Applications in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"Direct numerical simulation of ammonia spray combustion ignited by n-heptane flame under high-pressure conditions","authors":"Qian Meng,&nbsp;Haiou Wang,&nbsp;Ziwei Huang,&nbsp;Kun Luo,&nbsp;Jianren Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia is considered as a promising clean and sustainable alternative fuel in internal combustion engines, and ammonia/diesel direct dual fuel stratification (DDFS) engines have attracted extensive research interests. However, the ignition process, subsequent flame development, and interactions of diesel/ammonia flames under DDFS conditions are not well understood. In the present study, ammonia spray ignited by n-heptane flame was investigated using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS). The thermochemical conditions in the DNS correspond to those in ammonia/diesel DDFS engines. The Eulerian and Lagrangian framework was employed for solving the gas and liquid phases, respectively. Two cases with different ammonia energy ratios (AER) were considered. Two-stage combustion of n-heptane was observed, and it was found that the first-stage ignition occurs in the fuel-lean mixture with minimal heat release, gradually transitioning into the fuel-rich mixture. In contrast, the second-stage ignition is initiated at the tip of the jet in the fuel-rich region, and non-premixed flames near the stoichiometric mixture fraction are identified afterward. The combustion mode analysis based on key radical species illustrates the complex multi-stage and multi-mode nature of the n-heptane flame. Ammonia and n-heptane spray flame interactions were investigated. In the case with low AER, the n-heptane flame is broken by the ammonia spray, and the combustion region is wide. In the case with high AER, the significant entrainment of cold ammonia/ambient gas mixtures into the n-heptane flame decreases the local fluid temperature. The combustion regime of ammonia/n-heptane DDFS combustion was also examined. It was shown that the contribution of premixed combustion decreases with increasing AER, and premixed combustion prevails in the ammonia spray flame in both cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100343"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of novel high-performance fuels with artificial intelligence: Case study for spark-ignition engine applications","authors":"Zhuo Chen ,&nbsp;Florian vom Lehn ,&nbsp;Heinz Pitsch ,&nbsp;Liming Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ever-increasing importance of both energy security and sustainability motivates the design of carbon-neutral petroleum replacements from renewable resources. Fuel candidates are conventionally selected from existing databases with limited scope. This work presents a novel artificial intelligence-based fuel design approach, which identifies molecules tailor-made for a particular application by screening millions of candidates. The approach is demonstrated by the design of fuel blending components for spark-ignition engines. A virtual pool consisting of 26.2 million fuel molecules is first developed by considering all possible combinations of predefined structural groups. The practical application potential of these molecules is evaluated based on the joint consideration of various properties estimated by artificial neural network-based quantitative structure–property relationship models. A two-stage design process is performed. In particular, a number of species with novel and complex structures are identified. These are expected to allow for high efficiency and low emissions simultaneously, but have not attracted previous investigation in the literature yet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100341"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-fluid transport property computations based on the Boltzmann-weighted full-dimensional potential model","authors":"Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Junfeng Bai ,&nbsp;Bowen Liu ,&nbsp;Tong Zhu ,&nbsp;Hao Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intermolecular potential plays a crucial role in real-fluid interactions away from the ideal-gas equilibrium, such as supercritical fluid, high-enthalpy fluid, plasma interactions. We propose a Boltzmann-weighted Full-dimensional (BWF) potential model for real-fluid computations. It includes diverse intermolecular interactions so as to determine the potential well, molecular diameter, dipole moment, polarizability of species without introducing bath gases, allowing more accurate descriptions of potential surfaces with more potential parameters. The anisotropy and temperature dependence of potential parameters are also considered by applying the Boltzmann weighting on all orientations. Through the high-level Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory calculations, full-dimensional potential energy surface datasets are obtained in 432 orientations for each species. Subsequently, the Boltzmann-weighted Full-dimensional potential parameters are