Cancer Innovation最新文献

{"title":"Screening the Active Phytochemicals From Eclipta prostrata and Unraveling Their Molecular Insight Into Human Malignancies","authors":"Md. Sakhawat Hossain,&nbsp;Sanzida Khatun,&nbsp;Md Mojnu Mia,&nbsp;Fatematuz Zohora,&nbsp;Md. Rifat Sarker,&nbsp;K. M. Tanjida Islam,&nbsp;Md. Abu Sayeed,&nbsp;Moushumi Afroza Mou,&nbsp;Sherif Hamidu,&nbsp;Fatima Hamidu,&nbsp;A. M. Wasaf Hasan,&nbsp;Sanjida Mumtaj,&nbsp;Md Khaled Hossain,&nbsp;Md Sohel","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cai2.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current drugs against multiple human malignancies are limited, and developing new treatment strategies is improbable within a short time. So, considering the current situation, phytochemicals could be a viable option for developing chemotherapeutic agents for managing numerous types of malignancies. Therefore, we aimed to locate all phytochemicals of <i>Eclipta prostrata</i> and unravel their chemotherapeutic mechanisms and strategies individually. We defined 25 active compounds based on their anticancer activities after filtering through IMPPAT and literature search, and these compounds have chemotherapeutic activities against around 15 different human malignancies. In vitro and preclinical models support that the chemotherapeutic properties of phytochemicals derived from <i>Eclipta prostrata</i> are believed to be regulated by many pathways, including targeting signaling pathways, for example, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); regulated cell death such as Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), Bid, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), Bcl2, Bax, Bak, Bad, caspase, and Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP); metastasis and angiogenesis such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (2&amp;9), wingless/integrated (Wnt)/beta-catenin, angiogenesis (E-cCadherin &amp; N-cadherin, vimentin), cell proliferation (cyclins-A, B1, D1, E1, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 1, 2,4), inflammatory molecules (programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), TNF-α, NF-κB, Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)), regulating tumor suppressor genes (p21, p27, p38, p51, p53), microRNA (miRNA) regulation, and some nonspecific pathways like DNA fragmentation damage and repair, autophagy (light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and mTOR), and many other pathways. Some selective phytochemicals exert synergistic activities with standard chemotherapeutic drugs and reverse drug resistance through several mechanisms. Nano-based phytochemicals target numerous cancer cells, resulting in drug accumulation and improved drug efficacy, making phytochemicals more potent chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Additionally, an in-silico pharmacokinetics study reveals that phytoestrogen possesses suitable pharmacokinetic characteristics with minor toxicity in the human body. So, direct consumption of different parts of <i>Eclipta prostrata</i> or specific phytochemicals from this plant can be a potential candidate drug against human malignancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12719615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145822626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Causal Effect Between Gut Microbiota and Glioma Risk: A Systematic Review-Based Mendelian Randomization and Immune-Mediated Effect Analysis","authors":"Jiachen Wang,&nbsp;Yilin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhuang Kang,&nbsp;Shenglan Li,&nbsp;Rong Zhang,&nbsp;Mengqian Huang,&nbsp;Chengzhuo Wang,&nbsp;Yuxiang Fan,&nbsp;Xinrui Liu,&nbsp;Yuxiao Chen,&nbsp;Tingrui Han,&nbsp;Yuji Wang,&nbsp;Wenbin Li","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cai2.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Glioma is the most common malignant tumor in the central nervous system, with unclear pathogenesis and poor treatment outcomes. Recent research reveals that the brain–gut axis—involving gut microbiota and immune activity—influences central nervous system tumors. Given the pivotal role of the brain–gut axis in glioma, our study aimed to elucidate the causal association between gut microbiota and glioma, and to identify potential immune-mediated effects and therapeutic targets.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on publicly available genome-wide association study data, our research employed multi-subgroup, replicated, Bayesian weighted, and summary statistics-based two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, combined with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) systematic review strategy, to systematically evaluate the potential causal effects of gut microbiota on glioma and their immune-mediated traits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The initial screening identified 53 gut microbiota and 58 plasma immune traits with potential causal associations with glioma. Through external data and systematic review from six studies, we ultimately confirmed five gut microbiota-plasma immune trait-glioma pathways. CD28⁺CD45RA⁻ CD8dim Treg (OR = 0.019, <i>p</i> = 0.007) mediated the risk of Bacteroides A plebeius A (OR = 0.149, <i>p</i> = 0.036) on glioma, accounting for 2.99% of the effect; the proportion of CD4⁺ memory T cells in whole blood (OR = 0.066, <i>p</i> = 0.029) mediated the risk of Bacteroides sp002160055 (OR = 0.158, <i>p</i> = 0.024) on non-glioblastoma(GBM), accounting for 8.51% of the effect, while the risk of Faecalicoccus (OR = 0.345, <i>p</i> = 0.005) on non-GBM was jointly mediated by the absolute number of Naive CD8br and the expression of CD19 in IgD⁺ CD38br B cells. The protective effect of Faecalibacterium sp002160895 on GBM was mediated by 7.59% of the expression level of CD4 in Treg cells.