Applications in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Maghemite nanoparticles synthesis via spray flame synthesis and particle characterization by hole in a tube sampling and scanning mobility particle sizing (HIAT-SMPS)","authors":"Ricardo Tischendorf ,&nbsp;Orlando Massopo ,&nbsp;Oleg Prymak ,&nbsp;Sophie Dupont ,&nbsp;Fabian Fröde ,&nbsp;Heinz Pitsch ,&nbsp;Reinhold Kneer ,&nbsp;Hans-Joachim Schmid","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to standardize spray flame synthesis (SFS) studies, intensive work has been done in recent years on the design of burner types. Thus, in 2019, the so-called SpraySyn1 burner was introduced (SS1), which was subsequently characterized in numerical and experimental studies. Based on this research, a modification of the nozzle design was proposed, which has now been considered in the successor model, SpraySyn2 (SS2). As little is known about the effect of the nozzle adaptation on the particle formation, we operated both burners under identical operating conditions to produce maghemite. The final powder comparison showed that SS2 yielded considerable higher specific surface areas (associated with smaller primary particle sizes), lower polydispersity, and higher phase purity. To obtain further information on the size distributions of aggregates and agglomerates generated by SS2, aerosol samples were extracted by hole in a tube (HIAT) sampling and characterized by scanning mobility particle sizing (SMPS). Samples were extracted along the centerline at different heights above the burner (<em>HAB</em>) above the visible flame tip (&gt;7 cm), and quenching experiments were performed to extract the aerosol samples at different dilution rates. Thereby, it was demonstrated that performing detailed quenching experiments is crucial for obtaining representative HIAT-SMPS data. In particular, agglomerates/aggregate sizes were overestimated by up to ∼70 % if samples were not sufficiently diluted. If sufficient dilution was applied, distribution widths and mean particle mobility diameters were determined with high accuracy (sample standard derivation &lt;5 %). Our data suggested the evolution of primary particle sizes was mostly completed &lt;7 cm <em>HAB</em> and it was shown aggregates/agglomerates present above the visible flame were compact in structure (non-fractal). The mean diameter of the particle ensemble grew along the centerline from 6.9 nm (7 cm) to 11.4 nm (15 cm), while distribution widths grew from 1.42 to 1.52.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001243/pdfft?md5=f64a2602a0a99a226ba29de74b99faa3&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001243-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139013884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of manganese-iron mixed oxides reinforced with titanium and prepared from minerals for their use as oxygen carriers","authors":"Beatriz Zornoza ,&nbsp;Teresa Mendiara ,&nbsp;Alberto Abad","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) allows CO₂ capture at low cost. This technology is based on solid oxygen carriers which supply the oxygen required for combustion of the fuel while they experience successive reduction-oxidation cycles. Oxygen carriers based on minerals or industrial residues present the advantage of their low cost but complete combustion of the fuel is not always achieved. Manganese‑iron mixed oxides doped with titanium can improve combustion efficiency due to its oxygen uncoupling capability. Moreover, they present the advantage of their magnetic properties. The objective of this work was to produce this type of oxygen carriers from minerals/residues instead of from synthetic materials. Four oxygen carriers with a fixed Mn-Fe molar ratio were produced with a 7 wt.% TiO₂ addition. Two manganese-based (MnSA and MnGBMPB) and one iron-based (Tierga) minerals were used as source of Mn and Fe, respectively. As source of Ti, the mineral ilmenite was used. After characterization of the materials, their reactivity was analysed in a TGA. The reactivity to the main combustion gasses was lower than that corresponding to similar oxygen carriers obtained from synthetic sources although they maintained their magnetic properties. Thus, its use as magnetic support of oxygen carriers was recommended. In this respect, first tests were conducted using CuO as active phase supported on one of the low-cost support materials produced in this work.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001218/pdfft?md5=3d0d8f6b161d7b9ce0ed2a301ba784da&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001218-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139022795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of NO reduction by H2 on Pd using planar laser-induced fluorescence","authors":"Sui Wan ,&nbsp;Thomas Häber ,&nbsp;Patrick Lott ,&nbsp;Rainer Suntz ,&nbsp;Olaf Deutschmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the NO reduction by H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> on a Pd/Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> catalyst in a temperature range of 100–300 °C and NO/H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> ratios from 0.5–2, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the reaction kinetics and its interaction with mass transfer. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is used to visualize the NO distributions over the catalyst, supplemented by end-of-pipe gas analysis of other components. The reduced Pd-based catalyst undergoes a slow deactivation after exposure to the reactive flow, leading to reduced overall NO conversion and decreased selectivity towards N<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. The NO-PLIF measurements are only conducted on the reduced catalyst without considering the temporal evolutions. Despite the overall NO conversion varying only around 50%–65% across all the investigated conditions, the spatially resolved NO distributions reveal three distinct regimes that limit the overall NO conversion: the regime governed by intrinsic reaction rates, the regime constrained by H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> availability, and the regime restricted by NO diffusion. These findings, demonstrating the interaction between reaction kinetics and mass transfer over a heterogeneous catalyst, highlight the significance of analyzing spatially resolved concentration distributions obtained through PLIF measurements. This approach complements the conventional end-of-pipe analysis, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001188/pdfft?md5=f350afcb0ae319ac856fda6548ec8631&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001188-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138466415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ML for reacting flows _ editorial","authors":"Luc Vervisch ,&nbsp;Tarek Echekki","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23000973/pdfft?md5=14c0c9ad1cf3e6574f75f920a9cc7bb4&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23000973-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135297955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation research on optimization of a 200 MW IGCC system","authors":"Ying Wang,&nbsp;Haoran Ning,&nbsp;Ying Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) has increasingly attracted attention as a promising high-efficiency clean coal technology. The oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C), nitrogen reinjection coefficient (<em>X_gn</em>), and integration air separation coefficient (<em>X_as</em>) affect system performance greatly. Based on the selected coal type, this paper establishes a 200 MW IGCC system model with coal–water slurry gasification, matches the three-pressure reheating heat recovery steam generator and syngas coolers, simulates and calculates the system performance of O/C, <em>X_as</em> and <em>X_gn</em> using Thermo-flex software. From the perspective of the whole system, the optimal O/C of the system is obtained as 0.91 considering the syngas composition and gasification temperature. From the perspective of system efficiency, the <em>X_gn</em> is obtained as 60 % with the <em>X_as</em> of 20 %. The overall IGCC system model is optimized using the optimized O/C, <em>X_gn</em>, and <em>X_as</em> to obtain higher system power and efficiency, the system power generation efficiency can improve up to 51.52 %. A thermal balance diagram of the IGCC system is drawn using the calculation results and provides a reference for the future design and operation of IGCC systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001085/pdfft?md5=3543af8518f29cab931480729bea13bf&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001085-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136128357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A joint numerical study of multi-regime turbulent combustion","authors":"Benoît Fiorina ,&nbsp;Tan Phong Luu ,&nbsp;Samuel Dillon ,&nbsp;Renaud Mercier ,&nbsp;Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Angelilli ,&nbsp;Pietro Paolo Ciottoli ,&nbsp;Francisco E. Hernández–Pérez ,&nbsp;Mauro Valorani ,&nbsp;Hong G. Im ,&nbsp;James C. Massey ,&nbsp;Zhiyi Li ,&nbsp;Zhi X. Chen ,&nbsp;Nedunchezhian Swaminathan ,&nbsp;Sebastian Popp ,&nbsp;Sandra Hartl ,&nbsp;Hendrik Nicolai ,&nbsp;Christian Hasse ,&nbsp;Andreas Dreizler ,&nbsp;David Butz ,&nbsp;Robert S. Barlow","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents a joint numerical study on the Multi Regime Burner configuration. The burner design consists of three concentric inlet streams, which can be operated independently with different equivalence ratios, allowing the operation of stratified flames characterized by different combustion regimes, including premixed, non-premixed, and multi-regime flame zones. Simulations were performed on three LES solvers based on different numerical methods. Combustion kinetics were simplified by using tabulated or reduced chemistry methods. Finally, different turbulent combustion modeling strategies were employed, covering geometrical, statistical, and reactor based approaches. Due to this significant scattering of simulation parameters, a conclusion on specific combustion model performance is impossible. However, with ten numerical groups involved in the numerical simulations, a rough statistical analysis is conducted: the average and the standard deviation of the numerical simulation are computed and compared against experiments. This joint numerical study is therefore a partial illustration of the community’s ability to model turbulent