derived by training the dataset exceeding <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>∗</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> data, including nonpolar and polar molecules, radicals, long-chain molecules, and ions. These BWF transport properties calculated by the BWF potential have been compared against the Lennard-Jones transport properties as well as experimental viscosity, mass diffusivity, and thermal conductivity coefficients. It shows discrepancies of viscosity coefficients within 1% and 5% for nonpolar and polar molecules, respectively. Furthermore, this potential model is applied to study radicals, long-chain molecules, and ions, for which the experimental data is rarely accessed in high accuracy. It indicates significant prediction improvements of complex interactions between various particles. The new transport properties are also embedded into combustion simulations to predict the laminar flame speeds and the flame extinction limits of methane, dimethyl ether, and n-heptane at elevated pressures, confirming its predictivity and effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A computer vision approach for analysis of detonation cellular structures","authors":"Daniel Jalontzki ,&nbsp;Alon Zussman ,&nbsp;Sumedh Pendurkar ,&nbsp;Guni Sharon ,&nbsp;Yoram Kozak","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the current study, we present a novel computer-vision-based method for automated detection, measurement, and statistical analysis of detonation cellular structure images. The new approach consists of four primary steps: (1) image preprocessing, (2) cell contour detection, (3) parameter optimization, and (4) statistical analysis. First, the cell size measurements from the proposed approach are extensively validated against other measurement methods for numerical soot foils. We demonstrate that the computer vision approach can measure the average cell dimensions with a maximum relative error of 30% for images with a very wide range of cell regularity levels and resolutions. For high-resolution regular and irregular patterned numerical soot foil images, the maximum relative errors decrease to 8% and 17%, respectively. Moreover, cell distribution histogram analysis is carried out for cases with irregular cellular structures. We show that the suggested method can capture the correct cell size distributions with reasonable accuracy in comparison with other measurement methods. Finally, we demonstrate the new computer vision approach capability to automatically analyze high-quality experimentally-derived detonation cellular structure images.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a high-speed temperature sensor based on ratiometric NIR water emission for hydrogen and methane flames","authors":"Nikolas Schmidt ,&nbsp;Phillipp A.B. Braeuer ,&nbsp;McWeil M. Pereira ,&nbsp;Samuel J. Grauer ,&nbsp;Florian J. Bauer ,&nbsp;Stefan Will","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports on a fast, inexpensive, non-intrusive, <em>in situ</em> temperature sensor that can be applied to a wide variety of combustion processes. The sensor is based on the detection of thermal radiation from water in the near-infrared, measured by two photodiodes at distinct wavelength bands centered at 1300<!--> <!-->nm to 1500<!--> <!-->nm and 1500<!--> <!-->nm to 1700<!--> <!-->nm. Validation tests are performed on well-characterized premixed hydrogen and methane flames, and the results are compared to reference values. Excellent agreement is obtained for lean and stoichiometric flames: matching the known results within a few tens of Kelvin at a rate of 9<!--> <!-->kHz. The sensor’s high-speed capability is demonstrated using a turbulent hydrogen-jet flame, resolving temperature fluctuations at a rate of 90<!--> <!-->kHz. Larger deviations from the reference values are present at fuel-rich conditions, most likely resulting from a second reaction zone forming at the edges of these flames. The measurement precision is quantified, taking into account errors due to noise and equipment-related uncertainties. This sensor has a wide range of applicability and can enable real-time quasi-point thermometry in complex flames with minimal optical access.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100336"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the hydrogen pre-ignition phenomenon induced by engine lubricating oils with different calcium contents in a rapid compression expansion machine","authors":"Maryam Yeganeh ,&nbsp;Kristian Rönn ,&nbsp;Shervin Karimkashi ,&nbsp;Qiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Ponnya Hlaing ,&nbsp;Jari Hyvönen ,&nbsp;Ville Vuorinen ,&nbsp;Ossi Kaario ,&nbsp;Martti Larmi","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is a follow-up to our previous work (Yeganeh et al., Proc. Combust. Inst., 2024) on the hydrogen (H₂) pre-ignition phenomenon induced by engine lubricating oils. While the earlier study compared the H₂ pre-ignition induced by two different engine lubricating oils from different API (American