Applications in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Transient ignition characteristics of swirling spray kerosene flames under high-altitude relight conditions","authors":"Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Gao ,&nbsp;Peng Zhu ,&nbsp;Chen Fu ,&nbsp;Yifeng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of low temperature and pressure on the transient ignition process of swirling spray kerosene flames under high-altitude flight conditions were studied experimentally in an optical chamber. The transient flame and flow field variations during the ignition process are observed and analyzed through high-speed direct and schlieren images. Through image enhancement of color flame images, it is found that there are two different development modes in the ignition process. The first mode involves three stages: the formation stage of the fire nucleus, the initial flame kernel propagation stage, and the successful ignition stage. The flame is more likely to be distinguished in the second stage. In the second ignition mode, a flame kernel is formed first, which then propagates both upward and downward to achieve continuous combustion. With the reduction of ambient pressure, the ignition completion time is shortened while the flame height increases significantly. Under the same environmental pressure conditions, the ignition completion time increases slightly under low-temperature conditions. The ignition process and the flame morphology after ignition become more chaotic and irregular under low-temperature conditions, primarily because low temperatures worsen the fuel evaporation and atomization performance, resulting in an uneven distribution of droplets of different sizes. Besides phenomenological observation, quantitative velocity is estimated through schlieren images using an optical flow algorithm. The results indicate that reducing pressure causes the flame to spread faster in the flow field. Under the most extreme low pressure and temperature conditions, dramatic velocity gradients can be observed, which is the leading cause of the ignition failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100383"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-snapshot-based dynamical mode prediction of a flickering flame via a Fourier-neural-operator network","authors":"Xi Xia ,&nbsp;Junhao Deng ,&nbsp;Tao Yang ,&nbsp;Liangliang Xu ,&nbsp;Amir Mardani ,&nbsp;Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Dan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The self-excited flickering of jet diffusion flames is dominated by the dynamics of periodic coherent vortical structures, which can typically be analyzed through dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) based on a time-resolved flow-field sequence. We present a neural network that extracts these structures and their energy content instantaneously from a single snapshot of the vorticity field, by leveraging a Fourier neural operator (FNO) combined with a DMD-based output layer that enforces physical interpretability. Trained on direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of different jet flames, the network predication shows good agreement with the classical DMD in capturing the wavelength and pattern of the coherent structures for the three leading instantaneous DMD modes. In reconstructing the vorticity field, the prediction exhibits only about 2% normalized error compared with the original DNS data, preserving the vortex-core trajectory and intensity with normalized errors of approximately 2% and 7%, respectively. These demonstrate the proposed network to be an effective yet lightweight surrogate for dynamic modal analysis of unsteady flames, especially in applications where the system is observable only at limited times.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100380"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of hydrogen injection timing and energy proportion on flame developments in a dual direct injection optical diesel engine","authors":"Alastar Gordon Heaton,&nbsp;Qing Nian Chan,&nbsp;Sanghoon Kook","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study shows how flame development of hydrogen-diesel dual direct injection combustion is influenced by changes in two key parameters: hydrogen injection timing and hydrogen/diesel energy ratio. High-speed imaging of the natural combustion luminosity was taken from a heavy-duty optically accessible engine. The engine was modified to include a single hole, side mounted injector for 35 MPa hydrogen direct injection into the combustion chamber. The eight-hole diesel injector remained in the original centrally mounted position, serving as a pilot flame ignition source. The results showed that reduced hydrogen energy share causes an increase in size and intensity of the diesel pilot acting to accelerate the initial combustion reaction, which is not only due to the increased diesel quantity but also the shift in diesel flame distribution. However, the combustion transitions into a near identical mixing-controlled combustion phase regardless of energy share. For hydrogen injection timing variations at fixed 90 % energy share, advanced injection was found to directly impact the hydrogen combustion mode altering the proportion of fuel injected prior to ignition of the diesel flame and the extent of mixing that has occurred. The longer residence time