combustion. This exercise gives the average performance of current simulations and identifies physical phenomena not well captured today by most modeling strategies. Detailed comparisons between experimental and numerical data along radial profiles taken at different axial positions showed that the temperature field is fairly well captured up to 60 mm from the burner exit. The comparison reveals, however, significant discrepancies regarding CO mass fraction prediction. Three causes may explain this phenomenon. The first reason is the higher sensitivity of carbon monoxide to the simplification of detailed chemistry, especially when multiple combustion regimes are encountered. The second is the bias introduced by artificial thickening, which overestimates the species’ mass production rate. This behavior has been illustrated by manufacturing mean thickened turbulent flame brush from a random displacement of 1-D laminar flame solutions. The last one is the influence of the subgrid-scale flame wrinkling on the filtered chemical flame structure, which may be challenging to model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001103/pdfft?md5=f7868fdb7a292389b78ee7a733e45436&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001103-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135614835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput screening of suitable nitrogen carriers for chemical looping ammonia synthesis","authors":"Reinaldo Juan Lee Pereira,&nbsp;Ian S. Metcalfe,&nbsp;Wenting Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chemical looping ammonia synthesis is a promising pathway to synthesise ammonia with lower energy and economic costs than the current Haber-Bosch process, for example, by lowering the operating temperature and/or pressure, whilst maintaining comparable NH₃ yield. A solid nitrogen carrier is used to mediate the reaction and form ammonia in consecutive steps. In contrast to the Haber-Bosch process, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction are dependent on the properties of the nitrogen carrier. This introduces additional opportunities for novel designs, though finding suitable materials becomes the challenge. Herein, nitrides from the Materials Project database are screened based on their equilibrium nitrogen pressures and nitrogen exchange capacities. The equilibrium nitrogen pressure was used as a proxy to determine the equilibrium ammonia mole fraction of the reaction, a key performance indicator for chemical looping ammonia synthesis. Using high-throughput gas-solid equilibrium calculations, 2515 nitrides were screened, and 111 nitrides were found to achieve sufficiently high ammonia mole fraction at equilibrium to compete with the Haber-Bosch process. Due to large inaccuracies associated with theoretical material properties, the viability of screened candidates cannot be adequately ascertained. The quality and quantity of theoretical and experimental data for nitrogen carriers, respectively, must be improved further to identify suitable materials for chemical looping ammonia synthesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001152/pdfft?md5=1e3e40c03136a518e6fca9239125dba9&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001152-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138466413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time FPGA-based laser absorption spectroscopy using on-chip machine learning for 10 kHz intra-cycle emissions sensing towards adaptive reciprocating engines","authors":"Kevin K. Schwarm,&nbsp;R. Mitchell Spearrin","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fast emissions sensing is needed to enable rapid optimization on-the-fly for increasingly adaptive engine architectures to improve performance over a wide range of loads and to offer fuel flexibility towards a low-carbon energy future. In this work, a real-time laser absorption spectroscopy technique is developed for 10 kHz on-line measurements of engine exhaust gas temperature and carbon monoxide. Latency due to data reduction is significantly shortened through a machine learning approach to spectral analysis and minimization of post-processing complexity for implementation on a high-bandwidth field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The data reduction method is tested on cycle-resolved laser-absorption thermochemistry measurements in reciprocating piston engine exhaust. The sensor employs a quantum cascade laser to spectrally-resolve two fundamental rovibrational absorption lines of carbon monoxide near 4.9 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m at a rate of 10 kHz. The recorded signals are passed to an FPGA to infer CO concentration and gas temperature through either a pre-trained ridge regression or artificial neural network model. Models are constructed to limit complexity with the aim of minimizing resource utilization and latency on the FPGA. Experimental data are used to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the models, with the neural network achieving RMS errors in CO mole fraction and gas temperature of 0.0390% and 15.0 K, respectively, compared to spectral fitting of the absorption lineshapes. The data reduction latencies are measured through hardware-in-the-loop demonstration, achieving a 10 kHz throughput and 