting method and evaluated for thickness, mechanical properties, moisture content, solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), chemical structure, crystallinity, surface morphology, and thermal stability. Results showed that SP, with its mineral nature, increases crystallinity and enhances thermal stability. TP and SP significantly affected film thickness; the TP effect was stronger and more linear, with thickness increasing as its amount rose. Mechanical properties were notably influenced by the type and distribution of the additive in the polymer matrix. Turmeric addition reduced moisture content, while TP increased solubility. SP markedly increased WVP, and TP also raised WVP, though to a lesser extent. SEM images indicated that TP and SP caused substantial changes in surface morphology; SP directed crystallinity while TP promoted amorphousness. The combination yielded a stable semi-amorphous/crystalline structure. Turmeric accelerated degradation of the composite, whereas SP enhanced ultimate thermal stability. The salep-based composite film containing 0.4 g TP and 0.05 g SP (K0.4–0.05) was used as a colorimetric ammonia sensor kit. The optimized formulation (K0.4–0.05) exhibited a linear response to ammonia, high sensitivity, good repeatability (RSD = 1.19 %), and a short response time (2 min). It showed clear color change and high selectivity toward ammonia under gaseous conditions and in real shrimp spoilage tests. This system indicates potential for smart packaging and visual spoilage indicators in the food industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101019"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the phosphorylation of chitosan through complementary 1H and 31P{1H} DOSY NMR","authors":"Souhaib Abouricha ,&nbsp;Cédric Totee ,&nbsp;Steven Le Vot ,&nbsp;Abdelouahd Oukhrib ,&nbsp;Ouassim Ghodbane ,&nbsp;Mohammed Lahcini ,&nbsp;Frédéric Favier ,&nbsp;Bruno Alonso ,&nbsp;Hicham Ben Youcef","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical modification of chitosan through phosphorylation has gained significant attention for expanding its applications. However, confirming whether phosphorylating agents form covalent bonds with the chitosan backbone or remain as non-covalently associated species has remained challenging using conventional analytical techniques. The diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR of the complementary probes ¹H and ³¹P nuclei was used for distinguishing among the results of three phosphorylating agents: phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, and dimethyl phosphite. While conventional FTIR and common 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy experiments confirmed the presence of phosphorus-containing groups in all samples, DOSY NMR analysis revealed critical differences in molecular behavior. Chitosan backbone protons exhibited consistently low self-diffusion coefficients (4–9 × 10^–12 m²/s) across all samples. Phosphorus species in samples treated with phosphoric acid and phosphorous acid displayed significantly higher diffusion coefficients (394–548 × 10^–12 m²/s), indicating non-covalent association and freely diffusing in solution. In contrast, dimethyl phosphite treatment produced a ³¹P resonance at 30.3 ppm with a diffusion coefficient of 11 × 10^–12 m²/s, closely matching the chitosan backbone protons values and providing strong evidence for covalent phosphorylation. This work establishes DOSY NMR of complementary probes as a reliable, quick, and simple method for distinguishing between covalent or non-covalent modification of biopolymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101021"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zn/Cu-loaded functional bacterial cellulose modulates macrophage reprogramming to improve osteointegration and infection treatment","authors":"Yu Yao ,&nbsp;Yuchen Lin ,&nbsp;Hongwei Xi ,&nbsp;Ruhao Han ,&nbsp;Liangjie Tian ,&nbsp;Yusheng Yang ,&nbsp;Chonghe Cui ,&nbsp;Yuhui Chen ,&nbsp;Huimin Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruixiong Chen ,&nbsp;Wangan Li ,&nbsp;Qingrong Lin ,&nbsp;Rong Zeng ,&nbsp;Yanjun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, large segmental bone defects due to accidents, osteomyelitis debridement surgery, and other conditions, the treatments remain difficult. Large segmental bone defects are characterized by long treatment times, poor prognoses, and infectious complications. Although metal ions play crucial roles in directing bone tissue engineering, limited research has concentrated on ion-doped bacterial cellulose’s immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, we developed a mineralized bacterial cellulose (ZnCu-CaP-BC) biomaterial loaded with zinc and copper ions to enhance the bone immune environment and improve bone regeneration, as well as achieve anti-infection effects. The successful preparation of a mineralized bacterial cellulose biomaterial doped with Zn/Cu ions was confirmed by material characterization and biocompatibility experiments. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the developed biomaterial has strong antimicrobial properties and can stimulate macrophages to improve the bone immune microenvironment by both reprogramming macrophages from the M1 to M2 phenotype and increasing the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteoclastogenic protein (OCN). The study performed in vivo experiments to further validate the bone-enhancing and antimicrobial properties of this biomaterial by using a rat femoral condylar defect and subcutaneous infection model. Overall, owing to the excellent antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and bone-enhancing effects of ZnCu-CaP-BC, this material has great potential in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101018"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel protects against retinal pigment epithelial injury induced by sodium