Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Watermelon peel-based active nanocomposite films reinforced with chitosan nanofibers and hedge nettle essential oil for chicken fillet packaging","authors":"Ali Kargar,&nbsp;Leila Roufegarinejad,&nbsp;Ainaz Alizadeh,&nbsp;Mehdi Gharekhani,&nbsp;Mahnaz Tabibiazar,&nbsp;Arezou Habibzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In line with the increasing trend of using packaging materials based on food and agricultural waste, this study aims to design an active film for chicken fillet packaging based on watermelon peel and chitosan nanofibers (CHNFs) that is activated with hedge nettle essential oil (HNEO). The concentrations of CHNFs (0, 5, and 10%) and HNEO (0, 1.5, and 3%) were optimized in the films. The addition of 5% CHNFs and 3% HNEO significantly enhanced water barrier properties (moisture absorption 14.18%, water vapor permeability 4.96×10−7 g/Pa.h.m, and water contact angle 95.51°) and mechanical properties (tensile strength 16.01 MPa and elongation at break 29.25%). Also, the film containing 5% CHNFs and 3% HNEO exhibited smooth and compact morphology with considerable antioxidant (45.85% DPPH scavenging activity) and antibacterial activities. The study of the chemical and crystalline structure of the samples confirmed the compatibility among watermelon peel, CHNFs, and HNEO. The use of the optimized film (5% CHNFs and 3% HNEO) for the packaging of chicken fillet significantly (p &lt; 0.05) controlled the increasing trend of pH, TBARS, TVB-N, and total bacterial count in the samples during 12-day storage. In conclusion, the developed active and biodegradable film has potential for application in meat preservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 101221"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148951605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ’Advances and prospects of targeting research for polysaccharide based drugs: A review’ [9 (2025): 100735]","authors":"Jinman Shui,&nbsp;Shaohua Yang,&nbsp;Yuling Zhao,&nbsp;Danshi Qi,&nbsp;Yudong Su,&nbsp;Jie Bai,&nbsp;Shoude Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 101202"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148951606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An innovative approach to efficiently produce starch nanoparticles: Leveraging the full potential of ball-milling technology","authors":"Emília Csiszár ,&nbsp;Barbara Gönczi ,&nbsp;Erika Fekete","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The compact outer shell of starch granules impedes the efficient production of starch nanoparticles. Grinding in a ball mill can break down this shell, enabling hydrolysis that yields higher nanostarch production under milder conditions than previously reported. This research examines how controlled grinding in a planetary ball mill over a wide range of milling times (5 minutes to 24 hours) affects the morphology of both native and waxy starches, and explores neutral and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis for efficient nanostarch production. As grinding time increases, the particle size gradually decreases and the particles assume a yellowish hue. Even short grinding durations (5–30 minutes) can significantly deteriorate crystallinity, reducing it to approximately 0%, while simultaneously increasing water sorption capacity to 10.97%. Controlled grinding facilitates the creation of both crystalline and amorphous nanoparticles. To produce starch nanocrystals (SNCs), we combined short-term grinding (15–60 minutes) with long-term acid hydrolysis (4–20 hours) of waxy starch. Specifically, after 15 minutes of grinding and 16 hours of sulfuric acid hydrolysis, we successfully produced SNCs in the characteristic parallelepiped shape. We achieved a 42.5% yield with shorter acid hydrolysis times, surpassing previous reports. The anisotropic phase separation in starch suspensions is a good indicator of SNCs at high concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101164"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape of carrageenan-based (Nano)materials: Structures, functions and applications with a focus on biomedical uses","authors":"M. Porta Zapata ,&nbsp;S. Carregal-Romero ,&nbsp;J. Ruiz-Cabello ,&nbsp;I. Fruitier-Arnaudin ,&nbsp;H. Groult","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carrageenans (CAR) are marine sulfated polysaccharides widely used as texturizing agents in the cosmetic and food industries due to their unique stability and gel-forming properties. Beyond these traditional uses, their rheological features and high charge density have driven their increasing integration as macromolecular matrix components of hydrogels (HG) and nanocomposites (NC). More recently, CAR have also attracted growing attention as functional constituents of nanoparticle (NP) formulations. After summarizing CAR