Applications in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Integrating green hydrogen into building-distributed multi-energy systems with water recirculation","authors":"Hanhui Lei ,&nbsp;Joseph Thomas ,&nbsp;Oliver Curnick ,&nbsp;K.V. Shivaprasad ,&nbsp;Sumit Roy ,&nbsp;Lu Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes integrating a building-distributed multi-energy system (BDMES) with green hydrogen to decarbonise electricity generation for buildings. By producing and consuming green hydrogen locally at the building site, using a water electrolyser and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the reliance on costly, energy and carbon-intensive hydrogen transportation is eliminated. This integration presents an opportunity for energy autonomy, achieved by locally green hydrogen production, storage, and usage. More importantly, the proposed system enables water recirculation between the electrolyser and PEMFC, an effective option worldwide to conserve water resources, and reduce environmental impact. Models are developed to investigate the interaction mechanisms among the photovoltaic (PV) module, water electrolyser, fuel cell, and cooling system. Case study results for a residential building in Aberdeen, UK are presented and discussed, maximum 75 solar panels can be installed on the 150m² roof area. Since less solar energy can be harvested in this area, in the peak hour of one summer day, 11 solar panels are required to meet 100 % daily maximum building energy demand and ensure 100 % water recirculation. In one winter-day, total 75 solar panels can only meet 26 % of total building energy demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100318"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution numerical simulation of rotating detonation waves with parallel adaptive mesh refinement","authors":"Han Peng ,&nbsp;Ralf Deiterding","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simulations of rotating detonation engines are still dominated by solvers on uniform or statically refined meshes. Here, simulations of premixed rotating detonation waves are conducted using the block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR) technique. The studied configurations include both a two-dimensional unrolled model with a discretely injected hydrogen-air mixture and a three-dimensional annular model with non-premixed and partially premixed hydrogen-air mixtures. The computations employ a generic solver within the parallel Cartesian adaptive mesh refinement framework AMROC, which has been extended to accommodate curvilinear meshes. A second-order accurate finite volume method for the Navier–Stokes equations is utilized, along with grid-aligned Riemann solvers for thermally perfect gas mixtures. Detailed, multi-step chemical kinetic mechanisms are employed and incorporated with a splitting approach. A study into mesh dependency is undertaken, providing an assessment of the influence of local mesh refinement and adaptation criteria on the simulation results. The analysis reveals the formation of a multi-wave structure and transient heat release patterns, indicating the presence of an irregular cellular structure with enhanced local heat release as the detonation propagates through the injection jets. The ability to resolve sub-scale phenomena down to the cellular structures, intrinsic to detonation propagation, demonstrates the benefit of the SAMR approach. Further simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of partial premixing on rotating detonation. Additionally, a workload distribution analysis demonstrates how the on-the-fly partition strategy in AMROC alleviates computational imbalances. Parallel scaling tests exhibit linear acceleration in solving rotating detonation engine problems, highlighting the efficiency of the parallel adaptive mesh refinement technique in capturing the primary features of these simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100316"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A spark energy deposition model in mixture fraction space for simulations of turbulent non-premixed flame ignition","authors":"Hazem S.A.M. Awad,&nbsp;Savvas Gkantonas,&nbsp;Epaminondas Mastorakos","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predicting the ignition probability remains important for designing reliable combustors. A spark ignition model in mixture fraction space is proposed and used in a Large Eddy Simulation (LES)-Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) simulation of initiation of a n-heptane spray swirl flame. The model is based on including source terms for the enthalpy and species that mimic the effect of plasma kinetics on the gaseous thermochemical state, in contrast to previous approaches that included only a heat source to the energy equation or a burning distribution in mixture fraction space as the initial condition. The model is evaluated based on its prediction of the ignition probability against experimental data. In laminar non-premixed counterflow flames, failed ignition case with low energy deposition have been found to successfully ignite when portion of the deposited energy has been assigned for the oxygen dissociation. In the turbulent spray swirl flame, the results reveal a tendency towards a successful ignition when the spark is subjected to a higher probability of finding stochiometric mixture fraction values, lower axial velocity and higher probability of finding