Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Preparation, structural analysis, antitumor mechanism and research in drug delivery systems of natural plant polysaccharides: a review","authors":"Peilin Li ,&nbsp;Wansheng He ,&nbsp;Huimin Yao ,&nbsp;Chuanbo Ding ,&nbsp;Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiteng Ding ,&nbsp;Qi Li ,&nbsp;Xinglong Liu ,&nbsp;Lina Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural plant polysaccharides are a class of highly active polymer compounds with various physiological activities, especially anti-tumor, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects. With the development of new technologies, the extraction of plant polysaccharides has become increasingly efficient, convenient, and environmentally friendly, not only improving the purity of natural plant polysaccharides, but also reducing resource waste. Plant polysaccharides also have advantages such as low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility, which can be used to develop innovative plant polysaccharide drug delivery systems (DDS) to enhance synergistic anti-tumor efficacy, improve polysaccharide bioavailability, enhance drug targeting and release efficiency. In addition, this research provides a detailed overview of how natural plant polysaccharides directly or indirectly regulate signaling pathways, enhance cell apoptosis, inhibit tumor cell growth and invasion, and improve the tumor microenvironment to hinder tumor development. However, natural plant polysaccharides face the challenge of how to translate related anti-cancer agents or targeted formulations into clinical practice, which requires more practical and theoretical basis. Overall, the purpose of this article is to comprehensively understand plant polysaccharides and provide reference for further research and development of natural polysaccharide based targeted anti-tumor drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100957"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant polysaccharides in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment: a review","authors":"Yuhua Li ,&nbsp;Yang Sun ,&nbsp;Gui’e Chen ,&nbsp;Xinrong Yuan ,&nbsp;De Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As natural bioactive macromolecules, plant polysaccharides exhibit significant potential in tumor therapy through the regulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review systematically synthesizes 88 studies retrieved from PubMed and CNKI databases (2015–2025), demonstrating that plant polysaccharides modulate the TME <em>via</em> multiple-target mechanisms: polarizing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis, and remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM). Such regulatory effects reverse immunosuppression, disrupt the nutrient supply to tumors, and hinder metastasis, thereby providing novel strategies for combined cancer therapy. Notably, this review uniquely offers a systematic integration of immunological, metabolic, and structural regulatory perspectives to comprehensively address the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), setting it apart from prior studies that predominantly focused on isolated mechanisms. It emphasizes how structural heterogeneity—such as variations in glycosidic bond types and molecular weight—influences bioactivity, and identifies key translational challenges, including the standardization of extraction methods and the development of nanodelivery systems. To address these limitations, future research should emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly in the fields of nanotechnology and chemical synthesis, and explore synergistic applications with immunotherapies. Such efforts are critical for advancing plant polysaccharides from preclinical investigations toward clinical implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100952"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable micro/nano-fibrillated cellulose containing linerboard packaging with enhanced ply-bond strength by controlled fibrillation, addition rate, and retention","authors":"Heather Starkey,&nbsp;Lokesh Kumar,&nbsp;Mrittika Debnath,&nbsp;Hasan Jameel,&nbsp;Lokendra Pal","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ply-bond or interply bond strength, is critical for linerboard packaging, which is typically manufactured using a multi-ply structure. In this study, lignin-containing micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose (LMNFC) from unbleached softwood kraft pulp was prepared at low and high fibrillation levels. Ply-bond performance was evaluated by incorporating LMNFC at varying concentrations and fibrillation levels into the top ply of two-ply sheets. The incorporation of LMNFCs at 10.5 % and 20.9 % reduced air permeability and improved sheet density, tensile strength, and tensile energy absorption. High-fibrillated LMNFC at 20.9 % increased ply-bond strength by 75.6 %. However, functionalizing low-fibrillated LMNFC with 0.8 wt% cationic starch produced a synergistic effect, increasing the ply-bond strength by 146 %, tensile strength by 14 %, and short-span compression by 10 %. These findings suggest that the ply-bonding is strongly influenced by LMNFC concentration and fibrillation level. The synergistic effect of starch and LMNFC supports the hypothesis that starch enhances LMNFC, resulting in exceptionally high bonding. This research provides an eco-friendly process to significantly enhance linerboard properties for packaging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100953"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential fermentative production, physicochemical, and prebiotic properties of purified neokestose using Daw longan (Dimocarpus longan L. cv. Daw) as the sole substrate","authors":"Nalapat Leangnim ,&nbsp;Kraikit Utama ,&nbsp;Padchanee Sangthong ,&nbsp;Kridsada Unban ,&nbsp;Suphat Phongthai ,&nbsp;Punnita Pamueangmun ,&nbsp;Chartchai Khanongnuch ,&nbsp;Apinun Kanpiengjai","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neokestose is the shortest chain fructooligosaccharide possessing prebiotic properties. The aims of this research were to develop a simple fermentation process for the production and purification of neokestose using longan fruit pulp extract (LFPE) as simple fermentation medium. LFPE was fermented by <em>Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous</em> TISTR 5730. Once the fermentation process attained maximal neokestose content, prior to being sequentially fermented by <em>Candida orthopsilosis</em> FLA44.2, the fermentation broth was heated to inactivate the cells and 6G-fructofuranosidase, thereby establishing the selective removal of simple sugar residues from the produced neokestose. Induction of seed inoculum by sucrose for both <em>X. dendrorhous</em> TISTR 5730 and <em>C. orthopsilosis</em> FLA44.2 helped shorten the time-consuming process for neokestose production and purification, respectively. Under optimal conditions, neokestose content of 104.86 ± 2.30 g/L and a purity value of 98.3 % were produced from LFPE. After partial decolorization, deodorization, and concentration, the neokestose appeared as yellow to amber in color and possessed the physicochemical properties of syrup. Moreover, it was resistant to simulated gastrointestinal conditions and was fermentable by the tested probiotics. Due to its sweetness, prebiotic properties, and a reduction in calories, the resulting neokestose could be considered a beneficial multifunctional syrup, particularly for people diagnosed with obesity and diabetes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100951"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradable active packaging films based on methyl cellulose/chitosan nanofibers and turnip peel carbon dots for perishable food preservation","authors":"Behnam Bahramian ,&nbsp;Reza Abedi-Firoozjah ,&nbsp;Arezou Khezerlou ,&nbsp;Narges Kiani-Salmi ,&nbsp;Neshat Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Mahmood Alizadeh Sani ,&nbsp;Elham Assadpour ,&nbsp;Ali Ehsani ,&nbsp;Milad Tavassoli ,&nbsp;Seid Mahdi Jafari","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active food packaging system extends the longevity of products and preserves their quality by incorporating functional additives. In this study, the transparent and multifunctional composite films from methylcellulose/chitosan nanofibers (MC/ChNFs) matrix were produced via casting method by adding carbon dots (CDs) prepared using turnip peel bio-waste (TPCDs; 1, 3, and 5 wt%). Here, TPCD was incorporated into biopolymeric films to provide improved physic-mechanical, microstructural, and functional properties. TPCD is well dispersed in MC/ChNFs matrix, and each moiety is hydrogen bonded with the other. Thus, the incorporation of TPCDs 3 wt% into the films reduced water vapor permeability (3.4 → 2.9 × 10⁻¹¹ g.m/m².s.Pa), moisture content (36.62 % → 21.77 %), and water solubility (56.12 % → 39.12 %), while tensile strength (22.56 → 28.05 MPa), elongation at break (42.57 % → 49.14 %), and water contact angle (46.6°→ 50.6°) presented the opposite trend. In contrast, the film containing 5 wt% TPCDs had slightly lower physic-mechanical properties. The biopolymer films containing higher TPCDs (5 wt%) indicated favorable functional properties, including good antimicrobial activity against <em>S. aureus</em> (21 mm) and <em>Escherichia coli</em> (15 mm) strains, which arises from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by TPCDs, effectively inhibiting microbial growth. The proposed films also indicated excellent antioxidant properties (DPPH•; 88 %) and proper UV protection (96 %), contributing to extended shelf life and quality preservation of packaged food in real application. The application of films in real food packaging showed that 5 wt% TPCDs-rich MC/ChNFs film maintained the freshness