structure and families, extraction strategies, chemical modification and depolymerization processes as well as their physicochemical properties and bioactivities, this review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of 353 articles on CAR-based (nano)materials, including organic NP, hybrid NP, NC, HG, and nanogels. The diversity of architectures, the CAR families employed, the synthesis routes (including chemical modifications and modes of CAR incorporation) and the resulting functional roles within these systems are systematically examined, with particular emphasis on biomedical applications and genuine CAR-based NP platforms. Building on this landscape, future directions and perspectives are outlined to guide the rational development of CAR-based (nano)materials with enhanced functional performance, biomedical relevance and industrial translation potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101138"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"pH-responsive carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium alginate hydrogel beads for the controlled release of a water-soluble turmeric extract with antioxidant activity","authors":"Natnicha So-udorn ,&nbsp;Hataikarn Lekakarn ,&nbsp;Benjarat Bunterngsook ,&nbsp;Thanyaluck Thanyacharoen ,&nbsp;Piyachat Chuysinuan ,&nbsp;Supanna Techasakul ,&nbsp;Sarute Ummartyotin","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A pH-responsive carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate (CMC/SA) composite bead was developed for a water-soluble antioxidant compound. Citric acid crosslinking promoted electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between the polymers, allowing the incorporation of highly water-soluble antioxidant compounds. FTIR, SEM, and TGA analyses confirmed the formation and stability of the composite beads. Swelling studies showed that increasing CMC content influenced the pH-responsive behavior of the hydrogel, primarily through osmotic effects. Among the formulations, CMC/SA beads at a 0.5:1.0 ratio (S1) showed the most suitable characteristics for controlled release. Turmeric extract (5–20% v/v) was used as a model bioactive compound. Antioxidant activity (DPPH) increased with turmeric loading from 45.38% to 78.71%, while the encapsulation efficiency also increased from 31.94% to 37.33% over the same range. In vitro release studies showed pH-responsive behavior, with an initial burst release followed by sustained release. The formulation with the highest turmeric loading of 20% (v/v) (S8) achieved approximately 58% cumulative release at 10 h and 85% at 72 h. Higher turmeric loading improved antioxidant activity, encapsulation efficiency, and cumulative release, with the 20% (v/ v) formulation showing the best overall performance among the tested systems. These findings indicate the potential of CMC/SA hydrogel beads for delivering highly water-soluble bioactive compounds, although further optimization is needed to improve encapsulation efficiency and release behavior for practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101162"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An esculin-loaded sustained-release hydrogel based on carboxymethyl chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose for the treatment of endometritis","authors":"Yaofeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Pan Liu ,&nbsp;Lijun Tang ,&nbsp;Wenxiu Xu ,&nbsp;Guigui Wang ,&nbsp;Ze Ding ,&nbsp;Bei Ma ,&nbsp;Aftab Shaukat ,&nbsp;Junfeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endometritis poses a significant economic burden on the livestock industry due to persistent inflammation and impaired reproductive performance. In this study, an injectable esculin-loaded hydrogel (CCE) was developed based on carboxymethyl chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium crosslinked with genipin to improve the solubility and retention of esculin. The physicochemical properties of the hydrogel, including morphology, particle size, swelling behavior, drug release profile, hemocompatibility, and cytotoxicity, were systematically characterized. The CCE hydrogel exhibited a nanoscale particle size (8.72 nm), high swelling ratio (231%), and sustained drug release behavior (76.5% over 48 h), along with excellent biocompatibility (hemolysis rate &lt; 2.63%). In vitro studies demonstrated that CCE significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in LPS-stimulated bovine endometrial epithelial cells by 52% and 48%, respectively, via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In vivo, CCE treatment effectively decreased uterine pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, alleviated histopathological damage, and reduced myeloperoxidase activity compared with the LPS group, showing superior therapeutic efficacy over free esculin. This natural polymer-based hydrogel