negative axial velocities (pointing towards the bluff-body). The terms budget of the CMC equation is investigated for the successful and failed ignition events. The sum of convection and dilatation remains the dominant term to suppress the spark for the investigated realisations, and a tendency towards a failed ignition is observed when the spark energy assumes comparable magnitudes compared to the sum of convection and dilatation. In the vicinity of the spark, convection and turbulent diffusion remain of equal importance, with the latter dominating at later sparking time instants. The present approach quantitatively captures the ignition probability spatial distributions compared to the experiment. The proposed spark ignition model can improve the spark representation in CMC-based simulations, thereby allowing more reliable simulations in realistic combustors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100317"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational modeling of dynamic injector response in a Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE)","authors":"Piyush Raj,&nbsp;Ashwin Kumar,&nbsp;Joseph Meadows","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rotating Detonation Engines (RDEs) are a form of pressure gain combustion (PGC), offering a promising approach to increase the thermodynamic efficiency of a gas turbine combustor by utilizing a detonation-driven combustion process. In most RDEs, fuel and oxidizer are discretely injected from separate plenums. The discrete fuel/oxidizer injection locations are influenced by the local chamber conditions, leading to mixture inhomogeneity in the combustor. The objective of this study is to develop a dynamic injector response model capable of simulating injector behavior without the need to mesh/resolve the individual injectors. A series of 3D non-reacting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations is used to generate empirical correlations for mass flux and mixture inhomogeneity. These correlations are then implemented as spatially/temporally varying inlet boundary conditions in 2D reacting RDE simulations. The obtained results are compared against experimental data and perfectly premixed simulations for two different RDE geometries, each at two separate operating conditions, focusing on wave speed and static pressure measurements for validation. The injector response model predicted wave speed, which is approximately within 10% of the experimental value. The time-averaged static pressure data determined from the injector response model also lies within the uncertainty limits of experimental measurements, suggesting good agreement between them. The injector response model also provides a computationally cost effective way to incorporate dynamic transient injector response in RDE simulation without meshing/resolving the individual injectors. Additionally, the influence of injector response on wave dynamics, wave structures, and detonation efficiency is investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100313"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research and development needs in combustion modeling","authors":"Venkateswaran Sankaran","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article provides a perspective on future research and development needs of aerospace propulsion from the vantage point of the Air Force Research Lab (AFRL). Particular applications that inform this perspective include solid and liquid rocket propulsion for booster applications, scramjet propulsion for hypersonic flight and rotating detonation engines for both air and space applications. The R&amp;D needs are expressed in two categories—the first represents foundational research needs informed by specific application challenges, while the second catalogs foundational research needs informed broadly by digital engineering paradigms for future development. The former category concerns traditional research in combustion and energy sciences, while the latter category embraces emerging computational and mathematical research topics. Future progress will be depend upon advancements in both sets of topic areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100307"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of chemical kinetic models for simulations of hydrogen detonations by comparison with experimental data","authors":"Vigneshwaran Sankar,&nbsp;Karl P. Chatelain,&nbsp;Deanna A. Lacoste","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100306","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Two-dimensional numerical simulations of a weakly unstable detonation mixture &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;H&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;O&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;76&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Ar&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;20&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;kPa&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;295&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;K&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; were performed using our validated OpenFOAM solver based on &lt;span&gt;reacting&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span&gt;PimpleCentralFoam&lt;/span&gt;. This study compared the detonation dynamics obtained with four chemical models, namely Hong 2011, Burke 2012, Mével 2014, and FFCM-2 