Applications in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Heat transfer characteristics of a backward-facing step combustor","authors":"Jonathan C. Denman ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Jennifer Colborn ,&nbsp;Jacqueline O’Connor","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large eddy simulations (LES) are conducted in this study to understand the convective and radiative heat transfer characteristics within a backward-facing step combustor. The Penn State backward-facing step combustor is modeled and the experimental signals are directly compared with computational results to validate physical models and numerical procedures. The baseline simulation features a wall-resolved LES of the full-combustor geometry for a lean methane/air mixture at an equivalence ratio of 0.55. A 16-species skeletal mechanism is employed with a dynamic thickened flame model to capture turbulence-chemistry interactions. A dynamic Smagorinsky model is employed to capture the subgrid-scale stress. A Monte-Carlo ray tracing based radiation solver is employed with a highly accurate line-by-line spectral database to post-process LES solutions to obtain the radiative heat fluxes. Comparison between the baseline results after accounting for experimental facility constraints show excellent agreement in radiative heat fluxes at four sensor locations. The total heat fluxes consisting of both radiation and convection is under-predicted by approximately 30%. Further parametric studies that use different spanwise dimensions, chemical kinetic models, molecular transport models, and thickening factors show that the better prediction of the temperature and flame speed of GRI-mech 3.0 can increase the prediction of convective heat transfer, while maintaining a similar comparison in the prediction of radiative heat transfer. The molecular transport model is also critical for the well-resolved LES to correctly capture the flame brush angles. The turbulence-chemistry interaction effects seem to be well-captured by the grid and have a negligible impact on the results. Compared to the reduced-span geometry that is frequently employed in backward-facing step configuration simulations, the full-span geometry is shown to be significant for capturing flame stabilization and heat transfer characteristics. Finally, limitation of this model validation study is discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100373"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of alternative liquid fuels in marine engines","authors":"Javad Mohammadpour,&nbsp;Fatemeh Salehi","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the maritime sector’s vital role in global trade and its substantial environmental impact, the transition to sustainable liquid fuels is a critical imperative. This review paper provides a holistic analysis, specifically examining the interplay between environmental regulations and the unique operational requirements of marine engines. A range of alternative fuels, including LNG, biofuels, methanol, hydrogen, and ammonia, is evaluated in this study. Each fuel’s viability is critically assessed through a detailed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis, alongside an in-depth discussion of the significant technical and safety challenges hindering their adoption, such as ammonia’s toxicity, hydrogen storage requirements, and LNG’s methane slip. The review also explores the complex spray combustion dynamics essential for integrating these fuels into marine internal combustion engines, highlighting how fundamental phenomena directly impact the design and performance in this specific context. By combining technical, safety, and strategic insights, this paper offers a focused and relevant resource for stakeholders navigating the sustainable maritime future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flamelet LES of solid fuel/ammonia co-combustion with differential diffusion","authors":"Xu Wen ,&nbsp;Ali Shamooni ,&nbsp;Thorsten Zirwes ,&nbsp;Christian Hasse","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Differential diffusion is expected to be important in a pulverized coal/ammonia co-combustion system due to the co-existence of heavy species in volatiles and light species in the ammonia stream. In this work, the multi-stream flamelet model for piloted pulverized coal/ammonia co-combustion is further extended to incorporate differential diffusion in the framework of large-eddy simulation (LES). The flamelet solutions are obtained by solving the flamelet equations with differential diffusion, and tabulated as a function of four mixture fractions, reaction progress variable and total enthalpy. The governing equation for the total mixture fraction is derived based on element conservation, and the effects of differential diffusion are explicitly considered by an additional term, i.e., the differential diffusion term. The governing equations for the other manifold coordinates with differential diffusion are formulated in a similar way. The differential diffusion terms are closed by relating them to the manifold coordinates based on the 1D flamelet