presents a promising platform for localized drug delivery, with strong potential for clinical translation in the treatment of endometritis. Future studies focusing on large-animal models and long-term safety evaluation will further facilitate its clinical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101167"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valerylated high-amylose maize starch enabling colon-targeted valerate delivery: Synthesis, characterization, and impact on gut health","authors":"Mei Guo ,&nbsp;Yingying Song ,&nbsp;Yanru Li ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Haidi Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyan Qu ,&nbsp;Yisheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Lixin Fu ,&nbsp;Quanbo Wang ,&nbsp;Charles R. Mackay","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Valerate, a postbiotic metabolite derived from gut microbiota, has demonstrated positive impacts on inflammation and metabolism. However, the development of valerate into a drug has been hindered by its poor oral bioavailability. Here, we report that the oral bioavailability of valerate can be improved by conjugating it with high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) to form valerylated HAMS (HAMSV). As a dietary fiber carrier, HAMS resists upper gastrointestinal digestion, reaching the colon where microbial degradation releases the loaded valerate. A series of HAMSV with varying degree of substitution (DS) from 0.1 to 0.55 were synthesized, and the physicochemical properties were thoroughly characterized. <em>In vitro</em> digestion study showed that RS levels for HAMSV of DS 0.2, 0.35, and 0.55 increased from 50.9% (in HAMS) to 64.8%, 71.1%, and 78.8%, respectively, supporting their potential for colon-targeted valerate delivery. <em>In vivo</em>, HAMSV effectively raised colonic valerate levels, with DS 0.35 identified as optimal. Specifically, mice fed 5% HAMSV (DS 0.35) had an approximately 19.9-fold increase in fecal valerate concentration versus Control group. High-dose HAMSV markedly alleviated murine colitis and increased beneficial gut microbiota, showing superior efficacy to oral sodium valerate. As an ideal colon-targeted valerate delivery system, HAMSV holds considerable promise for treating inflammatory diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101168"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gum Arabic as a functional biopolymer: from fundamental properties to emerging encapsulation of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds","authors":"Mehdi Jalali-Jivan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Nejatian ,&nbsp;Esra Capanoglu ,&nbsp;Morteza Fathi ,&nbsp;Merve Tomas ,&nbsp;Deniz Gunal-Koroglu ,&nbsp;Ali Rashidinejad","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current review aims to comprehensively cover the neglected gaps related to emerging aspects of GA as well as the challenges that may restrict its widespread application in food products and novel functional formulations. According to the results, in emulsification technique, while GA alone exhibits significant limitations—particularly in droplet size reduction, long-term stability, and chemical protection—its combination with complementary emulsifiers unlocks synergistic effects that dramatically enhance performance across multiple parameters. Over liquid emulsions<strong>,</strong> GA-based nanoparticles as versatile delivery vehicles offer enhanced protection of volatile and sensitive compounds through solid matrix encapsulation. In addition, the incorporation of GA in complexation with almost all of the studied carbohydrates, proteins and surfactants, led to higher encapsulation efficiency, notable bioaccessibility, and superior stability under thermal processing, UV-exposing, ion concentration, and pH fluctuation<strong>.</strong> However, the relative vulnerability of GA-protein complexes under severe acidic conditions is considered as a major drawback, must be addressed through specific strategies such as multilayer coating and chemical crosslinking. Furthermore, the contribution of GA in structure of coacervates, resulted in the prolonged release profiles of the entrapped bioactive ingredients which is sound the high potential of GA to develop capable bioactive carriers for targeted delivery purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101129"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistically guided design of injectable oxidized alginate-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel composites with neomycin-loaded gelatin microspheres via a crosslinking-limited regime for antibacterial wound healing","authors":"Chia-Chen Yang ,&nbsp;Cheng-Yen Chen ,&nbsp;Hsueh-Mei Huang ,&nbsp;Yu-Sheng Tseng ,&nbsp;Hui-Wen Tseng ,&nbsp;Wen-Fan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing multifunctional