also increases the overlap of the two fuels prior to ignition resulting in a lengthened ignition delay due to dilution of the diesel pilot. The combustion phasing control is however preserved as the reaction was faster with a more premixed hydrogen charge at ignition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100382"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production from pyrolysis of biomass components","authors":"Guanyi Chen ,&nbsp;Wanhua Du ,&nbsp;Jingliang Cai ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Junyu Tao ,&nbsp;Muhammad Irfan Rajput ,&nbsp;Beibei Yan ,&nbsp;Zhi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen energy is key for the global green energy transition, and biomass thermochemical has become an important option for green hydrogen production due to its carbon neutrality advantage. Pyrolysis is the initial step of thermochemical technologies. A systematic analysis of the mechanism of H₂ production from biomass pyrolysis is significant for the subsequent optimal design of efficient biomass thermochemical H₂ production technologies. Biomass is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and differences in their physicochemical properties and structures directly affect the pyrolysis hydrogen production process. In this study, thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-MS-FTIR) was employed and fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the pyrolysis of biomass component with focusing on hydrogen production. According to the results of TG-MS-FTIR experiments, hemicellulose produced hydrogen through the breaking of C<img>H bonds in short chains and acetyl groups, as well as secondary cracking of volatiles and condensation of aromatic rings at high temperatures. Cellulose produced hydrogen through the breaking of C<img>H bonds in volatiles generated from sugar ring cleavage, along with char gasification and condensation of aromatic rings at high temperatures. Lignin produced hydrogen through ether bond cleavage, breaking of methoxy groups, as well as cleavage of phenylpropane side chains and condensation of aromatic rings at high temperatures. Results from fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments further showed that hemicellulose exhibited the strongest hydrogen production capacity, with the maximum H₂ production efficiency of 6.09 mmol/g, the maximum H₂ selectivity of 17.79 %, and the maximum H₂ effectiveness of 59 % at 800 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100381"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reduced kinetic mechanism for ammonia/hydrogen mixtures with alleviated stiffness and high accuracy tailored for high-fidelity numerical simulations","authors":"Wei Guan ,&nbsp;Cheng Chi ,&nbsp;András György Szanthoffer ,&nbsp;Dominique Thévenin","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Co-firing ammonia with hydrogen is recognized as a promising energy strategy for achieving a carbon-neutral and sustainable future. It offers potential advantages over the combustion of pure hydrogen/air or pure ammonia/air individually in practical applications. High-fidelity simulations, such as Direct Numerical Simulations and Large-Eddy Simulations are essential for a better understanding of ammonia/hydrogen flames. Such simulations require the availability of an affordable but accurate kinetic mechanism with alleviated stiffness. In this study, a reduced kinetic mechanism comprising 17 transported species, 10 quasi-steady-state species, and 180 reactions was developed, derived from a comprehensive mechanism (the NUIG-2023 mechanism with 39 species and 306 reactions) while maintaining high accuracy across a wide range of validation cases. The reduced mechanism was extensively compared with the original one and with experimental datasets for predictions of ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, species mole fraction profiles, and S-curves. Moreover, the obtained integrated fuel consumption rates and species profiles of NO, NO₂, and N₂O were compared for hydrogen-ammonia stratification. The analysis has been repeated for a variety of ammonia/hydrogen mixtures. As a result, the reduced mechanism demonstrated excellent capability to accurately replicate the fundamental combustion characteristics of ammonia/hydrogen flames for a wide range of conditions. The calculation time using the reduced mechanism in the simulations of stratified flame with an explicit time integration is approximately 5.5 times faster than that of the full NUIG-2023 mechanism, which requires additionally an implicit scheme to handle chemical stiffness. This work paves the way for future investigations of NH₃/H₂ flames by DNS and LES in practically relevant configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100377"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-hole liquid ammonia spray collapsing behaviors: Morphologies, collapsing time, and region diagram","authors":"Xiaoxin Yao,&nbsp;Gangwei Zeng,&nbsp;Xiao Liu,&nbsp;Zuohua Huang,&nbsp;Chenglong Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flash-boiling and collapsing behavior of low-boiling-point liquid ammonia multi-hole spray can influence the efficient application of liquid ammonia on internal combustion engines. In order to investigate the mechanism and boundary conditions for liquid ammonia multi-hole spray to collapse, the macroscopic morphology