iodate","authors":"Xu Yang ,&nbsp;Linyu Long ,&nbsp;Zhengwei Ge ,&nbsp;Qing Wang ,&nbsp;Jacey Hongjie Ma ,&nbsp;Dan Ji ,&nbsp;Shibo Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oxidative stress-induced degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and secondary photoreceptor damage are the main causes of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). No effective interventions are currently available for use in clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design and evaluate the effects of an injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel containing the natural antioxidant myricetin (MY) using both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> models. To improve the solubility of MY, MY-cyclodextrin (CD) complexes were prepared via host-guest interactions. MY-loaded injectable hydrogel (H-MY) sustained-release formulations were fabricated using adipic acid dihydrazide-modified HA and aldehyde-functionalized HA. Intravitreal injection of the HA hydrogel prolonged the retention time of MY in the eyes of mice, without damaging the normal physiological structures and functions of the organ. Compared with the NaIO₃-treated group, the percentage of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-positive cells in the H-MY-treated group decreased from 30.7 % to 3.21 %, indicating effective inhibition of intracellular ROS production. And the JC-1 aggregation ratio in the H-MY-treated group increased from 49.4 % to 71.9 %, reflecting a notable alleviation of mitochondrial damage. Meanwhile, the proportion of apoptotic cells was reduced from 37.1 % to 25.3 %, demonstrating a significant decrease in cell apoptosis rate. Furthermore, a NaIO₃-induced acute oxidative stress model of retinal degeneration in mice was employed. In this model, intravitreal injection of the H-MY significantly protected retinal structure and preserved tissue physiological functionality. The HA hydrogel has been observed to exhibit modest antioxidant activity, along with acceptable biocompatibility and stability under experimental conditions. These characteristics suggest that it may offer certain reference significance for clinical management of dry AMD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101020"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun and freeze-dried PCL/chitosan-gelatin bilayer dressing for enhanced wound healing","authors":"Mehdi Jalili Ahmadabad ,&nbsp;Mahsa Janmohammadi ,&nbsp;Zahra Nazemi ,&nbsp;Marjan Bahraminasab ,&nbsp;Samaneh Arab ,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadegh Nourbakhsh","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A double-layer (DL) wound dressing was developed by integrating electrospinning and freeze-drying techniques. The electrospun top layer (PCL/Cs) provided hydrophobicity and resistance to bacterial penetration. The incorporation of 5 % Cs increased the tensile strength of nanofibers from 5.4 ± 2.26 MPa to 12.9 ± 2.23 MPa. The freeze-dried bottom layer (Cs/Gel) exhibited a high swelling ratio exceeding 500 %, and compressive properties ranging from 0.35 to 1.36 MPa. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) for Cs-Gel single layers was within the range of 2000–2500 g/m²/day, while DL-50Cs and DL-25Cs exhibited WVTRs of 3300 ± 110 and 1993 ± 136 g/m²/day, respectively. The samples showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus <em>(S. aureus</em> (Cs25-Gel75 (82 %), Cs50-Gel50 (72 %), DL-50Cs (78 %), DL-25Cs (79 %), PCL-Cs5 % (41 %)). The MTT revealed high cell viability for all samples, with DL-25Cs showing 453 ± 111 % viability after 3 days and 201 ± 12 % viability after 7 days. The scratch assay on L929 cells showed enhanced wound closure for all samples compared with the control (16 ± 11 %), Cs25-Gel75 (18 ± 6 %), Cs50-Gel50 (19 ± 10 %), DL-50Cs (21 ± 9 %), and DL-25Cs (23 ± 5 %). DL-25Cs exhibited the highest closure, indicating improved cell migration potential due to the double-layer structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101016"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of liquid crystal behavior of CNC/PEGDA/collagen suspensions on their orthotropic organization obtained by ultrafiltration and ultrasound","authors":"F. Bosson ,&nbsp;A. Laviron ,&nbsp;M. Karrouch ,&nbsp;L. Metilli ,&nbsp;N. Hengl ,&nbsp;V. Delplace ,&nbsp;F. Pignon","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the effect of adding biologically relevant macromolecules on the preservation of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) orthotropic organization already obtained in aqueous media, via the combined action of frontal ultrafiltration (FU) and ultrasound (US). In particular, the effect of a photocurable polymer poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with aqueous CNC suspension, in 80/20 weight ratio [water/PEGDA] and collagen were explored. Rheometric and polarized light microscopy measurements were used to reveal the liquid crystal behavior of suspensions. In situ dichroism during the FU/US process allowed to examine the conservation of orthotropic organization. First, the results have proved that the liquid crystal-like behavior is essential for achieving the desired orthotropic orientation of CNC/PEGDA/Collagen suspensions under FU and US. Second, acoustic power and filtration time have been identified as key parameters in preserving the orthotropic arrangement. Third, specific formulation conditions have been found to successfully achieved the orthotropic structure: i) without collagen, 20 wt% PEGDA and 5 to 8 wt% CNC; and ii) with collagen at acidic pH, 20 wt% PEGDA, 6 to 8 wt% CNC, and 0.01 to 0.1 mg/mL collagen. These findings pave the way for future investigations to produce orthotropic hydrogels for tissue engineering, by combining FU/US process with photocrosslinking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101015"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}