Applications in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Applicability of Optical Emission Spectroscopy for Industrial Flame Analysis with Hydrogen and Natural Gas Mixtures Based on Laboratory Study","authors":"Arto Rautioaho ,&nbsp;Henri Pauna ,&nbsp;Mikko Jokinen ,&nbsp;Oskari Seppälä ,&nbsp;Elsa Busson ,&nbsp;Lukas Sankowski ,&nbsp;Ville-Valtteri Visuri ,&nbsp;Timo Fabritius","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates optical emission spectroscopy as an analysis method for hydrogen and natural gas burner flames relevant to industrial use. The equipment used was a low-cost industrial spectrometer, which measures light in the wavelength range of 500–1000 nm. Measurements were conducted with an open flame burner and a burner-heated furnace, with different mixture ratios of natural gas and hydrogen. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the relative amount of thermal radiation and soot particles from an open flame can be approximated using optical spectra. When adding hydrogen to a natural gas flame, the solid angle of soot particles rises by the first 5–16% of hydrogen, leading to higher thermal radiation. With higher shares of hydrogen, the solid angle of soot particles decreases radically, leading to lower thermal radiation. The temperatures that were measured from the optical spectra based on radiation from soot particles show that the flame's temperature could be measured up to 46% share of hydrogen. In the burner-heated furnace, the intensive thermal radiation from the inner walls gets mixed with the radiation from the flame, making it easier to determine the temperature of the wall rather than the flame itself. The study also presents the spectroscopic differences between different gas mixtures. In addition, the background phenomena and practical effects of these differences are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the potential of using mixture stratification for reducing the flashback propensity of hydrogen flames","authors":"Faizan Habib Vance,&nbsp;Arne Scholtissek","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen burns without carbon emissions and can be produced from renewable energy sources. However, hydrogen premixed flames are prone to flashback due to (1) higher burning velocities and (2) stronger preferential diffusion effects compared to hydrocarbon flames. An intentional reduction of flashback propensity is a major challenge for researchers in academia as well as engineers in industry. The root cause of the problem revolves around hydrogen flames stabilizing near sharp edges, where they burn stronger due to flow straining and flame curvature. Since the boundary layer flashback is initiated near the flame base, a localized reduction in the flame speed could hold the key to a corresponding improvement of flashback limits while keeping similar power outputs. To this end, we propose a stratification strategy in which the mixture near the burner wall is made leaner while the bulk mixture is made richer such that the mean equivalence ratio remains constant. Using fully resolved simulations, it is shown that a small stratification near the burner wall can significantly improve the flashback limits while keeping similar thermal output. Geometrical parameters are varied to demonstrate the efficacy of this solution. Conceptual designs for burner nozzles are also presented which could yield the desired stratification profiles at the burner exit, <em>e.g.</em> given sufficient flexibility in burner design utilizing additive manufacturing techniques. Overall, this study provides a practical solution for improving the flashback limits of hydrogen premixed flames.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143594271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspective industry papers on combustion","authors":"Bassam Dally ,&nbsp;José L. Torero","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100315","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100315"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special issue on “Production, Storage and Utilization of Hydrogen”","authors":"Youjun Lu ,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100314","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100314"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of compact mechanism for lithium-ion battery venting gas fires using Cantera ordinary differential equation neural network algorithm","authors":"Mengjie Li,&nbsp;Hao Hu,&nbsp;Li Lu,&nbsp;Huangwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion battery fires pose significant challenges to the development of electric vehicles and energy storage systems due to their potential hazards and complex combustion behavior. To address these issues, this work develops the Cantera Ordinary Differential Equation Neural Network (CODENN) algorithm, which combines the computational power of neural ordinary differential equations with Cantera's advanced chemical kinetics modeling. This integration allows for the optimization of a wide range of chemical reactions, improving both the precision and versatility of reaction mechanism development. Using CODENN, a compact mechanism (COM) was developed by optimizing the Arrhenius parameters of the RED mechanism, which had been overly reduced from the detailed CRECK2003 mechanism (114 species, 1999 reactions). CRECK2003 was chosen for its proven accuracy in predicting the combustion properties of LIB venting gases. The resulting COM mechanism, with 30 species and 213 reactions, achieves a high fidelity of 94.8 % in predicting ignition delay times across equivalence ratios from 0.3 to 2.5, demonstrating the reliability and robustness of CODENN algorithm. Further analysis of speciation data and CO net production rates shows that the COM mechanism closely aligns with the species evolution of the ORI mechanism during autoignition, while exhibiting notably more intense CO production and consumption than the ORI mechanism. Path flux analysis indicates that, despite having shorter reaction chains than the ORI mechanism, the COM mechanism preserves the fundamental physical logic of fuel consumption (CH₄) leading to H₂O formation while introducing additional pathways for the generation and consumption of H and OH radicals. Sensitivity analysis across diverse equivalence ratios and temperatures consistently identifies reaction R5 (H + O₂ ≤&gt; O + OH) as the most temperature-sensitive reaction, underscoring its critical role in reaction kinetics of LIB venting gases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards detailed combustion characteristics and linear stability analysis of premixed ammonia‒hydrogen‒air mixtures","authors":"Jun Cheng,&nbsp;Bo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, premixed ammonia‒hydrogen‒air mixtures at different pressures (50∼300 kPa), equivalence ratios (0.7∼1.5), and hydrogen concentrations (9∼50.00 %) were centrally ignited in a closed vessel, and the propagation of a spherical flame was recorded via a high-speed schlieren system. To accurately measure the laminar burning velocity, an AI model (RTMDet model) was trained on the schlieren images obtained in the experiments to mark the flame profile and calculate the flame area. The corresponding laminar combustion parameters were measured. Additionally, linear stability theory was applied to evaluate the critical conditions for the onset of flame instability. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic instability exhibits greater sensitivity to the initial pressure and equivalent ratio, whereas the molecular diffusion is remarkably sensitive to the hydrogen concentration in lean conditions. For the lean mixture, flame destabilization is enhanced by the thermal‒diffusion instability and curvature effect, whereas for the rich mixture, both the hydrodynamic instability and thermal‒diffusion instability is diminished, and flame stabilization is determined by the stretching effect. The critical Peclet number monotonically decreases as the equivalence ratio decreases and the hydrogen concentration increases. Hydrodynamic instability consistently promotes flame destabilization, whereas thermal-diffusion instability does not invariably contribute positively; for the lean mixtures, both the strain rate and curvature make the flame unstable, whereas they make the flame stable for the rich mixtures. The hydrogen concentration has a relatively limited effect on the strain rate and curvature. Additionally, the critical Karlovitz number indicates that flames in rich conditions are less susceptible to disturbances and instability. This study enhances the understanding of intrinsic instability mechanisms during flame propagation in ammonia‒hydrogen blended fuels, improves insights into their combustion characteristics, and provides a reference for optimizing combustion performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the SpraySyn 2.0 burner: Droplet diameters, flame stability and particle sizes","authors":"Peter Lang ,&nbsp;Nils E. Schneider ,&nbsp;Franz J.T. Huber ,&nbsp;Stefan Will","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spray flame synthesis (SFS) is a promising technique for the production of metal-oxide nanoparticles. However, the processes involved during the synthesis are not yet fully understood. To provide a common workbench for a wide range of investigations, the standardized <em>SpraySyn</em> burners have been introduced. This work presents an in-depth investigation of the improved <em>SpraySyn 2.0</em> burner, characterizing important droplet, combustion and particle features. The sizes of the droplets produced from an ignited ethanol spray are measured in a range between 20 mm and 45 mm height above the burner (HAB) employing wide-angle light scattering (WALS), revealing much smaller droplets compared to previous <em>SpraySyn 1.0</em>, which eventually leads to faster evaporation. Flame fluctuations are investigated using high-speed imaging of the flame chemiluminescence, indicating a change in fluctuation behaviour compared to the previous burner. WALS is also employed for single-shot in situ size measurements of produced iron-oxide and titanium-dioxide nanoparticles at various HABs ranging from 30 mm to 210 mm, allowing to observe the particle growth. To further assess the properties of the produced particles, extensive TEM measurements for both particle systems are conducted and evaluated. Finally, the influence of flame pulsations on particle size is investigated by coupling chemiluminescence imaging with WALS, yielding no correlation between both.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"bio-FLASHCHAIN® theory for rapid devolatilization of biomass. 