Petroleum Institute) Groups, the current work focuses on two API Group II lubricants with differing calcium (<em>Ca</em>) contents in their additive packages. Since <em>Ca</em> content plays a major role in low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, it is essential to investigate its influence on H₂ pre-ignition as well. Pre-ignition phenomenon is investigated across various equivalence ratios (ϕ = 0.5, 0.4, 0.33) and compression ratios (ɛ = 11–14). The findings reveal that ɛ value has a more pronounced effect on H₂ pre-ignition than ϕ value. Most importantly, unlike gasoline engines, where <em>Ca</em> content significantly affects LSPI, it has only a minor effect on H₂ pre-ignition. Instead, the base oil chemistry seems to have a greater influence on H₂ pre-ignition. Chemical simulations support these findings, showing that the longer chain length of n-hexadecane, used as a surrogate for the tested lubricants, increases reactivity and promotes H₂ pre-ignition at intermediate temperatures. The simulations also indicate that the pre-ignition behavior observed in the experiments can be replicated with specific molar fractions of n-hexadecane: 2 mol- % at ɛ = 13 and ϕ = 0.5, 2.4 mol- % at ɛ = 13 and ϕ = 0.4, and 2.8 mol- % at ɛ = 12 and ϕ = 0.33.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100339"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental analysis of swirl number and nozzle design for scale-up of partially cracked ammonia flames","authors":"Jordan Davies ,&nbsp;Daisuke Sato ,&nbsp;Syed Mashruk ,&nbsp;Agustin Valera-Medina","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to its ease of storage and existing global distribution network, interest in the use of renewably produced ammonia for decarbonising energy systems is growing. Partially cracking ammonia can overcome the flame stability challenges of this fuel, but demonstrations of high-power ammonia-based swirl flames with acceptable emissions have yet to be realised. Therefore, the present study examines the effects of varying swirl number and nozzle design on the static stability and emissions from 20 % (vol.) cracked ammonia swirl flames for a wide range of equivalence ratios (0.3 &lt; Φ &lt; 2.2) and thermal powers of 5, 10 and 15 kW. Additionally, a reference case of 100 kW thermal power at stoichiometric conditions was tested. Stable flames were shown across a broad range of equivalence ratios, swirl numbers and nozzle geometries although flame morphologies varied greatly. Of note was a geometric swirl number of 1.75 paired with a long nozzle, which enabled the transition to a flat, Coanda jet flow flame at equivalence ratios of 0.6 and 0.7. For a geometric swirl number of 1.45, shortening the nozzle resulted in significantly shorter, wider V-shape flames with greatly improved rich blowoff limits. This was found to be a desirable characteristic for reaching high thermal power with a constant nozzle throat diameter – i.e. dump plane velocity – as a widened flame brush prevents jet-like flames, which are susceptible to pinching off. This can also be achieved by increasing the swirl number, although to a lesser extent. However, with a widened flame brush, careful consideration must be given to confinement diameter to avoid flame impingement which has potential to increase local heat loss and hence reduce combustion efficiency, resulting in an increase in unburned NH₃ emissions. With the same geometric swirl number of 1.45, the shorter nozzle configuration resulted in higher NO emissions, potentially due to the shorter nozzle forming shorter, wider flames, meaning there was less residence time for NH₂ to consume NO in the flame zone. This difference was less noticeable at rich conditions, with all configurations reaching negligible NO emissions by Φ = 1.15</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100338"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic heavy distillate into diesel-like product","authors":"Jasper Okino ,&nbsp;Zachary Siagi ,&nbsp;Anil Kumar ,&nbsp;Stephen Talai ,&nbsp;Anthony Muliwa ,&nbsp;Elly Olomo ,&nbsp;Egide Manirambona","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the catalytic upgrading of heavy distillate (HD) from plastic industries into diesel-like fuel using kaolin as a catalyst. A modified brick electric furnace was employed as a heating source for batch reactor and a central composite design response surface methodology utilized for experimentation during both thermal and catalytic pyrolysis. The results showed that kaolin significantly enhanced oil yields, achieving 73.28 wt % at 400 °C with 5 % catalyst loading and 150 min reaction time, and 70.13 wt % at 400 °C with 15 % catalyst loading and 150 min reaction time whereas, thermal pyrolysis yielded 63.63 wt % at 400 °C and 18.88 wt % at 350 °C. The catalytic process modified the functional groups, increasing paraffin and olefin yields, and shifting the carbon range towards diesel-like organics (C6-C23). The resulting diesel-like products exhibited improved properties, with distinct differences