and visual quality of APPLE up to 5 d at 4 °C. Also, the film containing 5 % TPCDs increased the shelf life of minced red meat up to 8 d Therefore, this active film is an environmentally friendly packaging that increases safety, durability, and quality of perishable foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100950"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional investigation of “drug–excipient unification” of natural polysaccharide nanocarriers: A new paradigm from drug delivery to adjuvant therapy","authors":"Huan Yang ,&nbsp;TianBao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuan Ma ,&nbsp;FengYu Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Yu ,&nbsp;JunZi Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concept of “drug–excipient unification” involves replacing or reducing traditional excipients with components that possess pharmacological activity, thereby simultaneously enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing toxicity. This concept can be effectively implemented in pharmaceutical formulation design. Polysaccharides, as natural biomacromolecules, exhibit remarkable dual functionality. They possess diverse pharmacological properties, including immunomodulation, anti-tumour activity and anti-inflammatory responses. Furthermore, polysaccharides have superior excipient properties. For instance, they enhance biocompatibility, ensure controlled biodegradability, possess efficient drug-loading capacity and exert stabilisation effects. With recent advancements in nanotechnology, polysaccharide based nanopharmaceutics and nano-delivery carriers have emerged as key areas of research. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the pharmacological effects and excipient features of various polysaccharides and systematically expounds on their applications in nanocarriers. The findings are expected to advance the use of polysaccharides within the framework of drug–excipient unification theory. Ultimately, this review provides a theoretical basis and serves as a practical reference for modern pharmaceutics to achieve safer and more personalised treatment regimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100949"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transglutaminase-modified whey protein/nanocrystalline cellulose composite films: glycerol plasticization optimization and cheese packaging application","authors":"Wei Gong,&nbsp;Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Fang Qian,&nbsp;Guangqing Mu,&nbsp;Shujuan Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the limitation of bio-based packaging films in terms of mechanical/ barrier properties and preservation of freshness in high-fat foods. This study explored the effect of glycerol content (40 %, 45 %, 50 %, 55 % and 60 %) on the properties of whey protein concentration (WPC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) composite films and evaluated the effect of transglutaminase (TGase)-modified WPC-based versus commercial polyethylene films (PE film) on the freshness of cheese. The results showed that the WPC-NCC composite film exhibited superior mechanical and barrier properties at a glycerol content of 45 % in comparison to other concentrations. The tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) of the WPC-NCC composite film were 1.89 MPa and 26.4 %, respectively, and the water vapor permeability (WVP) reached 3.29 × 10⁻¹² gmPa⁻¹s⁻¹m⁻². Structure analysis revealed that the ordered structure of proteins decreases with the increase of glycerol content, and the α-helix content decreased from 11.19 % to 7.1 %. WPC-NCC-TG film was comparable to PE film for cheese preservation within 30 days of storage. The WPC-NCC-TG film effectively inhibited lipid oxidation, delayed the decline of pH, and color deterioration. The WPC-NCC film was modified by TGase provided theoretical and technical support for the development of high-performance bio-based cheese packaging films.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100945"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyaluronic acid-coated magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles for cancer-targeted delivery of gemcitabine and imaging agent","authors":"Aniseh Motamedifar ,&nbsp;Hossein Ghafouri ,&nbsp;Nina Alizadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyaluronic acid-coated magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles were formulated for targeted delivery of gemcitabine (Gem) and imaging agents. For this purpose, gemcitabine and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were encapsulated within solid lipid nanoparticles (Gem-Mag-SLNs) and optimized by a definitive screening design (DSD). Then, optimized Gem-Mag-SLNs were coated with hyaluronic acid (HA/Gem-Mag-SLNs) for targeted delivery to tumor cells overexpressing CD44. The physicochemical characterization of prepared nanoparticles was performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, determination of drug entrapment efficiency (EE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The HA/Gem-Mag-SLNs exhibited a particle size of 133.8 ± 7.3 nm, a negative zeta potential of -71.4 ± 0.3 mV, and an EE of 20.02 ± 2.31 %. Furthermore, magnetic measurements confirmed the superparamagnetic behavior of the HA/Gem-Mag-SLNs. The <em>in vitro</em> release studies of Gem from HA/Gem-Mag-SLNs indicated a slow and sustained release profile. The HA/Gem-Mag-SLNs demonstrated greater potency in inhibiting the growth of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells compared to Gem-Mag-SLNs and free Gem, showing improved targetability to tumor cells. Therefore, our results indicate the potential of the HA/Gem-Mag-SLNs as suitable nanoplatforms for cancer-targeted therapy and imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100946"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ anchoring an Ag-based metal-organic framework onto carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel film: A potential bio-platform for antibiotic-free wound dressing","authors":"Amin Hashemi Aghdam,&nbsp;Siamak Javanbakht,&nbsp;Reza Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An efficient method for preventing bacterial infections of wounds is to prepare an antibacterial agent with the right mechanical, antibiotic, and water vapor permeability features. In this work, a novel method was applied to develop a nanocomposite bio-platform by in-situ anchoring of silver-based metal-organic frameworks (Ag-MOFs) onto the carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogel film. In this regard, CMC films were prepared using citric acid and glycerol as a crosslinker and plasticizer, respectively. Subsequently, Ag-MOFs were synthesized directly on the film surface via immersion-coordination of Ag⁺ ions with 2-aminoterephthalic acid, eliminating the need for additional stabilizers. Various techniques (i.e., FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX-mapping, AFM, etc.) were utilized that verify the successful synthesis of CMC/Ag-MOF nanocomposite. The results of in-vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial assays demonstrated that the CMC/Ag-MOF nanocomposite exhibited acceptable cytocompatibility, maintaining cell viability above 60 % at a concentration of 8 mg/mL against human skin fibroblast cells (HFF-2). Moreover, it showed significantly enhanced antibacterial performance, with inhibition zones against <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> increasing by approximately 66.7 % and 87.5 %, respectively, compared to the pure CMC film. The obtained results recommended CMC/Ag-MOF hydrogel films as a potential antimicrobial dressing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100943"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction and characterization of cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals from the stalks of Marrubium vulgare plant","authors":"Muhammad Naveed Khan ,&nbsp;Aftab Ahmad ,&nbsp;Noor Rehman ,&nbsp;Seda Kelestemur ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tariq ,&nbsp;Abdul Khaliq Jan ,&nbsp;Shujaat Ahmad ,&nbsp;Dorthe M. Eisele ,&nbsp;Wajid Syed ,&nbsp;Mahmood Basil A Al-Rawi","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we report on how cellulose and nanocellulose can be extracted and prepared, respectively, from the <em>Marrubium vulgare</em> plant by employing environmentally friendly multistep chemical procedures. These multistep procedures include soxhlet extraction, alkaline treatment, and entirely chlorine-free bleaching methods. Specifically, soxhlet extraction is employed for the removal of pectin, cutin, waxes and other extractives, while alkaline treatment is employed to eliminate hemicellulose and lignin and, finally, bleaching methods are utilized for the delignification of the cellulosic biomaterial. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) provided evidence on successful elimination of hemicellulose, lignin, and other non-cellulosic material. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed crystallinity of the extracted cellulosic material; hence the Segal method was utilized to determine the level of crystallinity of 63.58±5 %. Additionally, the Scherrer equation was employed to determine the thickness of the crystals of about 32.5 ± 10 Å. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed the cellulosic materials’ thermal degradation behavior. Lastly, the acid hydrolysis of cellulosic material with sulfuric acid led to the formation of nanocellulose as characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that the extracted nanocellulose exhibited an average length of 409.3 ± 0.42 nm and width of 55.7 ± 0.36 nm with an average aspect ratio of 7.34 ± 0.05.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100947"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}