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study, through MR analysis, revealed the causal relationship between gut microbiota and the susceptibility to glioma, and for the first time proposed the important role of circulating immune cells in this process, providing new potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and treatment of glioma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12689236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"mRNA Cancer Vaccines: From Pandemic Paradigm to Personalized Oncology Therapeutics","authors":"Bo Yang,&nbsp;Juan Liu,&nbsp;Yang Li,&nbsp;Xiaoxuan Liu","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cai2.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The groundbreaking success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated their application in oncology. This review comprehensively synthesizes the recent advancements in mRNA cancer vaccine development, emphasizing three critical domains: mechanistic innovations, clinical translation, and ongoing challenges. Technologically, advancements in nucleotide modification, lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems, and AI-driven neoantigen selection have significantly improved vaccine stability, immunogenicity, and personalization. Clinically, more than 150 trials have demonstrated the synergistic efficacy of mRNA vaccines (e.g., mRNA-4157/V940, BNT122) in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly in melanoma, with Phase III trials currently underway. Individualized neoantigen vaccines targeting patient-specific mutations have shown unprecedented response rates (&gt; 50% in certain cohorts), while shared-antigen vaccines are progressing for high-incidence cancers. However, several critical challenges remain: (1) overcoming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME), (2) addressing systemic toxicities and LNP-related limitations, (3) scaling up cost-effective personalized manufacturing, and (4) optimizing targeted delivery. Future research directions encompass self-amplifying mRNA constructs, novel biomaterial vectors, neoadjuvant applications, and multi-omics integration for next-generation vaccine development. With rapid industrialization and evolving regulatory frameworks, mRNA vaccines are well-positioned to revolutionize precision cancer immunotherapy despite persistent translational barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12686599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145727914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Tryptophan Metabolism in Cancer","authors":"Zhehao Cui,&nbsp;Dandan Wang,&nbsp;Ye Zhang,&nbsp;Long Yuan,&nbsp;Yi Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaowei Qi","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cai2.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of several important bioactive compounds. Trp is involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes, including neuronal function, metabolism, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, immune regulation, and intestinal homeostasis. The role of Trp metabolism in tumorigenesis and cancer progression is of particular significance. The influence of Trp and its metabolites on tumor growth and metastasis is mediated through various mechanisms, such as immune evasion, promotion of angiogenesis, and increased resistance to therapeutic agents. This review presents the physiological pathways involved in Trp metabolism and its implications for various malignancies. We also highlight the latest clinical research targeting Trp metabolic pathways in oncology, in addition to exploring future directions for therapeutic advancements aimed at modulating Trp metabolism to enhance cancer treatment outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12665871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145663140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Chondroitin Polymerizing Factor as a Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer by the Human Villi Development Model","authors":"Botao Zhang,&nbsp;Yuanjing Wang,&nbsp;Rongfang Shen,&nbsp;Hongxia Li,&nbsp;Wenbin Li,&nbsp;Lin Feng,&nbsp;Shujun Cheng","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70036","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cai2.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Emerging mounts of research support the ancestral theory of cancer, indicating that tumorigenesis and embryogenesis share many similar biological features, yet yield distinct outcomes. Gene co-expression networks underlie both embryonic development and tumorigenesis. We hypothesize that deviations in the gene interaction patterns in tumors compared to villi predispose to malignancy and worse prognosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>By constructing a gene co-expression network of villi and colorectal cancer (CRC) and conducting functional enrichment analysis to identify “off-track genes.” Cox regression assessed prognostic significance, while tissue microarrays evaluated protein expression and progression. Additionally, mRNA sequencing of chondroitin polymerizing factor (<i>CHPF</i>)-knockdown LOVO and SW480 cell lines was conducted and validated via in vitro assays.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that genes in villi and CRC have similar functions, but the genes that performed corresponding functions were not identical. Then, according to “off-track theory” and linear regression models, we obtained 24 genes whose aberrant expression was significantly associated with poor CRC survival. Notably, <i>CHPF</i> emerged as an adverse prognostic factor. