Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications最新文献

{"title":"ROS-Responsive Iodine-Embedded Cyclodextrin Nanoplatform for Multipurpose Periodontitis Therapy","authors":"Siyu He ,&nbsp;Huipeng Xu ,&nbsp;Siwen Wang ,&nbsp;Xintao Chen ,&nbsp;Yunxi Li ,&nbsp;Wuzhen Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Ren ,&nbsp;Li Wu ,&nbsp;Yanling Xue ,&nbsp;Jiwen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Periodontitis, an inflammatory disorder driven by microbial dysbiosis, is featured as elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dysregulated inflammation, leading to tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption. A promising therapeutic approach involves antimicrobial actions with ROS neutralization. Addressing the clinical limitation of elemental iodine (I₂) to topical use, we engineered a ROS-scavenging covalent cyclodextrin framework (CCF) embedding I₂ to confer dual functionality for periodontitis treatment. Initially, potassium iodide cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (KI-CD-MOF) was synthesized, which was then cross-linked with oxalyl chloride to introduce a ROS-scavenging peroxalate ester bond. Simultaneously, the iodide ions in KI-CD-MOF were oxidized to I₂, which was integrated throughout the framework. The resulting I₂-CCF particles had a cubic morphology (300–500 nm) and an I₂ content of 1.03±0.45 %, exhibiting an outstanding biosafety profile, strong bactericidal effectiveness, and significant ROS elimination capability. <em>In vitro</em>, I₂-CCF downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β, while promoting the secretion of anti-inflammatory markers IL-10 and Arg-1. Crucially, in a rodent periodontitis model, I₂-CCF effectively suppressed dental plaque accumulation, reduced periodontal inflammation, and limited alveolar bone resorption. This work establishes I₂-CCF as a multipurpose nanotherapeutic that concurrently targets the infectious and oxidative components of periodontitis, offering a potent alternative to conventional treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101070"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Moringa oleifera cellulose nanocrystals scaffold ZnO for enhanced biocompatibility and diabetic enzyme regulation”","authors":"Monica K.J. Nidhi ,&nbsp;Ajay V B ,&nbsp;Hanumantagouda Basavanagoudra ,&nbsp;Shivraj H ,&nbsp;Arun K Shettar ,&nbsp;Joy H Hoskeri ,&nbsp;Kotresh M Goudar ,&nbsp;Uma Reddy B","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellulose nanocrystals from <em>Moringa oleifera</em> (MO-CNC) enable a novel, sustainable synthesis of MO-CNC–ZnO nanohybrid, representing the first integration of this plant-derived scaffold with ZnO for advanced biomedical utility. Structural analyses reveal groundbreaking hybridization effects: XRD confirms reduced crystallite size (7.69 nm vs. 20.40 nm for pristine ZnO) and heightened crystallinity (88.65 %), while FTIR/EDS validate uniform functionalization. TEM/SAED display defined morphologies with crystalline domains, and optimized band gap for superior stability and dispersity. This platform delivers potent α-amylase (IC50 = 43.64 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 49.54 µg/mL) inhibition, comparable to acarbose (IC50 = 42.61 µg/mL and 42.8 µg/mL, respectively). Robust antioxidant activity (84 % DPPH scavenging), anti-inflammatory effects through IL-2/TNF-α/COX-2 downregulation and TGF-β upregulation, accelerated wound closure (83% at 24 h), and selective cytotoxicity against PANC-1 cells. Notably, it exhibits enhanced biocompatibility over pristine ZnO, multi-species hemocompatibility testing confirmed exceptional blood safety (&lt;2 % hemolysis across human, rabbit, goat, sheep, duck, and chicken erythrocytes at 750 μg/mL), revealing CNC's capping effect that preserves ZnO bioactivity without cytotoxicity and &gt;95 % L929 fibroblast viability (vs. 70 % for ZnO). MO-CNC–ZnO emerges as a pioneering, biocompatible nanotherapeutic targeting diabetes, inflammation, and pancreatic cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101091"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of chitosans prepared from Hermetia illucens and Schistocerca gregaria on antibacterial activity. Application against reference and isolated resistant bacteria","authors":"S. Elkadaoui ,&nbsp;I. Dilagui ,&nbsp;M. Azzi ,&nbsp;N. Soraa ,&nbsp;J. Desbrieres ,&nbsp;Y. El Hachimi ,&nbsp;A. Tolaimate","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chitosans with controlled physicochemical properties were prepared from insects <em>Hermetia illucens</em> and <em>Schistocerca gregaria</em>. Chitosans are obtained with molar masses (Mv) ranging from 15,000 to 188,000 g/mol, low degree of acetylation (0%≤ DA≤10%) and porous or fibrous surface structure. The antibacterial activity of these chitosans was evaluated against reference and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains using the disk diffusion method after determining the optimal concentrations of acetic acid and chitosan. All prepared chitosans showed