Applications in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Linking the ionomer film morphology and nanoscale oxygen transport properties in fuel cells","authors":"Linhao Fan ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Qing Du ,&nbsp;Meng Ni ,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transport processes are crucial for the performance of electrochemical energy conversion devices and attract wide attentions. This work focuses on the critical oxygen transport process in the ionomer electrolyte film on a Pt electrode, which highly limits the performance of low Pt-loading fuel cells. Reduction of oxygen transport resistance may be achieved by optimizing the ionomer film morphology. Therefore, the relationship between ionomer film morphology and oxygen transport characteristics is explored by altering ionomer side chain lengths in this work. The results show that the swollen structure with larger water agglomerates in the ionomer film with shorter ionomer side chains is detrimental to the formation of oxygen transport paths. However, the multilamellar structure with an alternating alignment of water agglomerates and PFSA ionomer agglomerates in the ionomer film with longer ionomer side chains has a larger water-PFSA interface, which provides more oxygen transport paths and thus reduces the oxygen transport resistance. This work inspires the novel design concept of the ionomer electrolyte film with low local oxygen transport resistance, i.e., enlarging the water-PFSA interface parallel to the oxygen transport direction via altering the ionomer material properties, which is valuable for the development of low Pt-loading fuel cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001322/pdfft?md5=33af514ce5341c8fe5f401670fcb9acb&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001322-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139192218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion mechanism study of ammonia/n-dodecane/n-heptane/EHN blended fuel","authors":"Tengda Song,&nbsp;Can Wang,&nbsp;Mingsheng Wen,&nbsp;Haifeng Liu,&nbsp;Mingfa Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to the challenges of ammonia, such as high ignition energy and slow flame propagation speed, the utilization of ammonia in engines might necessitate the implementation of dual-fuel combustion modes along with the use of cetane improvers. To optimize the performance of ammonia-fueled engines, and achieve efficient and clean combustion, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are imperative. However, prior to conducting a three-dimensional CFD study, an accurate reaction mechanism for each component is essential. In this study, the blending mechanisms of ammonia, n-dodecane, and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) were constructed using CHEMKIN software, including 243 species and 1293 reactions. The calculated results of ignition delay, laminar flame velocity, and the concentration of significant species agreed well with experiment results. The ignition delay, laminar flame velocity, adiabatic flame temperature, and the concentration of major products were analyzed in different blending ratios. The use of high cetane fuel shortens ignition delay and increases laminar flame speed. As the equivalence ratio of ammonia increases, the concentration of NO decreases while the concentration of H₂ increases. The combustion process is also analyzed based on optical diagnostic results, and the impact of the ammonia/n-dodecane mixtures blended with EHN on the combustion process is investigated. The addition of EHN proved to shorten the ignition delay of the mixture. Furthermore, the introduction of EHN exhibits marginal influence on NOx generation, with the predominant augmentation of NOx emissions stemming from fuel-derived NOx resulting from the fuel's inherent nitrogen content. Due to the small amount of EHN added, the overall impact is relatively small.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001309/pdfft?md5=5e4c094db5c403ecbb96b6cabc22b48a&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001309-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139108497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cobalt–organic framework as a Bi–functional electrocatalyst for renewable hydrogen production by electrochemical water splitting","authors":"Eshagh Irandoost ,&nbsp;Neda Sadat Barekati ,&nbsp;Hossein Farsi ,&nbsp;Alireza Farrokhi ,&nbsp;Garren Horvath ,&nbsp;Zhihai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainable hydrogen production by electrocatalytic water splitting is an attractive approach to establish a carbon–free future. On the other hand, the operationalization of this technology on a large scale requires the design and synthesis of efficient electrocatalysts to promote hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have provided new opportunities in the field of electrocatalytic water splitting due to their unique properties. Herein, we report an affordable, simple, and