25 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>s latency. Computational time of the end-to-end data reduction process on the FPGA is measured at 300 ns and 600 ns for the ridge regression and neural network, respectively. The data reduction methods presented in this work expand the utility of laser absorption spectroscopy for low-latency sensors that match the timescales of combustion and increase the potential for real-time sensing and control to minimize engine exhaust emissions and maximize performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001206/pdfft?md5=a8dd4ca6dee8d4df51ff253dc8400c14&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001206-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138490064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing calibration-free pyrometry in reactive systems and demonstrating its advanced capabilities","authors":"Nicholas R. Jaramillo ,&nbsp;Cole A. Ritchie ,&nbsp;Michelle L. Pantoya ,&nbsp;Igor Altman","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A calibration-free multi-color pyrometry data analysis approach for determining the temporal change in the reciprocal temperature by only comparing the photomultiplier tube (PMT) responses to the system light emission is introduced. For Arrhenius reactions, analyzing the reciprocal temperature is particularly relevant for evaluating reactivity. The high accuracy of the proposed method is provided by eliminating the calibration step, which is made possible by considering the ratio of PMT signals as a function of time. The developed methodology is applicable to systems with continuous light emission spectra of the thermal nature that originate from condensed particulates. A demonstration of the data analysis approach was performed using aluminum powder burning in air. Four PMTs detected light emission during combustion that enabled analysis of six detector combinations to obtain a time-dependent signal ratio. Based on the temperature-dependent nature of light emission, the PMT response ratio provided the value of the reciprocal temperature change. All six detector combinations generated precisely coinciding results within time periods where the light emission trace behavior was relatively smooth that validated the data processing approach. It was also found that a non-smooth behavior of light emission led to significant deviations between outputs of different PMT combinations. This inconsistency between outputs was an indication of multi-temperature light emission whereas consistency between outputs corresponds to the single-temperature emission behavior. Using the calibration-free data processing approach, we isolated time periods where multi-temperature radiation is essential. Then, we further decoupled contributions from non-monotonic light emission signals and resolved two distinct temperatures responsible for observed radiation peculiarities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X2300119X/pdfft?md5=8f52064160fe20dcb473dfd99bbf82b1&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X2300119X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the first Raman scattering thermometry during the first stage ignition in a rapid compression machine and determination of detection limits for NO-LIF","authors":"Raphael Dewor ,&nbsp;Christian Schulz ,&nbsp;Rene Daniel Büttgen ,&nbsp;Thorsten Brands ,&nbsp;Karl-Alexander Heufer ,&nbsp;Hans-Jürgen Koß","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The interaction of recirculated NO_X with two-stage fuels in the early combustion process is not fully understood, especially at lower temperatures. Recently developed kinetic combustion models try to reproduce these interactions. To validate and improve these new models, accurate quantitative measurements of temperature in the combustion process are necessary. Previous works used Rayleigh or LIF techniques and have not reached an accuracy appropriate for the kinetic models. The present work demonstrates the feasibility of 1D spatially-resolved temperature measurements in a rapid compression machine with Raman scattering for the first time. The temperature data is measured with high precision during the first stage ignition of n-pentane as a two-stage fuel. Additionally, the temperature data is needed to determine possible NO detection limits. Therefore, the influence on combustion temperatures from NO_X-doping are compared with undoped gas mixtures is determined by spontaneous Raman scattering of N₂ excited by a KrF* excimer laser. The results show that spatially resolved N₂-Raman thermometry is feasible with a precision of approximately 3 % by investigating 30 averaged shots. The measured temperature profile in the first stage reveals a remarkable temperature difference between the edges and the inner area of the combustion volume due to differences in the reactivity, which is affected by chemistry and heat loss. Additionally, the NO detection limit is determined to be 30 ppm when averaging 10 single shots during an NO-doped N₂ mixture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001176/pdfft?md5=a31b534f5477e47248f0ac82fb11d20d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001176-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138435725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}