and liquid cross-sectional distribution of liquid ammonia multi-hole spray under different ambient temperatures and pressures are recorded by schlieren high-speed photography and laser sheet Mie-scattering method, and the changes of several spray characteristic parameters such as spray tip penetration, spray angle, and cross-sectional area are obtained. Three different spray collapsing modes are defined: early collapsing, late collapsing, and non-collapsing. The increase of collapsing degree caused by the rise of ambient temperature and the decrease of ambient pressure results in earlier plume merging, accelerated penetration, and a reduced spray cross-sectional area. The time point of spray accelerating penetration, which is gradually advanced with the increase of spray collapsing degree, is defined as collapsing time, and an empirical correlation is proposed to predict the collapsing time under different ambient conditions. Based on the experimental phenomenon, the different spray collapsing modes and behaviors under different ambient conditions are summarized and analyzed, and the transition of spray collapsing mode under different ambient temperatures and pressures is shown by a region diagram.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separation and recovery of biohydrogen using a Pressure Swing Adsorption plant characterized by adsorption of CO2, CO, and CH4: Novel Geometric Control with integral action to mitigate disturbances in a complex process","authors":"Jorge A. Brizuela-Mendoza ,&nbsp;Jesse Y. Rumbo-Morales ,&nbsp;Gerardo Ortiz-Torres ,&nbsp;Felipe D.J. Sorcia-Vázquez ,&nbsp;Jair Gómez Radilla ,&nbsp;Manuela Calixto-Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Estela Sarmiento-Bustos ,&nbsp;Erasmo Misael Rentería Vargas ,&nbsp;Julio César Rodríguez-Cerda ,&nbsp;Jorge Salvador Valdez Martínez ,&nbsp;Mayra G. Mena-Enriquez ,&nbsp;Moises Ramos-Martinez ,&nbsp;R.E. Lozoya-Ponce","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>70% of carbon emissions (CO₂) are generated from the excessive use of transport and industry. In the race for decarbonizing transport, biohydrogen holds a prominent position as a potential alternative to traditional fossil fuels with zero net emissions. New technologies or processes (Cryogenic separation, Membrane permeation, Electrochemistry, among others) are used to produce biohydrogen. One of the technologies that is gaining interest in research centers and industries is the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process. However, research is still needed to develop a PSA plant that mitigates disturbances, which directly affect the purity of biohydrogen (99%) that meets the criteria for use as biofuel. This article aims to propose a PSA plant for biohydrogen production using robust controllers (PID and geometric control) to mitigate disturbances and maintain a stable purity above 99%. By using geometric control, the adsorption capacity (molar fraction) increased to 0.55 CO₂, 0.04 CO, 0.04 CH₄ compared to the results obtained without control (0.35 CO₂, 0.021 CO, 0.01 CH₄), achieving a recovery greater than 60% with an energy efficiency of 0.64%. A biohydrogen productivity of 1.55<span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> was obtained with a final purity of 0.994 in the molar fraction. On the other hand, PID control presents a low adsorption capacity compared to those obtained with geometric control; likewise, a lower recovery of 55% was obtained, and an energy efficiency of 0.71% was used to obtain a purity of biohydrogen of 0.99 in molar fraction. It is concluded that the geometric control law offers greater robustness and performance in the face of disturbances that occur in a complex process such as PSA. Furthermore, this novel geometric control law produced improved results with a faster response to disturbance rejection, achieving greater productivity and purity, and meeting international standards for use as a biofuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the thermoacoustic instability of boron/ethanol nanofluid fuel spray swirling flames","authors":"Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Zunyi Luo ,&nbsp;Chen Fu ,&nbsp;Kunpeng Liu ,&nbsp;Yongjun Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Wang ,&nbsp;Juan Yu ,&nbsp;Sheng Meng ,&nbsp;Man Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluid fuel has attracted the interest of researchers for decades due to its prominent combustion and propulsive properties. However, combustion instability is inevitable in propulsive systems, and little is known about how nanofluid fuel drive or dampen thermoacoustic oscillations of the system. A confined boron/ethanol (B/EtOH) nanofluid fuel spray swirling flame stabilized by an axisymmetric bluff body has been experimentally investigated in this work. The flame response to the varying B nanoparticles (NPs) doping concentrations was recorded and compared. 