assumption. The suitability and performance of the proposed flamelet model with differential diffusion are evaluated by comparing with the detailed chemistry solutions for a laminar pulverized coal/ammonia counterflow flame and the flamelet model based on the unity Lewis number assumption through an <em>a priori</em> analysis. A fully-coupled flamelet/LES is applied to a laboratory-scale pulverized coal/ammonia CRIEPI burner, and the simulation results are compared with the available experimental data. The comparisons show that the flamelet model with differential diffusion can accurately predict the thermo-chemical quantities, and outperforms the flamelet model based on the unity Lewis number assumption, particularly for the prediction of temperature and NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> species mass fractions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100387"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bagged ensemble of ANN for predicting laminar flame speed of toluene reference fuels and syngas blends in SI engines","authors":"Vijay Raj Giri ,&nbsp;Jaesung Kwon ,&nbsp;Doohyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laminar Flame Speed (LFS) is a critical parameter that determines the burn rate in Spark Ignited (SI) engines, as it influences the laminar burnup process of air/fuel mixture entrained by turbulent flame. For various SI engine modeling approaches, accurate prediction of LFS under engine-relevant conditions is crucial. Syngas, often created from various renewable feedstocks, offers significant potential for mitigating engine knock and engine-out emissions. This study introduces a novel approach using ensembles of neural networks as a non-linear regression method to predict LFS of gasoline surrogates and syngas blends under engine-relevant conditions. To address the scarcity of experimental data, we performed 1-D flame simulations to generate a sufficiently large LFS dataset (225,200 cases in total) which was supplemented by available experimental data in literature. To mitigate the potential bias associated with chemical mechanism selection, multiple kinetic mechanisms were utilized for the flame simulations. Considering the thermodynamic conditions during flame propagation in SI engines, the dataset covers conditions from 300 K to 1000 K, 1 bar to 50 bar, and equivalence ratios from 0.8 to 1.2. Moreover, a large number of Toluene Reference Fuel (mixtures of iso-octane, n-heptane, toluene)/syngas blends up to 11,140 mixtures were explored. After evaluating multiple ML models, a two-hidden-layer neural network was selected for optimal performance. To improve robustness of predicted LFS, the neural network was further refined by employing ensembles of five such neural networks, each separately trained on 80 % of the dataset. The model developed in this study represents a substantial advancement in accurate and computationally efficient LFS prediction. It also introduces an effective approach to account for mechanism-associated bias by utilizing multiple chemical mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic insights into PAHs growth via C3 Chemistry: the recombination of phenanthryl radicals and propyne","authors":"Zhiyao Zhang,&nbsp;Lili Ye,&nbsp;Mengmeng Li,&nbsp;Yubo Bi,&nbsp;Haiyong Cong","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenanthrene, a key polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with three fused aromatic rings, is produced during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons and serves as a critical precursor to soot formation. A predictive investigation was conducted on recombination kinetics between phenanthryl radicals and propyne. Potential energy surfaces were constructed using PWPB95-D3/def2-QZVPP//M06–2X/6–311+G(d,p) calculations and rate constants were obtained by performing transition state theory-based master equation simulations. The main PAHs products of each phenanthryl/propyne system were identified and the competition between various channels was investigated across a wide range of temperatures and pressures. For 4-phenanthryl radical with “armchair” edge site, its recombination with propyne proceeds predominantly by a sequence of isomerization reactions of initial adduct followed by methyl-elimination, finally leading to pyrene. For 1-phenanthryl radical with “zigzag” edge site, at low temperature the isomerization sequence of initial adduct is primarily followed by H-elimination to generate the alkyl-substituted PAHs, i.e., 5- and 4-methylacephenanthrylene, while at high temperature β-scissions of initial adducts become dominant. For 2-phenanthryl radical with “free” edge site, initial adducts mainly occur via β-scission reactions to produce 2-(prop-1-ynyl)phenanthrene and 2-ethynylphenanthrene. Compared to the well-known HACA mechanism, rate constants of the phenanthryl/propyne recombination are larger than those with acetylene, suggesting the potential importance of propyne in phenanthrene growth. Kinetic modeling simulations were conducted for premixed laminar flames of three gasoline surrogate components (isooctane, <em>n</em>-heptane, and