environmentally friendly strategy for the synthesis of Co₃(BTC)₂ MOF electrocatalyst in distilled water at room temperature. Surprisingly, Co₃(BTC)₂ demonstrated superior electrocatalytic activity toward HER and OER in alkaline media. The Co₃(BTC)₂ requires overpotentials of 450 and 370mV for HER and OER to achieve a current density of 10mA cm⁻², respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001292/pdfft?md5=a887a03b173639043e0dad73d04cb5ec&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001292-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of barium iron oxides for CO2 capture and chemical looping oxygen uncoupling","authors":"Syed Saqline ,&nbsp;Haiming Wang ,&nbsp;Qianwenhao Fan ,&nbsp;Felix Donat ,&nbsp;Christoph Müller ,&nbsp;Wen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The performance of two underexploited ternary oxides – Ba₃Fe₂O₆ and Ba₅Fe₂O₈ are investigated for carbon dioxide capture and chemical looping oxygen uncoupling. The ternary compound Ba₃Fe₂O₆ was found to have a structure characterised by space group <em>Pa</em><span><math><mover><mn>3</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>. Experimental results have shown that both Ba₃Fe₂O₆ and Ba₅Fe₂O₈ are capable of cyclically capturing CO₂ at temperatures above 800 °C. Ba₅Fe₂O₈ demonstrated superior CO₂ capture performance compared to Ba₃Fe₂O₆, with consistent gravimetric CO₂ uptake capacities of 4.35 wt% and 13.39 wt% at 900 °C and 1000 °C, respectively, over 20 cycles. In comparison, Ba₃Fe₂O₆ demonstrated high initial CO₂ uptake capacities which deteriorated cyclically, with 20 cycle average capacities of 7.73 wt% and 11.99 wt% at 900 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. Ba₃Fe₂O₆ also exhibits excellent recyclability and satisfactory chemical looping oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) activity over temperature swing cycles between 550 °C and 950 °C. In contrast, the strong affinity with CO₂ makes Ba₅Fe₂O₈ unsuitable for application in chemical looping oxygen uncoupling or chemical looping air separation, especially in the presence of substantial partial pressures of CO₂.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001279/pdfft?md5=0bc3d8f866208447e2f4a8e0531e589f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001279-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139188961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental and kinetic modeling study of the auto-ignition delay times of trimethyl phosphate-in-air mixtures","authors":"Frederick Nii Ofei Bruce ,&nbsp;Ruining He ,&nbsp;Ren Xuan ,&nbsp;Bai Xin ,&nbsp;Yue Ma ,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are known to be combustion inhibitors (CI), fire suppressants, or flame retardant molecules (FRMs) for polymers and as surrogates (simulants) for the disposal or thermal degradation of chemical war agents (CWAs). Despite a significant number of studies on the mechanism of their action, OPCs’ combustion chemistry is still insufficiently understood. There is a need for further understanding of their auto-ignition and oxidation characteristics at relevant conditions (high pressures and low temperatures). This study reports on new data on the autoignition delays of Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP)-in-air mixtures obtained from experiments performed on a high-pressure shock tube (HPST) at pressures of 5 and 10 bar in the initial temperature range from 1200 to 2200 K. An updated TMP kinetic model deduced from the Glaude et al. model for the thermal degradation of OPCs is also proposed for the estimation of the autoignition delays of the studied mixtures by incorporating new reaction pathways and corresponding rate constants estimation of some reactions involving TMP and some intermediate products of its degradation. The results indicate that the proposed model is in satisfactory agreement with all the investigated mixtures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001267/pdfft?md5=916e452612be18d71dd445415eeb2392&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001267-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139100009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven propagation prediction of subsonic and supersonic turbulent jets by combining self-similarity analysis model and artificial neural network","authors":"Gang Li ,&nbsp;Rui Yang ,&nbsp;Haisheng Zhen ,&nbsp;Hu Wang ,&nbsp;Haifeng Liu ,&nbsp;Qinglong Tang ,&nbsp;Mingfa Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Previous self-similarity analysis models for turbulent jet flames (TJF) have inherent limitations in the flame tip location and velocity prediction based on experimental data. A novel model (BP-TJF) to predict the propagation process of subsonic and supersonic TJF is proposed by combining developed self-similarity analysis modeling and back propagation neural network (BPNN). The BP-TJF model is trained from three datasets of initial temperature, initial pressure, and oxygen content. The results show