inhibition zone diameters ranging from 14 to 18 mm, depending on the bacterial strain and the chitosan's properties. When the DA≤10%, chitosans with Mv ≥ 80,000 g/mol provide greater antibacterial activity than those with Mv≤20,000 g/mol. For comparable Mv, chitosans with low DA exhibit better antibacterial activity than commercial chitosans with DA of 29% to 43%. Fully deacetylated chitosan exhibits the widest zones of inhibition as well as the lowest minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The presence of porous surface structure slightly enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas no significant effect was observed for Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of chitosan with DA = 0% and Mv = 100,000 g/mol was compared to that of antibiotics gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. A 21% improvement was observed against <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> compared to gentamicin while for other reference strains, this chitosan provided 68% to 86% of the activity of gentamicin and 49% to 80% of that of ciprofloxacin. For isolated resistant bacteria, the improvement compared to gentamicin was 29% to 54%. For ciprofloxacin, to which <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> and <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> are resistant, this chitosan shows inhibition zones of 17 mm. These results suggest that chitosan is an effective antibacterial agent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101110"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starch based biodegradable packaging systems and their interactions with food components, shelf-life implications: A review","authors":"Anand kumar ,&nbsp;Saranyadevi S․ ,&nbsp;Selva Kumar T․ ,&nbsp;Shankar Neupane ,&nbsp;Subhash V. Pawde ,&nbsp;Shucheng Liu ,&nbsp;Sadaqat Ali ,&nbsp;Shuai Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing environmental concerns surrounding petroleum-based plastics have accelerated the development of starch-based packaging systems as sustainable and biodegradable alternatives. This review critically examines the structure-property relationships of starch films, structure, modifications, interactions with food components, and recent advancements aimed at enhancing their functional performance. Strategies such as chemical modifications, polymer blending, and developing starch-based film with proteins, nanocomposites significantly enhance the mechanical strength, barrier properties, and functional characteristics. The incorporation of natural additives, including essential oils and plant-derived extracts, increases the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, extends the shelf-life of various food products. Recent advancements, such as the integration of biopolymers, reduce water vapor permeability while maintaining the mechanical integrity. Emerging technologies, including reactive extrusion and 3D printing, further support functionalized film fabrication and the valorization of agricultural waste streams. Despite these advances, challenges remain in terms of moisture sensitivity, industrial scalability, and cost-effectiveness. This review synthesizes current insights on starch-based films with their types, properties, performance enhancement strategies, food component interactions, through composition modifications, and sustainability considerations, providing a roadmap for future research toward multifunctional, intelligent, and commercially viable starch-based packaging solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active edible coatings for smart food preservation and sustainability: A review","authors":"Mahmuda Tasnim ,&nbsp;Md. Nahidul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active edible coatings have progressed from basic biopolymer layers to advanced multifunctional systems aimed at mitigating food quality deterioration and addressing sustainability challenges. This research investigates the shift from traditional polymers to novel, sustainable materials derived from agro-industrial by-products, emphasizing their significance in advancing circular bioeconomy initiatives and reducing reliance on synthetic plastics. This study contributes by synthesizing recent advancements in innovative and active preservation techniques. The methods encompass antibacterial and antioxidant properties, controlled-release systems, and nano-enhancements that govern gas exchange, moisture transfer, and biochemical degradation. Additionally, novel manufacturing techniques such as electrospraying, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly are assessed for their effectiveness in designing coating microstructures and controlling release kinetics, thus exceeding traditional methods. This review analyzes next-generation active edible coatings that serve as bioactive barriers, prolonging shelf life, preserving sensory qualities, and promoting environmentally sustainable food preservation by integrating sustainability, material innovation, and practical effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101061"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of responsive films using phenylurea modified chitosan and Viburnum tinus L. extract as natural indicator","authors":"Mouad El Mouzahim ,&nbsp;Alessandro Pedrini ,&nbsp;Enrico Dalcanale ,&nbsp;N. Riboni ,&nbsp;F. Bianchi ,&nbsp;A. Jorge Parola ,&nbsp;Roberta Pinalli","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chitosan (Cs) films are attractive for sustainable packaging due to biodegradability and intrinsic antimicrobial activity, yet their barrier and mechanical performances are often insufficient for demanding applications. Here, we report a two-step strategy combining covalent phenylurea grafting on chitosan (Cs-PU) with the incorporation of a <em>Viburnum tinus</em> L. fruit ethanolic extract (VTE) as a natural, pH-responsive indicator. Phenylurea grafting was designed to introduce strong, directional intermolecular interactions within the polymer matrix and led to marked improvements in film performance: compared with pristine Cs, Cs-PU showed ∼25 % higher tensile strength, a higher surface hydrophobicity (water contact angle: 81.8° → 101.2°), and a lower water vapor permeability (3.5 → 2.6 × 10⁻¹¹ g·m⁻¹·s⁻¹·Pa⁻¹). VTE, not previously reported as an additive for biopolymer film modification, endowed the films with pH-responsive optical functionality, producing a clear and reversible color shift over pH 0–14, while maintaining good structural and barrier properties. As a proof-of-concept application, Cs-PU@VTE films were used as headspace indicator labels for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): the labels exhibited rapid and sensitive colorimetric responses to spoilage-related volatile amines, with visible changes within 24 h at room temperature, enabling real-time freshness monitoring. Overall, this work demonstrates an integrated approach to obtain bio-based films that combine improved mechanical/barrier properties with smart colorimetric functionality for potential packaging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101103"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controllable polysaccharide depolymerization by heparinases for efficient low molecular weight heparin production","authors":"Fengling Yang ,&nbsp;Ruirui Xu ,&nbsp;Hao Huang ,&nbsp;Jie Lu ,&nbsp;Jiamin Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Sun ,&nbsp;Jianghua Li ,&nbsp;Guocheng Du ,&nbsp;Zhen Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are widely used in clinical anticoagulant therapy. Although most commercial LMWHs are still produced through chemical depolymerization, enzymatic depolymerization using heparinases has emerged as a highly attractive alternative due to its environmental friendliness, high selectivity, and superior preservation of native heparin bioactivity. Heparinases selectively cleave specific glycosidic bonds in unfractionated heparin (UFH), enabling precise and controllable depolymerization of polysaccharide chains and thereby generating LMWHs with well-defined structures and favorable anticoagulant properties, typically reflected by anti-Xa/anti-IIa activity ratios. Distinct classes of heparinases differ in substrate specificity and catalytic mechanisms, allowing targeted cleavage guided by sulfation patterns and structural features. This review summarizes the substrate preferences, crystal structures, and catalytic mechanisms of heparinases, highlighting their mechanistic basis for controlled polysaccharide depolymerization. Recent advances in protein engineering and LMWHs production strategies are discussed, along with emerging trends and future directions aimed at enhancing catalytic performance and enabling more tailored, efficient, and sustainable LMWHs manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101087"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing of azithromycin loaded gummies for paediatric patients using a carrageenan-based thermoresponsive system","authors":"Costanza Fratini ,&nbsp;Anna Imbriano ,&nbsp;Ilenia D’Abbrunzo ,&nbsp;Federica Bigucci ,&nbsp;Mattia Tiboni ,&nbsp;Carola Parolin ,&nbsp;Angela Abruzzo ,&nbsp;Dritan Hasa ,&nbsp;Cinzia Pagano ,&nbsp;Luca Casettari","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2026.101096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Azithromycin (AZT) is widely used in paediatric medicine, but its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability (∼37 %) limit its therapeutic effectiveness and required high dosages contribute to side effects that reduce treatment adherence. This study presents a formulation strategy that combines solubility enhancement with semisolid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing to produce personalised, chewable AZT-loaded gummies suitable for children.