toluene) at an equivalence ratio of 1, to assess the role of propyne in phenanthrene growth. Rate-of-production (ROP) analysis reveals that reaction with propyne contributes more to the growth of phenanthrene than reaction with acetylene in isooctane flame and it exhibits a distinct fuel-structure dependence in flames. This study establishes a foundational kinetic framework for phenanthrene growth via propyne addition and offers valuable insights for further kinetic studies on PAHs formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as key coke precursors in coke formation during zeolite-catalyzed furfural pyrolysis","authors":"Zhongyue Zhou ,&nbsp;Haoran Liu ,&nbsp;Xinghua Liu ,&nbsp;Chih-Hao Chin","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coke deposition and catalyst deactivation represent significant challenges in catalytic research, yet the mechanisms underlying their formation remain inadequately understood. Herein, we employed the HZSM-5 catalyzed conversion of furfural as a model reaction and, using a newly developed online high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) technique, directly detected a broad spectrum of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) under reaction conditions. Solid-state NMR further revealed the functional group architectures of OPAH side chains in condensed-phase coke, while density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidated plausible formation and transformation pathways. These complementary approaches establish that highly active OPAHs serve as crucial intermediates in the coke deposition process. We propose a novel mechanism in which light OPAHs, orginating from small-molecule products, undergo rapid polymerization at the active sites to yield larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, traditionally classified as coke. This newly identified mechanism highlights the unexpectedly rapid coking during the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, and underscores the significant role of OPAHs in catalyst deactivation. By providing molecular-level insights into coke growth, this study lays a foundation for strategies to suppress coke formation, thereby improving the efficiency and sustainability of catalytic conversion technologies for biomass utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A digital soot foil method for the analysis of cellular structures in detonation waves","authors":"Robyn Cideme,&nbsp;Liliana Berson,&nbsp;Rachel Hytovick,&nbsp;Kareem Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advent of detonation-based propulsion systems represents an opportunity for more sustainable combustion processes. Though highly unstable, some detonations carry information on their constituting waves and instabilities through a cellular structure. Such detonations observe patterns with diamond-shaped cells, delimited by Mach reflections at their vertices. These are formed by the collision of triple points, historically described as a 3-shock structure between an incident shock, Mach stem and transverse wave. The present work investigates the dynamics of detonation waves at a sub-cellular level in hydrogen–oxygen–nitrogen mixtures. The diluent content is varied experimentally while the equivalence ratio is maintained to unity. Characteristic lengths scales such as the cell width and length are reported, along with local measurements of wave velocity through shadowgraph imaging. Due to the three dimensional nature of detonations, experiments are conducted in a thin channel to minimize gradients in the third dimension and favor a quasi 2D propagation of the detonation wave. The stochastic behavior of the phenomenon is reported using a statistical approach and leverages a new methodology for the simultaneous resolution of the velocity field and cellular structure. The results first show an exponential decrease in cell sizes with the dilution content through the decreased activation energy. Furthermore, the formation of Mach reflections is seen to be associated with sudden and sharp velocity gradients at high dilution, resulting in a more irregular distribution of the wave velocity. Ultimately, the digital soot foils provide new insights into cellular structures and the wave dynamics surrounding Mach reflections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100372"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid ammonia direct injection for internal combustion engine application: A review","authors":"Christine Mounaïm-Rousselle ,&nbsp;Camille Hespel ,&nbsp;Utkarsha Sonawane","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the 2020s, there has been renewed interest in ammonia as a valuable zero-carbon fuel for Internal combustion engines, given its wide range of potential applications, from the marine sector to off-road machinery. Ammonia's fuel characteristics differ significantly from those of conventional hydrocarbon fuels. Its phase-change properties make liquid-phase ammonia injection a promising approach, as high-pressure injection of liquid ammonia enables efficient and cleaner combustion. High-pressure direct fuel injection offers the advantage