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that <i>CHPF</i> is an independent prognostic marker for CRC. Furthermore, cell phenotype assays demonstrated that <i>CHPF</i> enhances proliferation and migration, suppresses apoptosis, and engages in the <i>TNF</i> signaling pathway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings validate that villi development can serve as a research model for tumorigenesis, and identify <i>CHPF</i> is an independent oncogenic factor in CRC, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for clinical treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12628012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145567004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Advanced Breast Cancer in China (2024 Edition)","authors":"Breast Cancer Expert Committee of the National Quality Control Center for Cancer,&nbsp;Breast Cancer Expert Committee of the China Anti-Cancer Association,&nbsp;Cancer Drug Clinical Research Committee of the China Anti-Cancer Association","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cai2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women globally. In 2022, there were approximately 357,161 new cases and 74,986 deaths from breast cancer among Chinese females. Of the new cases of breast cancer each year, about 5%–10% of patients have distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Of the early-stage patients, 20%–30% of cases eventually develop into advanced breast cancer (ABC). Although ABC is currently difficult to cure, we can alleviate the clinical symptoms of patients, improve their quality of life, and further prolong their survival time by applying new therapeutic drugs and optimizing treatment models to achieve the purpose of long-term survival with tumors. To better guide clinical practice, the Chinese expert group, based on the latest research progress in breast cancer, has analyzed, discussed, and updated the relevant research data on the basis of the “Guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer in China (2022 edition)” to formulate the “Guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer in China (2024 edition).” The updated guidelines incorporate new evidence generated by high-quality evidence-based medicine, new concepts in molecular pathological detection, new treatment strategies, new progress in precision medicine, and adverse events of new therapeutic drugs. At the same time, the updated guidelines emphasize multidisciplinary collaboration and pay attention to patient-reported outcomes. The “Guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer in China (2024 edition)” aim to provide clinicians with recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of ABC in China, thereby improving patient outcomes and quality of life.</p><p><b>Practice Guideline Registration:</b> Practice Guideline Registration for Transparency (PREPARE-2024CN1136).</p>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cai2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metronomic Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: Unleashing the Potential of Combination Regimens","authors":"Jiaxuan Liu,&nbsp;Hongnan Mo,&nbsp;Qiao Li,&nbsp;Marina Elena Cazzaniga,&nbsp;Fei Ma","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cai2.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review examines the future of metronomic chemotherapy (MCT) in the treatment of breast cancer and emphasizes its transformative potential. MCT refers to the continuous administration of a low dose of chemotherapeutic agents. It reduces toxicity, improves the quality of life, and demonstrates antitumor effects through multiple mechanisms. Although used as a stand-alone treatment for breast cancer, MCT has been combined with other therapies in recent years to further enhance its antitumor efficacy through mechanisms such as direct cytotoxicity, anti-angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. The findings of recent studies emphasize the benefits of MCT in combination with immunotherapy, endocrine therapy, and targeted therapies such as anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and anti-angiogenesis agents. Clinical trials on optimizing MCT regimens are underway. MCT is a promising approach that can revolutionize breast cancer treatment by improving patient outcomes and shifting cancer care toward a chronic disease model.</p>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12602094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145497920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging Scales: Mesoscience as a Transformative Methodology","authors":"Raffaella Ocone","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cai2.70033","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The paper “Challenges in Immune System: Mesoscale and mesoregime complexity” by Ren et al. [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] represents more than an important advance in immunology; it offers a growing recognition of mesoscience as a unifying scientific framework for understanding complexity. By applying the mesoscience approach to the immune system, the authors demonstrate the power and versatility of a methodology first developed by Prof. Li and colleagues and refined over more than three decades of research [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. Grounded in the principle of &lt;i&gt;“compromise in competition”&lt;/i&gt;, mesoscience focuses on the mesoscale, the critical scale between microscopic and macroscopic scales, where highly relevant phenomena happen. Mesoscale has already proven its high relevance in engineering. This new contribution exemplifies its equally profound potential in the life sciences and indeed in other scientific domains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For decades, immunology has thrived on the molecular and cellular levels, revealing fundamental mechanisms underlying receptor–ligand interactions, signal transduction, gene regulation and cell differentiation. Traditionally, in studying and modelling the immune system, a reductionist approach has been followed; such an approach, whilst foundational, captures