Agricultural Wastes最新文献

{"title":"Characteristics of whole and scraped swine waste as substrates for contiinuously expanding anaerobic digestion systems","authors":"D.T. Hill,&nbsp;J.P. Bolte","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90087-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90087-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A study was performed using continuously expanding anaerobic digestion to determine the operating and performance characteristics of two types of swine waste. The two types of manure were a scraped manure, from a sloping concrete floor where the urine fraction of the waste drained into gutters, and a whole waste, collected using a pan under a slatted-floor production facility. There exists a possibility of considerable differences in the methane production capability of these two waste types. Identical runs employing the continuously expanding digestion (CED) technology were made using the two waste types. Operating parameters for both runs were a 70-day cycle time, a 35°C temperature and a Volatile Solids (VS) loading concentration of 81 g of Volatile Solids per liter. The study used 378 liter bench scale reactors which were replicated. Due to the identical operating parameters, the differences noted in methane production between the two waste types can be attributed only to characteristics of the raw waste. The operating characteristics noted include a lower acid level and higher alkalinity and pH levels for the whole waste. Almost identical ammonia levels for the two runs were noted. Performance characteristics are quite different. Whole waste produced a 65·3% VS reduction while the VS reduction for scraped waste was 50·9% and total methane production was 24·4% higher using the whole waste. Gas quality for both waste types was approximately 60% methane while specific methane productivity (liter of CH₄ per gram of Volatile Solids destroyed) was not significantly (<em>p</em> &gt; 0·05) different between the two waste types.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 147-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90087-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74887637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trophic relations between two agents of sewage purification systems: Algae and mosquito larvae","authors":"Moshe Gophen,&nbsp;Michal Gophen","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90012-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90012-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A study of the grazing of the alga <em>Selenastrum</em> sp. by mosquito larvae (<em>Culex pipiens</em>), which are common agents in sewage purification systems, was carried out. The effect of larval excretions on the algal growth was determined, as were effects of temperatures (15–28°C), light-dark conditions, larval densities, and size and initial algal concentrations on the grazing activity. Small larvae were more active than large, and light stimulated higher activity than dark conditions. The effect of increasing larval densities and initial algal concentrations was enhancement of grazing activity. Larval excretions of P and NH₃—N enhanced algal growth slightly. A consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the presence of mosquito larvae in sewage purification systems is presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 159-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90012-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79603348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional value of anaerobically fermented beef cattle wastes as a feed ingredient for livestock. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo digestibility of fermentor biomass","authors":"R.L. Prior,&nbsp;A.G. Hashimoto,&nbsp;R.A. Britton","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90058-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90058-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studies were undertaken to determine the changes in chemical composition that occur when livestock wastes undergo thermophilic, anaerobic fermentation and whether the resulting microbial products would be suitable as a supplement for livestock feeds. A 48·6% decrease in dry matter (DM) occurred in the fermentation process. Total N and ash content did not change between the fermentor influent (FI) and effluent (FE). However, the percentage of the N in the form ammonia increased from 24·9% to 46·3% and the total Volatile Acids decreased markedly during the fermentation process. Centrifugation of the FE resulted in only a 42% recovery of N which decreased to 30% after drying. The amino acid composition of the centrifuged biomass was similar to alfalfa hay when expressed as g/16 g organic N, except for a higher methionine content. The FE contained a higher percentage of acid detergent fiber (20·0 versus 15·3) and lignin (6·4 versus 3·1) than FI. The presence of different fractions of the FE in an in <em>vitro</em> incubation did not alter the rates of digestion of starch or cellulose. Potassium, phosphorus, calcium and sodium were all present at greater than 1% of the effluent DM. Silica accounted for over 60% of the total ash in the dried centrifuged biomass.</p><p>The utilization by sheep and cattle of biomass produced by fermentation of livestock waste was determined. In two experiments, dried centrifuged biomass (DCB) was fed to sheep and cattle at 0,5,10 or 20% of diet DM. Fecal N increased 0·3% and 0·43% for each 1% increment in DCB in sheep and cattle, respectively. Digestibility of the ash in the diet decreased from 59·5% in sheep fed the control diet to 28·4% in sheep fed the 20% biomass ration. In another experiment, the total FE was mixed directly with cracked corn and hay to provide about 6·5% of the diet DM. Significant reductions in digestibilities of diet DM, ash, organic matter, N and gross energy were observed in sheep fed the diet containing FE. Addition of bentonite to the control diet and the diet containing FE increased N retention. In a fourth experiment, FE was added to a basal diet containing 10% crude protein. Addition of FE to the basal diet increased retained N. In steers, no effect of FE was observed on apparent digestibilities of DM or N. No marked changes in ruminal VFA concentrations were observed due to feeding FE. Rumen fluid turnover, measured by polyethylene glycol dilution, and DM disappearance from the rumen, were not altered by feeding FE to steers compared with steers fed a control diet. There were no effects of diet on the <em>in vitro</em> rate and extent of digestion of starch or cellulose. The use of FE as a feed ingredient for livestock appears to have merit, although technical problems related to water removal and nutrient recovery remain to be solved.