of improved atomization through droplet breakup. The subsequent evaporation of these atomized droplets is crucial for the spatial distribution of fuel vapour, local air/ammonia mixing, ignition, and combustion development. However, ammonia tends to undergo flash boiling under injection conditions relevant for an internal combustion engine. In general, flash-boiling atomization enhances liquid evaporation, reduces droplet size, increases spray velocity, and results in longer spray penetration. Since the calorific value of ammonia is approximately half that of conventional fuels, the use of larger nozzle diameters and multi-hole injectors is recommended. While flash boiling has similar effects on both single- and multi-hole injectors, the spray characteristics of multi-hole injectors are largely influenced by plume-to-plume interactions. Therefore, it is recommended to study spray collapse and flash-boiling atomization separately, as they are related but distinct phenomena. The ammonia spray development characteristics are significantly different in the early and later stages of injection, indicating that the influence mechanisms of flash boiling and conventional boiling are completely different. This review summarizes the recent state-of-the-art liquid ammonia injection for engine-relevant conditions, focusing on flash boiling atomization and some discussions about novel optical techniques needed to characterize not only at the macroscopic scale but also at the microscopic scale, to help the development of accurate modelling tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of coupling characteristics between flame dynamics and CO emissions using wavelength modulation spectroscopy","authors":"Weitian Wang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Fu ,&nbsp;Lingyun Hou ,&nbsp;Xing Chao ,&nbsp;Yao Mi ,&nbsp;Zhenhai Wang ,&nbsp;Rémy Mével ,&nbsp;Gaofeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupled characteristics of flame dynamics and emissions in energy systems are critical for understanding combustion instability mechanisms and implementing effective emission control, necessitating high temporal-resolution optical diagnostic methods for dynamic, <em>in</em>-<em>situ</em> measurement of combustion products. This study experimentally investigates the coupling characteristics between flame dynamics and CO emissions in a centrally staged combustor using wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). The developed WMS measurement strategy provides millisecond-resolution insights into the fluctuations of CO emissions, while simultaneous flame imaging was performed using high-speed OH* chemiluminescence. As the staging ratio increases, the flame in the central recirculation zone intensifies and interacts with the shear-layer flame, resulting in combustion instabilities. The dominant frequency of CO fluctuations at 267 Hz is coupled with both the acoustic pressure and flame intensity. The dynamic CO emissions are correlated to the overall flame intensity and axial convective motion by coherent flame modes analysis. Periodic heat release and localized flame quenching are identified as the primary sources of CO fluctuations. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the coupling mechanisms between flame dynamics and emissions in centrally staged combustion systems, offering valuable guidance for the synergistic control of combustion instability and pollutant formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100386"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a high-insulation and rapid-response dry powder agent for suppressing fires in lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Yingxin Wu ,&nbsp;Ziye Ling ,&nbsp;Zhengguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Fang ,&nbsp;Shuping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the insufficient heat absorption and limited cooling performance of conventional ABC dry powder below 300 °C, a novel PA dry powder extinguishing agent with low decomposition temperature and high enthalpy was developed. The material releases 1367 J/g of decomposition enthalpy within 100–180 °C, providing a 96.9 % increase in heat absorption below 300 °C compared with ABC dry powder, thereby effectively matching the early exothermic stage of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway. In fire tests with 51 Ah ternary lithium-ion batteries, uncontrolled combustion lasted 149 s, whereas extinction times were reduced to 10 s with ABC dry powder and 11 s with PA dry powder, shortening burning duration by over 92 % and rapidly suppressing jet flames. Temperature measurements further revealed that PA dry powder reduced the safety valve temperature to 140 °C, markedly lower than 266 °C for ABC dry powder, and the peak temperature after spraying was only 283.3 °C, 165.9 °C lower than that of ABC dry powder. Overall, PA dry powder exhibits both rapid fire suppression and superior cooling capacity, significantly delaying thermal runaway and showing strong application potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100384"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}