only a fraction of the immune system's complexity. Immunity is not simply a molecular phenomenon, but it is a dynamic, multilevel system essential for maintaining organismal homoeostasis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The immune system integrates both innate and adaptive components, offering broad-spectrum and antigen-specific defences, respectively. Beyond pathogen clearance, it contributes to tissue remodelling, wound healing, tumour surveillance and microbiota regulation, illustrating its operation across biomolecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal levels. At the heart of this complexity are mesoscale structures, namely spatiotemporally dynamic organisational frameworks that link local molecular events to global immune behaviours. These mesoscale structures are “nested” across all four levels of organisation (i.e., biomolecular, cellular, organ and organismal levels), making a meso-science perspective essential to fully reveal the system's complexity. Most immunological research remains confined to molecular and cellular layers. Omics technologies, while powerful, often produce fragmented snapshots of a system in motion. The mesoscale, by contrast, offers a conceptual and analytical bridge, one that can connect the molecular detail to the system-level function.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The immune system operates through &lt;i&gt;nested mesoscale structures&lt;/i&gt;, spanning biomolecular, cellular, tissue and organismal levels. These structures govern how local interactions propagate upward, influencing processes as diverse as tissue remodelling, tumour surveillance, and host–microbiota balance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The paper by Ren and coauthors provides an extremely timely illustration of the high potential of mesoscience in immunology. Based on t","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cai2.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145470095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expert Consensus on Tiered Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer as a Single-Disease Management Model in China (2025 Edition)","authors":"Jiani Wang,&nbsp;Shuping Wang,&nbsp;Erdan Huang,&nbsp;Fei Ma","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cai2.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Breast cancer is the most prevalent female malignancy worldwide. In 2022, China recorded approximately 357,000 new breast cancer cases and 75,000 deaths, posing a serious threat to female health. Given the “inverted pyramid” structure of China's healthcare system in service provision and resource distribution, there is an urgent need to establish a rational medical service framework that can optimize resource allocation, ensure patients receive appropriate diagnosis and treatment at different stages, and strengthen patient-centered continuity of care, thereby enhancing overall therapeutic outcomes. Under the tiered diagnosis and treatment framework, the Breast Cancer Expert Committee of the National Cancer Quality Control Center and the National Health Development Research Center of the National Health Commission have jointly drafted and formulated this <i>Expert Consensus on Tiered Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer as a Single-disease Management Model of Breast Cancer in China (2025 Edition)</i> to clarify the functional roles of different tiers of healthcare institutions, rationally allocate medical resources, and establish an integrated healthcare service system. This system emphasizes primary care, two-way referrals, differentiated management of acute and chronic conditions, and coordinated multi-level collaboration. The goal is to optimize comprehensive breast cancer management, spanning prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, ultimately improving patient survival and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cai2.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145366977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in the Immune System: Mesoscale and Mesoregime Complexity","authors":"Ying Ren,&nbsp;Ai-Guo Wu,&nbsp;Yu Shi,&nbsp;Yi-Fang Ping,&nbsp;Jing-Hai Li,&nbsp;Xiu-Wu Bian","doi":"10.1002/cai2.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cai2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the greatest challenges in bioscience is to gain a unified view of the human immune system. This paper presents a perspective on the multilevel and multiscale complexities inherent in the immune system and discusses how these features influence the traditional research methodologies rooted in reductionism and holism. It is acknowledged that diverse complexities of the immune system are multilevel in nature, with each level showing multiscale properties, and the complexity emerging always at mesoscales in mesoregimes. Mesoscience encompasses both mesoscales, which represent the intermediate scales between the element scales and system scales at different levels, and mesoregimes, defined as transitional regimes governed by the interplay of at least two dominant mechanisms between two limiting regimes at each level. Therefore, mesoscience provides a promising paradigm to study the complexity and diversity of the immune system by bridging the gaps across multiple hierarchical levels. In particular, we focus on the mesoscience methodology to address the complexities in the immune system and offer insights into potential diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic strategies for immune-related diseases from a mesoscience perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":100212,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Innovation","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cai2.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145317480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}