10. Validations for agricultural residues","authors":"Stephen Niksa","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study further validates a reaction mechanism called <em>bio</em>-FLASHCHAIN® to simulate the rapid primary devolatilization of any agricultural residue (AgRes) at any operating conditions. The evaluations cover 42 residues with alkali and alkaline earth metal (AAEM) levels to 2.8 dry wt. % at temperatures from 200 to 1050 °C; heating rates from 1 to 5000 °C/s; contact times to 1800 s; and pressures from vacuum to atmospheric. Collectively, the test data cover the yields and elemental compositions of oils and char and the yields of CO, CO₂, H₂O, and H₂. <em>Bio</em>-FC™ accurately simulates complete product distributions over this domain and correctly depicts how variations in heating rate, temperature, contact time, pressure, and AAEM loading shift these distributions. Proximate and ultimate analyses, the percentages of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and AAEM loadings are required input.</div><div>This study demonstrates, for the first time, accurate extrapolations across nearly the entire range of heating rates in the target commercial applications, based on two independent kinetic aspects. First, the placement of a devolatilization history in temperature is determined by the absolute rates of depolymerization and charring for each major component in the biomass; and, second, differences in ultimate yields for multiple heating rates scale on the ratios of the rates of depolymerization and charring. The interpretations for two disparate heating rates each for four AgRes gave activation energies for both depolymerization and monomer decomposition that varied by 50 – 60 kJ/mol in each of the major components, in stark contrast with the uniform energies used to previously interpret wood devolatilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of surface cooling on the deposition behavior of combusting Iron particles","authors":"Steven Floor ,&nbsp;Jesse Hameete ,&nbsp;XiaoCheng Mi","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work explores the impact of actively cooling the wall surface on the deposition behavior of combusting iron particles. Experiments were conducted with a Jet-in-Hot-Coflow (JHC) burner to analyze how a reduced wall temperature and wall material properties influence particle deposition behaviors. Multiple wall materials were utilized for the experiments. The deposition was quantified by measuring the deposited volume of samples using optical profilometry. The experimental results showed a clear reduction in deposition when active wall cooling was applied across all metallic wall materials under varying experiment durations. The material properties of the metal walls do impact deposition when cooling is applied, although the differences are small. Particle agglomeration is observed on cooled metal plates, suggesting a tendency for particles to adhere to other particles rather than the wall surface. Clear signs of wall melting were found on deposition plates that were not cooled. This observation suggests that cooling the wall material reduces wall melting, thereby decreasing deposition. Further testing with concrete plates uncovered that wall surface roughness can also influence deposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100322"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observing simultaneous low temperature heat release and deflagration in a spark ignition engine using formaldehyde planar laser induced fluorescence","authors":"Samuel P. White,&nbsp;Christopher Willman,&nbsp;Felix C.P. Leach","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low temperature heat release (LTHR) and its underlying chemistry is of particular interest for its potential to mitigate knock in spark ignition (SI) engines and enable advanced combustion strategies that rely on end gas autoignition. It has been proposed that, in SI engines, LTHR can occur volumetrically in the end gas, after ignition, whilst deflagration occurs elsewhere in the cylinder, however, current pressure-based heat release metering techniques are unable to distinguish such LTHR from high temperature heat release (HTHR) due to the overlapping pressure rise characteristics. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of formaldehyde, a known product of LTHR which is consumed during HTHR, offers an opportunity to detect end gas LTHR simultaneously with deflagration but is challenging to implement, as end gas is often located closer to cylinder walls and away from typical optically accessible locations. An optically accessible SI engine was used to show formaldehyde PLIF signal intensity under motored conditions is well correlated to cumulative LTHR intensity, using a recent method to isolate LTHR in SI engine conditions. An alternative ignition method using four side-mounted spark plugs was implemented to generate end gas close to the cylinder axis. This enabled measurement of LTHR within the end gas during the deflagration process of a SI engine, demonstrating the utility of formaldehyde PLIF to optically measure LTHR under conditions where pressure-based diagnostics cannot isolate the contribution of LTHR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}