observed between those produced with and without kaolin catalyst. Without catalyst, the products had a density of 779 kg/m³, viscosity of 2.63 cSt, and calorific value of 46.62 MJ/kg and that obtained with kaolin catalyst had a density of 788 kg/m³, viscosity of 2.88 cSt, and calorific value of 47.23 MJ/kg, comparable to commercial diesel. Elemental analysis revealed increased carbon content from 77.21 wt % in HD to 83.24 wt % without catalyst and 84.83 wt % with catalyst, accompanied by decreased hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen contents. The study demonstrates the potential of kaolin-catalyzed pyrolysis for converting heavy distillate into valuable diesel-like fuel. Further research on process optimization, desulfurization, and dehalogenation is recommended to improve the diesel fuel quality. Hence, this study contributes to the development of sustainable waste management and renewable energy solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen-diluted ammonia SNCR for enhanced NOx removal in a ceramic roller kiln","authors":"Zhihao Yang ,&nbsp;Xuren Zhu ,&nbsp;Hang Zhou ,&nbsp;Rongjian Mai ,&nbsp;Yijun Liu ,&nbsp;Libiao Xiao ,&nbsp;Yi-Bing Cheng ,&nbsp;Yu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the application of nitrogen-diluted ammonia injection in Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) systems to enhance NOx removal efficiency in a high-temperature, oxygen-abundant ceramic roller kiln environment. Traditional SNCR systems using pure ammonia face challenges such as premature ammonia oxidation, leading to low De-NOx efficiency and secondary pollution. By introducing nitrogen gas as a diluent, the local oxygen concentration and reaction temperature are reduced, mitigating ammonia combustion and prolonging its availability for NOx reduction. Experimental tests were conducted in an industrial ceramic roller kiln, focusing on the kiln tail zone (850–1100°C, 15% O₂). Results demonstrate that nitrogen dilution significantly improves SNCR performance: at 150 slpm ammonia and 200 slpm nitrogen, the highest De-NOx efficiency reached 86%, reducing NOx emissions from 994 mg/m³ to 143 mg/m³ (at 18% O₂). However, increased ammonia slips and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were observed, necessitating secondary mitigation strategies. Broadband imaging confirmed that nitrogen suppresses ammonia flame formation, enhancing reagent utilization. The study also highlights the method’s applicability in other oxygen-abundant industrial scenarios, such as gas turbines, where SCR integration is limited. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing SNCR in decarbonizing high-temperature industrial processes. It should be clarified that this roller kiln is equipped with an SCR unit, which serves as the primary technique for flue gas treatment. The SCR operates independently, without reliance on SNCR, or with minimal assistance from SNCR through small amounts of pure ammonia injection at kiln head. Consequently, N₂O and NH₃ slip do not pose a concern.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100335"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Eddy Simulation of multi-injector flame blow-off sensitivities to inlet biases","authors":"Sandeep Jella ,&nbsp;Gilles Bourque ,&nbsp;Jeffrey Bergthorson","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reactant biases of mass flow rate or stochiometry can result from design trade-offs in industrial implementations of multi-injector, lean-premixed flames. Rules for maximising the lean-extinction limit require additional insight from experiments and/or computations as global scalings may not necessarily apply. Models, however, need extensive validation as the timescale separation between chemistry and turbulence decreases towards the lean limit, and a larger range of thermochemical states may be present. This leads to difficulties in parametrising them accurately. In this work, large eddy simulation (LES) is used to model blow-off in a linear array of lean, swirling, methane-air flames at atmospheric conditions. The LES methodology is assessed with regard to reproducing partial blow-off due to reactant equivalence ratio (<span><math><mi>ϕ</mi></math></span>) and flow rate (<span><math><mover><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>̇</mo></mrow></mover></math></span>) biases. It is found that the blow-off transients at ideal (no bias) and biased conditions are similar with regard to the large-scale effects. Progress variable based flamelet generated manifolds (FGM), as well as transported species, are employed and contrasted. Both methods could reproduce the highly transient nature of blow-off, though the flamelet strategy underpredicts blow-off for some conditions. Using flame-resolved simulations, it is shown that the combustion regime near and during blow-off allows applying flamelet methods. However, the scatter of thermochemical states appears to require more than strain and enthalpy as manifold parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}