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"16 4","pages":"Pages 265-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90058-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75653645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation of an anaerobic bacterial consortium degrading phenolic compounds—Assay in swine waste","authors":"R. Beaudet,&nbsp;J.G. Bisaillon,&nbsp;M. Ishaque,&nbsp;M. Sylvestre","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90051-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90051-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A microbial culture able to degrade phenol and p-cresol under anaerobic conditions was isolated from a mixture of swamp water, sewage sludge, swine waste and soil after an acclimation period of 5 weeks. The culture was enriched by periodic transfer in mineral salts medium containing phenol or p-cresol as the sole source of carbon. After several months of enrichment, the degradative activity of some cultures was lost. Addition of proteose peptone to the minimal medium maintained the activity, whereas the addition of acetate, glucose or nitrate or the presence of silica gel as a solid matrix to hold the cells, had no effect. The degradation of the phenolic compounds appeared to be carried out via methanogenic fermentation by a bacterial consortium. Optimal degradation by the enriched culture was at pH between 7 and 8 and at 37°C. The bacterial culture was adapted to grow in swine waste and complete degradation of 100–120 mg liter⁻¹ of phenolic compounds was obtained in swine waste seeded with this culture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 131-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90051-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79025316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of human hair in animal feed","authors":"P. Agrawal, G. Barat","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90148-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90148-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"7 1","pages":"53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78065913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of crop residues","authors":"B.S. Pathak,&nbsp;A.K. Jain,&nbsp;A. Singh","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90034-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90034-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper reports the results of work carried out to determine the characteristics of the residues of important agricultural crops in North India. Density, equilibrium moisture content, higher calorific value and the results of chemical, proximate, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses of the crop residues are reported and discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90034-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76937587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water quality","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90100-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90100-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 239-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90100-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137372437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the protein quality of solids recovered from hog manure slurry","authors":"G. Iñiguez-Covarrubias,&nbsp;Ma.De J. Franco-Gómez,&nbsp;M. Peña-Romero,&nbsp;A. Ciurlizza-Guizar","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90084-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90084-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of utilizing portions of hog manure for animal feed, based on proximal chemical, microbiological, protein quality and cooper toxicity testing. Solids recovered from hog manure (RS) were mixed in levels of substitutions of 15, 30, 45 and 60% with commercial cattle feed (CF). The protein content of the mixtures varied little. The <em>in vitro</em> digestibility of the protein decreased as the RS content was increased, and was 87·8% for a substitution level of 0% RS and 66% for a 60% substitution.</p><p>The quality of the protein was evaluated by the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Utilization (NOU) assigning maximum values of 1·24 and 24·12, respectively, to a 30% SR and 70% CF (commercial feed).mixture. This mixture showed an adequate amino acid profile.</p><p>The microbiological analysis of the RS showed negative results for the pathogenic microorganisms studied. Total counts of microorganisms, fungi, yeast and most probable number of organisms were similar to those of commercial cattle feed. The copper content of the RS was 170·35 ppm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90084-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81645288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on the effects of different pH values, vitamins, indoles and giberellic acid on production of lipase by Aspergillus anthecieus","authors":"S.M. Mohawed,&nbsp;E.A. Kassim,&nbsp;A.S. El-Shahed","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90139-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90139-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 307-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90139-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87414159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of temperature change on the stability of thermophilic fermentation of swine manure","authors":"T.H. Chen,&nbsp;D.L. Day","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90061-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90061-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"16 4","pages":"Pages 313-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90061-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90336725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}