with recently obtained experimental results. The experimental–numerical comparisons were performed in threefold: (i) quantitative comparisons of the cell sizes (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) and their distributions (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;); (ii) qualitative comparisons of the detonation structure based on simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence of both nitric oxide (NO-PLIF) and OH radical (OH-PLIF); (iii) qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the detonation dynamics based on combined Rayleigh scattering and NO-PLIF measurements. The simulations conducted with Hong 2011’s, Burke 2012’s, and FFCM-2’s models satisfactorily reproduced the average cell size (within 10%), while it was 1.5 times smaller with Mével 2014’s model. The opposite trends were observed in cell size distributions (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) with satisfactory predictions from Mével 2014’s model (within 25%) and almost no cell size variations (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;!--&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;0.1) for the other models. By comparing the simultaneous NO- and OH-PLIF imaging, the simulations conducted with FFCM-2’s and Mével 2014’s models qualitatively reproduced the reaction zone structure, while more discrepancies were obtained with Hong 2011’s and Burke 2012’s models. Quantitatively, simulations conducted with FFCM-2’s and Mével 2014’s models presented the lowest discrepancy (below two-fold) at reproducing the induction zone dynamics along the cellular cycle, while large discrepancies (approximately three-fold) were observed with Hong 2011’s and Burke 2012’s models. Chemical timescale analyses evidenced the relation between the faster reaction timescales of Mével 2014’s model and the ability to reproduce the experimental variability on both &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. These detailed comparisons emphasized the importance of the chemical model selection and the need for combined experimental measurements to both validate c","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100306"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study of soot formation in hydrocarbon sprays under high-pressure fuel pyrolysis conditions","authors":"Hyung Sub Sim ,&nbsp;Emre Cenker ,&nbsp;Eungyo Choi ,&nbsp;Kevin Wan ,&nbsp;Scott A. Skeen ,&nbsp;Julien Manin","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study combined high-speed optical diagnostics and numerical simulation to investigate soot formation in n-dodecane sprays under conditions characterized by fuel pyrolysis and low oxygen concentrations. Numerical models were employed to predict the evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while the experiments focused on soot formation. A 186-µm single-hole orifice nominal diameter injector was employed to inject well-controlled fuel sprays into a constant-volume chamber operating at 76 bar. We use a short injection duration of approximately 100 µs to maximize the residence time of the fuel, with variations in the ambient gas temperature within the range of 1,400 to 1,700 K, and the oxygen concentration was ranged from 0 to 5 %. Additionally, we conducted closed-homogeneous-reactor and two-stage Lagrangian simulations with various kinetic mechanisms to predict PAH formation and compared the results with experimental data. The experimental results revealed that variations in the ambient temperature and oxygen percentage significantly influenced the pyrolysis and oxidation processes. Soot onset occurred at 1,450 K for oxygen levels of 0, 1, and 3 %, whereas at 5 % oxygen, soot formed at temperatures below 1,400 K. Interestingly, higher oxygen concentrations increased the rates of soot formation at all temperatures tested. By contrast, elevated temperatures reduce the total soot mass owing to enhanced oxidation. The present study also evaluates the influence of fuel composition on soot formation and observes that a higher aromatics content in the fuel leads to a lower soot onset temperature and increased soot mass. Notably, similar trends for both ethanol and n-dodecane fuels are identified in this study. Furthermore, the numerical calculations revealed distinct trends in PAH formation. Although the different mechanisms reasonably captured the trends in benzene formation, they differed in their predictions of the formation rate of pyrene, resulting in potential differences in soot processes. This disparity highlights the need for a comprehensive review and potential modification of the current soot modeling approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100310"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis and beyond: Sustainable valorization of plastic waste","authors":"Saumitra Saxena","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recycling of plastics through pyrolysis has garnered significant attention as a waste management approach, particularly given upcoming regulations and the urgent need for absolute sustainability. This review paper evaluates pyrolysis's technological, environmental, and regulatory aspects, emphasizing the need to prioritize environmental impact over purely economic considerations. While it is recognized that financial challenges have constrained many past attempts at scaling pyrolysis systems, this paper argues that a shift in focus toward sustainability