</div><div>An oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion was developed using pumpkin seed oil, soy lecithin, and Labrasol® to improve AZT solubility. The emulsion was structured into a printable gel matrix using carrageenan and bentonite nanoclay, enabling extrusion at 62 °C and solidification at 15 °C without post-processing. Rheological analysis confirmed shear-thinning behaviour, high storage modulus, and 85.9 % thixotropic recovery, supporting smooth extrusion and shape retention. Moreover, the printed gummies met European Pharmacopoeia standards for weight and drug content uniformity and remained mechanically stable up to 90 days in packages sealed under vacuum. PXRD confirmed AZT was amorphously dispersed in the developed formulation, and antimicrobial assays showed retained efficacy against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>.</div><div>This work demonstrates a reproducible and scalable method for paediatric antibiotic delivery that leverages SSE 3D printing, thus offering flexible dosing, improved solubility, and enhanced patient acceptability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101096"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process-intensified production of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils: Application to several lignocellulosic feedstocks","authors":"Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador ,&nbsp;Aleta Duque ,&nbsp;Diego Lopez-Monte ,&nbsp;Raquel Cañadas ,&nbsp;Quim Tarrés ,&nbsp;Marc Delgado-Aguilar ,&nbsp;Angeles Blanco ,&nbsp;Carlos Negro","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the remarkable properties of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), large-scale production remains limited by the lack of efficient, scalable oxidation and fibrillation technologies. Achieving processes that ensure product quality at industrial performance levels is essential for cost reduction and broadening CNF applications. This study addresses the scale-up of TEMPO-mediated oxidation (TMO) to produce oxidized pulps (OPs) from five lignocellulosic materials, and CNFs after mechanical fibrillation. Five oxidation configurations were tested under comparable conditions: laboratory-scale batch oxidation in a stirred reactor, a batch kneader (K100), and a continuous twin-screw extruder (TSE) in three configurations. Results showed that K100 and the single-pass TSE achieved the highest OP production efficiency, reaching 0.57 kg/h. Although additional TSE passes progressively lowered throughput, they yielded greater reductions in degree of polymerization, facilitating microfibril disintegration. Comparative analysis, including PCA, revealed that the raw material is the dominant factor driving differences among the CNFs, while variations in the TMO configuration caused only minor effects. Nonetheless, the oxidation step remains essential to achieve nanoscale fibrillation, with carboxyls in 0.7–1.0 mmol COOH/g depending on feedstock and configuration. These findings validate the technical feasibility of scaling-up the TMO process, providing viable, sustainable routes for industrial CNF manufacturing, demonstrating significant water consumption reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101079"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabricating a chitosan-based human placenta extract–encapsulated elastic zonal-structured scaffold for osteochondral applications","authors":"Hossein Shaygani ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shahverdi ,&nbsp;Mohamadreza Soltani ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rezaei ,&nbsp;Sona Zare ,&nbsp;Amir Shamloo ,&nbsp;Kaivan Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Articular cartilage is an avascular and multilayer tissue with limited self-regenerating properties. 3D printing offers a promising approach for fabricating intricate structures that closely replicate the architecture and functional properties of native cartilage. In this study, we fabricated a four-layer 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) scaffold with varying porosities, ranging from the lowest porosity at the bottom to the highest at the top, to mimic the mechanical properties of cartilage layers from the deep zone to the transition zone. An injectable hydrogel consisting of chitosan (CS) and human placenta extract (HPE) was injected into the 3D-printed scaffold to provide a growth factor-loaded, extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking environment with suitable cytocompatibility, aiming to enhance the low cellular activity of the TPU scaffold. An electrospun layer was used as the superficial layer of the scaffold to replicate the longitudinal orientation of collagen fibers at the cartilage surface. Mechanical analysis demonstrated zonal strain distribution in the scaffold similar to native cartilage tissue. The antibacterial assay demonstrated the bactericidal effects of CS and HPE, showing an inhibition zone of (2.892 ± 0.103 mm). The MTT assay quantitatively evaluated the cellular functionality of scaffolds, demonstrating sustained cell viability over 7 days. These combined features make this scaffold design an exceptional candidate for cartilage tissue regeneration applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101064"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}