that the pressure difference prediction error was only 0.46 % for subsonic jets and 5 % for supersonic jets. The overall correlation coefficients (R) and mean squared errors (MSE) range from 0.95–0.97 and 0.01–0.1, respectively. The model optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) significantly improved the prediction stability. However, there is scope for improvement in the overpressure peak prediction. Due to the small-scale datasets and parameter errors of self-similar model for jet propagation, the model cannot provide real-time feedback on the interaction between the shock wave and the flame front. Jet tip locations and velocities obtained from the BP-TJF model and experiments are generally consistent in magnitude and overall trends. Without considering the flame structure, the prediction framework developed in this paper can calculate the jet tip propagation characteristics with little difference from experiments and CFD, which is a great advantage, especially in the calculation of subsonic jets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001255/pdfft?md5=3889fed02fe2565e49b94b2fe9c2972e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001255-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the use of flamelet model approach in analyzing the mixing-controlled spray flame dynamics","authors":"Sayop Kim ,&nbsp;Je Ir Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research examines the application of unsteady flamelet modeling to consider the impact of turbulent-chemistry interaction (TCI) on a mixing-controlled spray flame. The model incorporates the Representative Interactive Flamelets (RIF) approach to represent the sub-grid scaled heterogeneous mixture along with chemical reactions. This is combined with an Eulerian Particle Flamelet Model (EPFM), which uses multiple flamelets to account for the history of unsteady flames. The results are compared with those of a first-order moment method known as the Well-Stirred Reactor (WSR) model. The numerical simulations were carried out using a Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver incorporated in two different CFD platforms, a commercially available CFD code, CONVERGE, and C++ based open-source CFD code, OpenFOAM. The test conditions were employed based on the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray-A setup. The simulation results obtained interchangeably using both CFD software are investigated to address essential aspects of the RIF model. In order to ensure accurate predictions in the mixing field, adjustments were made to the original OpenFOAM code to enhance the treatment of time-stepping for spray source terms. This refinement allows for an adequate resolution of spray-induced mixing. While there are slight variations in the implementation of the RIF model between OpenFOAM and CONVERGE, both CFD codes effectively reproduce the physics of mixing-controlled combustion. This includes accurately representing important phenomena like mixing-controlled turbulent spray flame and combustion recession.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001231/pdfft?md5=a676b3ebd8cb425dd93e8acdbdef25eb&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001231-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138839803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maghemite nanoparticles synthesis via spray flame synthesis and particle characterization by hole in a tube sampling and scanning mobility particle sizing (HIAT-SMPS)","authors":"Ricardo Tischendorf ,&nbsp;Orlando Massopo ,&nbsp;Oleg Prymak ,&nbsp;Sophie Dupont ,&nbsp;Fabian Fröde ,&nbsp;Heinz Pitsch ,&nbsp;Reinhold Kneer ,&nbsp;Hans-Joachim Schmid","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to standardize spray flame synthesis (SFS) studies, intensive work has been done in recent years on the design of burner types. Thus, in 2019, the so-called SpraySyn1 burner was introduced (SS1), which was subsequently characterized in numerical and experimental studies. Based on this research, a modification of the nozzle design was proposed, which has now been considered in the successor model, SpraySyn2 (SS2). As little is known about the effect of the nozzle adaptation on the particle formation, we operated both burners under identical operating conditions to produce maghemite. The final powder comparison showed that SS2 yielded considerable higher specific surface areas (associated with smaller primary particle sizes), lower polydispersity, and higher phase purity. To obtain further information on the size distributions of aggregates and agglomerates generated by SS2, aerosol samples were extracted by hole in a tube (HIAT) sampling and characterized by scanning mobility particle sizing (SMPS). Samples were extracted along the centerline at different heights above the burner (<em>HAB</em>) above the visible flame tip (&gt;7 cm), and quenching experiments were performed to extract the aerosol samples at different dilution rates. Thereby, it was demonstrated that performing detailed quenching experiments is crucial for obtaining representative HIAT-SMPS data. In particular, agglomerates/aggregate sizes were overestimated by up to ∼70 % if samples were not sufficiently diluted. If sufficient dilution was applied, distribution widths and mean particle mobility diameters were determined with high accuracy (sample standard derivation &lt;5 %). Our data suggested the evolution of primary particle sizes was mostly completed &lt;7 cm <em>HAB</em> and it was shown aggregates/agglomerates present above the visible flame were compact in structure (non-fractal). The mean diameter of the particle ensemble grew along the centerline from 6.9 nm (7 cm) to 11.4 nm (15 cm), while distribution widths grew from 1.42 to 1.52.