hydrogel dressings remains a challenge in wound care. An injectable, self-crosslinking hydrogel composite based on oxidized alginate (OA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was developed via dynamic Schiff base reactions, with neomycin-loaded gelatin microspheres for sustained antibacterial delivery. The system exhibited excellent injectability, self-healing capability, and cytocompatibility. A key advancement is establishing a <em>crosslinking-limited regime</em> as a predictive design framework for OA-CMCS hydrogels through gelation kinetics and swelling analyses, enabling quantitative regulation of functional performance via OA/CMCS stoichiometry. An optimal ratio (OA/CMCS = 1.25–1.50) maximized network formation, supported by structural observations, degradation, and mechanical performance. Among formulations, hydrogels containing residual gel-like CMCS showed balanced performance, including enhanced mechanical strength, superior post-injection stability, favorable swelling behavior, and improved antibacterial efficacy and fibroblast migration. These advantages are attributed to pore-filling effect and secondary network-like reinforcement induced by residual CMCS within the hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, neomycin-loaded gelatin microspheres enabled a dual-stage antibacterial effect and contributed to mechanical reinforcement and accelerated gelation kinetics. Beyond advancing the fundamental understanding of dynamic polysaccharide hydrogel networks, the proposed OA-CMCS hydrogel composite provides a technologically scalable and clinically translatable strategy for engineering multifunctional wound dressings with tunable mechanical stability, antibacterial activity, injectability, and therapeutic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101169"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the functions of carbohydrate polymers in oleogels: Implications for food science-A review","authors":"Ghazal Mirzaei ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Baghdadi ,&nbsp;Farideh Fathinejad ,&nbsp;Nahid Karami ,&nbsp;Seyed Alireza Banihashemi ,&nbsp;Iraj Karimi Sani ,&nbsp;Nabi Shariatifar ,&nbsp;Zahra Esfandiari ,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Rostami","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbohydrate polymer–based oleogels are emerging as viable substitutes for conventional solid fats by leveraging abundant, food‑grade feedstocks, healthier fatty‑acid profiles, and tunable viscoelasticity compatible with flavor carriers, micronutrients, and thermal processing. Direct oil structuring and emulsion‑gel templating now enable polysaccharide networks to immobilize large oil fractions and modulate texture across diverse food matrices. However, predictive links between polymer chemistry—branching, charge density, hydrophobic substitution—and bulk viscoelastic response remain underdeveloped, limiting rational formulation and scale‑up. Evidence on long‑term oxidative stability, flavor‑release kinetics, and performance under industrial stresses (freeze–thaw, high‑shear, baking) is fragmented and lacks harmonized benchmarks. Clarifying regulatory pathways, implementing low‑energy scalable manufacturing, and standardizing protocols for oil loss and oxidative indices are equally urgent.</div><div>Against this backdrop, our work advances an application‑first framework that couples material selection and processing windows directly to target product metrics in a continuous narrative. We integrate interfacial engineering with oil entrapment, bioactive and flavor loading, oxidative protection, and readiness for 3D food printing, tracing how molecular architecture propagates to macroscopic rheology, thermal resilience, and sensory outcomes. Practically, we provide decision guidelines that match carbohydrate polymers to desired textural and thermal ranges and identify emulsion designs, dehydration routes, and structurants that maximize oil immobilization with minimal additives while retaining clean‑label appeal. We further delineate translation pathways to replace saturated and trans fats in spreads, bakery fillings, and meat analogues without compromising sensory quality, while foregrounding process sustainability through energy‑aware operations and scalable unit steps. By integrating multiscale considerations—from molecular interactions and interfacial design to shelf life and manufacturability—this unified abstract identifies the principal gaps that currently limit predictability and robustness and articulates the novelty of our framework in delivering rational, transferable formulation strategies that accelerate responsible deployment of carbohydrate polymer–based oleogels as health‑forward fat replacers in contemporary food systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101172"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}