2D images and critical data were acquired using a 10 kHz repetition-rate OH* and BO₂* chemiluminescence (CL) system, a photomultiplier tube, and a pressure transducer. Meanwhile, several analysis methods, including flame visualization, Fourier/Hilbert transforms, spectrograms, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), extended POD (EPOD), and Rayleigh's criterion analysis, are utilized to help us understand the underlying mechanism. From the averaged images, the high-intensity region of the BO₂*-CL appears further downstream than that of OH*-CL, resulting in a broader heat-release distribution of B/EtOH nanofluid fuel spray flames than neat EtOH ones. As the B NPs doping concentration increases, the oscillation frequency of the B/EtOH spray swirling flames remains almost unchanged, but the oscillation amplitude gradually decreases. Numerous B particles and agglomerates exhibit intense combustion when the micro-explosion phenomenon occurs. Additionally, the time-resolved pressure and heat release oscillations are out of phase and are supposed to be associated with acoustic energy dissipation. The POD and EPOD analyses reveal that the primary flame oscillations are driven by the longitudinal flame-shedding motion and the entrained reaction pockets. Meanwhile, the OH* and BO₂* radicals exhibit different local dynamics responses to the oscillation. Based on the Rayleigh index distribution coupling the fluctuation of pressure and heat release from EtOH and B, our study provides evidence that the combustion of B NPs downstream suppresses the thermoacoustic instability of the EtOH flames.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100376"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled thermal runaway and combustion modeling for NMC811 Li-ion batteries safety: development and validation","authors":"Antonio García,&nbsp;Carlos Micó,&nbsp;Javier Marco-Gimeno,&nbsp;Imad Elkourchi","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial lithium-ion battery deployment poses significant process safety risks due to thermal runaway events causing catastrophic fires and toxic gas releases. Accurate combustion modeling is essential for quantitative risk assessment and safety system design. This work presents a validated framework for process safety engineering applications. Accelerating rate calorimetry experiments were conducted on cylindrical cells of 18,650 format and NMC811 chemistry under inert and reactive atmospheres, capturing temperature profiles, pressure evolution, and gas compositions. Significant differences in vented gas mixtures were observed, with CO2, CO, and H₂ as dominant species. These results evaluated five combustion mechanisms: one for battery gas combustion, GRI-Mech 3.0, ANSYS Model Fuel Library and two-step global models. Homogeneous reactors and laminar flame speed simulations were used for evaluation. Detailed mechanisms produced consistent ignition delay and flame propagation results, while simplified models showed deviations. A mechanism reduction is presented, downscaling to 128 species and 794 reactions (80 % reduction) without compromising accuracy. This reduced mechanism was integrated into a 2D axisymmetric CFD model incorporating TR, gas venting, and combustion processes. The model accurately reproduced temperature rise, pressure development, and venting dynamics. The work provides a validated reduced kinetic mechanism for battery gas combustion that can be used to enhance safety of battery module during design processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100375"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of MXene (Ti3C2) addition on ignition and combustion properties of boron particles","authors":"Andy Huynh ,&nbsp;Yue Jiang ,&nbsp;Mathias Kiefer ,&nbsp;Eunyoung Kim ,&nbsp;Dongwon Ka ,&nbsp;Andrew Demko ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boron (B) offers high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, making it an attractive solid fuel for energetic applications. However, boron is hard to ignite and burns slowly and incompletely due to the presence of surface B₂O₃, which has a low melting point but a high boiling temperature. Recently, a new class of two-dimensional materials known as MXene (Ti₃C₂) has emerged, exhibiting characteristics that could potentially enhance boron combustion, but this potential has not been previously explored. Herein, we experimentally investigate the ignition and combustion performance of boron particles, Ti₃C₂ nanosheets, and an 80 wt. % B/Ti₃C₂ mixture. We find that the addition of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets enhances both the ignition and combustion properties of boron particles. Specifically, Schlieren images of CO₂ laser ignition experiments show that the B/Ti₃C₂ mixture has a similar ignition delay time as Ti₃C₂ but is shorter than boron, and the mixture produces more gaseous products, indicating more oxidation. Bomb calorimetry measurements show that the B/Ti₃C₂ mixture’s heat of combustion is greater than the linear sum of its components, suggesting a favorable interaction between Ti₃C₂ and boron. Similarly, differential scanning calorimetry shows that the mixture releases more heat overall and has lower onset temperatures than pure boron oxidation. Variable-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis of B/Ti₃C₂ mixture shows the formation of anatase and rutile TiO₂, TiF₂, B₂O₃, and various mixed metal oxides at elevated temperatures due to reactions between boron and MXene or its oxidation products. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that Ti₃C₂ nanosheets, and potentially other MXenes, are effective additives for promoting boron combustion, leading to easier ignition and increased combustion efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100374"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}