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001243/pdfft?md5=f64a2602a0a99a226ba29de74b99faa3&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001243-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139013884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of manganese-iron mixed oxides reinforced with titanium and prepared from minerals for their use as oxygen carriers","authors":"Beatriz Zornoza ,&nbsp;Teresa Mendiara ,&nbsp;Alberto Abad","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) allows CO₂ capture at low cost. This technology is based on solid oxygen carriers which supply the oxygen required for combustion of the fuel while they experience successive reduction-oxidation cycles. Oxygen carriers based on minerals or industrial residues present the advantage of their low cost but complete combustion of the fuel is not always achieved. Manganese‑iron mixed oxides doped with titanium can improve combustion efficiency due to its oxygen uncoupling capability. Moreover, they present the advantage of their magnetic properties. The objective of this work was to produce this type of oxygen carriers from minerals/residues instead of from synthetic materials. Four oxygen carriers with a fixed Mn-Fe molar ratio were produced with a 7 wt.% TiO₂ addition. Two manganese-based (MnSA and MnGBMPB) and one iron-based (Tierga) minerals were used as source of Mn and Fe, respectively. As source of Ti, the mineral ilmenite was used. After characterization of the materials, their reactivity was analysed in a TGA. The reactivity to the main combustion gasses was lower than that corresponding to similar oxygen carriers obtained from synthetic sources although they maintained their magnetic properties. Thus, its use as magnetic support of oxygen carriers was recommended. In this respect, first tests were conducted using CuO as active phase supported on one of the low-cost support materials produced in this work.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001218/pdfft?md5=3d0d8f6b161d7b9ce0ed2a301ba784da&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001218-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139022795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of NO reduction by H2 on Pd using planar laser-induced fluorescence","authors":"Sui Wan ,&nbsp;Thomas Häber ,&nbsp;Patrick Lott ,&nbsp;Rainer Suntz ,&nbsp;Olaf Deutschmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the NO reduction by H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> on a Pd/Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> catalyst in a temperature range of 100–300 °C and NO/H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> ratios from 0.5–2, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the reaction kinetics and its interaction with mass transfer. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is used to visualize the NO distributions over the catalyst, supplemented by end-of-pipe gas analysis of other components. The reduced Pd-based catalyst undergoes a slow deactivation after exposure to the reactive flow, leading to reduced overall NO conversion and decreased selectivity towards N<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. The NO-PLIF measurements are only conducted on the reduced catalyst without considering the temporal evolutions. Despite the overall NO conversion varying only around 50%–65% across all the investigated conditions, the spatially resolved NO distributions reveal three distinct regimes that limit the overall NO conversion: the regime governed by intrinsic reaction rates, the regime constrained by H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> availability, and the regime restricted by NO diffusion. These findings, demonstrating the interaction between reaction kinetics and mass transfer over a heterogeneous catalyst, highlight the significance of analyzing spatially resolved concentration distributions obtained through PLIF measurements. This approach complements the conventional end-of-pipe analysis, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23001188/pdfft?md5=f350afcb0ae319ac856fda6548ec8631&pid=1-s2.0-S2666352X23001188-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138466415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}