criteria is essential for the technology's long-term viability. Prioritizing environmental outcomes is critical given the pressing issues like plastic pollution, which presents significant threats to ecosystems and human health. A comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts is vital for technologies intended for large-scale deployment, ensuring that they align with global sustainability goals. This perspective is especially pertinent in light of the current United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) global plastic pollution treaty negotiations, where there is a contentious debate over the true circularity of chemical recycling. Environmentalists and several nations advocate for significant reductions in plastic production and bans on single-use plastics. At the same time, oil-producing countries and petrochemical companies push for circularity in the plastic economy. The paper explores the promise and limitations of pyrolysis technology for valorizing plastic wastes, comparing its efficacy with other waste management methods. Biomass pyrolysis is discussed due to its significant synergies with plastic pyrolysis and its potential for carbon sequestration through biochar. However, the discussion on biomass pyrolysis is limited in scope, with the paper's primary focus on waste plastic pyrolysis. The paper discusses the challenges and opportunities in utilizing pyrolysis for waste plastics, which are considered along with regulatory and geopolitical aspects. Environmental impacts, including life cycle analysis and planetary boundary considerations, are examined to understand why pyrolysis has yet to achieve widespread adoption. A case study on Plastic Energy, SABIC, and Unilever highlights current industry status, technological advancements, and information gaps. Finally, a comprehensive framework is proposed to achieve net-zero emissions, improve air quality, and ensure absolute environmental sustainability in plastic recycling. Recommendations are provided for the plastic industry and research institutions to support the transition towards sustainable waste management practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100311"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A perspective on the decarbonization of the metals industry","authors":"Alessandro Della Rocca","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decarbonization of the metals industry is a major challenge for the energy transition. Metals are indeed essential elements in the expansion of renewable energy installations worldwide, but they also represent a relevant source of carbon emissions. Therefore, metals producers need to carefully shift their technologies towards less carbon intensive routes. After ranking all the metals in terms of world production volume and total estimated carbon emissions, the three most relevant ones have been selected: steel, aluminum and chromium. Concentrating the rest of the analysis on them, several production processes are available for implementing the decarbonization step, but none of them is currently capable of overcoming the challenge alone and being compatible with the 1.5 °C trajectory. In this perspective, the main production routes are reviewed and proper combinations of proven or emerging technologies are streamlined with the aim to provide an industrially feasible approach to curb the carbon emissions from the metals industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal information propagation in confined supersonic reacting flows","authors":"Michael Ullman ,&nbsp;Gyu Sub Lee ,&nbsp;Jie Lim ,&nbsp;Tonghun Lee ,&nbsp;Venkat Raman","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interplay between mass injection, heat release, and boundary layer development plays a key role in dictating the dynamics and stability of confined supersonic flows. The relative impacts of these factors and the timescales over which they influence the upstream and downstream flow can provide critical insights into how different operating modes develop. As such, this work presents a series of simulations of an experimental axisymmetric direct connect flowpath. The mass flow rates and chemical compositions of the injection stages are varied, and subsequent information propagation and mode transitions are analyzed using spatiotemporal correlations of cross-sectional averaged quantities. Increasing the injection flow rate decreases the time lags and durations of positive correlations between pressure and heat release at various points along the flowpath. Meanwhile, in dual-mode cases with lower injection flow rates, these correlations develop after longer time delays and persist for a longer times, illustrating how information propagates more gradually in these scenarios. Over the full flowpath, positive correlations persist for comparatively long times between (1) the upstream isolator pressure and the pressure elsewhere, and (2) the pressure in the downstream diverging combustor section and the upstream pressure. As such, the influence of the pressure in the intermediate constant-area combustor section decays more rapidly. Conditional statistics suggest that flow blockage and pressurization from the injected mass reduce the local ignition delay, thereby facilitating increased pressurization via heat release in a positive feedback loop.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100304"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}