Agricultural Wastes最新文献

{"title":"Nitrogen and aerobic treatment of slurry","authors":"M.R. Evans,&nbsp;M.P.W. Smith,&nbsp;E.A. Deans,&nbsp;I.F. Svoboda,&nbsp;F.E. Thacker","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90016-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90016-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects on slurry nitrogen of the aerobic treatment of pig and cattle excreta under various aerotion regimes are described. They were: high-rate aeration with dissolved oxygen &gt;15% of saturation; low-rate aeration with dissolved oxygen 1–15% of saturation; and minimal aeration with dissolved oxygen &lt;1% of saturation by control of redox potential at values &lt;0<em>mV</em> <em>E</em>_cal. These had important effects upon the mineralised nitrogen components of the excreta. This nitrogen could be conserved as ammoniacal nitrogen, lost via ammonia stripping, oxidised to nitrate and conserved, or lost via denitrification. They also had important implications for energy conservation and odour regeneration. The energy requirement for aerobic treatment was minimal when the dissolved oxygen level was as low as possible and still consistent with adequate treatment. Conservation of the mineralised nitrogen as nitrate may prevent odour regeneration subsequent to treatment, but a dissolved oxygen level &gt; 15% of saturation was required. In addition, the oxygen requirement for nitrification was equivalent to about 30–80% of the heterotrophic oxygen demand. Thus, with minimal aeration the efficiency was maximised, the extra oxygen demand for nitrification prevented and the nitrogen conserved as ammonia, but odour regeneration could be fairly rapid during storage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 205-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90016-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80917877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irrigation of primary treated and anaerobically treated meat-processing wastes onto pasture: Lysimeter trials","authors":"J.M. Russell","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90071-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90071-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Primary treated and anaerobically treated meat-processing wastes were irrigated onto pot lysimeters containing Horotiu sandy loam (Entic Dystrandept) and a ryegrass/clover sward. Four effluent application rates were used: 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. For primary and anaerobically treated effluent, pasture production was maximal at 2000 kg and 1000 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Herbage from lysimeters receiving anaerobically treated effluent contained much higher concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen than that from lysimeters receiving primary treated effluent. Health problems may result when ruminants feed on high-nitrate materials. Based on ‘safe’ nitrate levels in the herbage, the upper loading limit would be about 500 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for anaerobically treated effluent and about 1000 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for primary treated effluent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"18 4","pages":"Pages 257-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90071-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84453338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheological properties of sieved beef-cattle manure slurry: Rheological model and effects of temperature and solids concentration","authors":"Y.R. Chen","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90123-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90123-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rheological properties of sieved beef-cattle manure slurries having total solids concentrations (TS) ranging from 2.6% to 19.3%, temperatures ranging from 14 to 64°C, and shear rates ranging from about 0·1 to 200 s⁻¹ were measured using a rotational viscometer. A rheological model was proposed and used to describe the slurries' shear stress and shear rate relationship. Equations relating the rheological parameters to the temperature and solids concentration were also obtained.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 17-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90123-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91635138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of human hair in animal feed","authors":"Poonam Agrawal,&nbsp;G.K. Barat","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90148-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90148-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Protein-rich (approximately 84%–86%) keratins—epidermal derivatives—have not yet found a wide area of effective application as proteins. This is because of the disulphide bridges of cystine molecules, which make the proteins very rigid and strongly resistant to solubilization and normal enzymatic degradation. The present study was chiefly aimed at breaking up this resistance so as to explore the possibility of utilizing keratins, particularly hair-keratin, as a part of the protein component of animal feeds. The results were encouraging in the sense that human hair could be degraded either by physical or chemico-physical or chemico-enzymatic means and the protein so obtained was found to be good enough to serve as a partial, but effective, supplement supporting the growth of rats. The PER values ranged from 1·49 to 2·20 and the NPR values indicated that all the test diets were at par in maintaining the growth of either sex.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90148-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91636528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling of fungal treated broiler droppings in broiler mash","authors":"R.S. Virk,&nbsp;R.P. Sethi,&nbsp;P.N. Langar","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90147-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90147-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Broiler poultry droppings (PD) were solid-state fermented with <em>Fusarium</em> and <em>Pleurotus</em> fungi under controlled and room temperature conditions. Fungal fermentation, as well as reducing the crude fibre and available carbohydrates, resulted in the reduction of uric acid from 7·0% in untreated PD to around 1·0%. The various levels (5% to 25%) of untreated (UT), autoclaved (AC) and <em>Pleurotus</em> and <em>Fusarium</em> treated PD were incorporated in isocaloric and isonitrogenous, semi-purified broiler mashes. The ash content in the PD mashes was kept low by reducing by 0·5 kg mineral supplement for each 5·0 kg addition of PD in 100 kg of mash. Compared with the control, semi-purified, diet, the 6-week growth rate was retarded when the UT, <em>Pleurotus</em> and <em>Fusarium</em> treated PD levels in the mashes were raised above 15% and 20%, respectively. The reduced growth rate with the increased levels of untreated PD was primarily attributed to high uric acid and crude fibre contents. The total protein efficiency, with respect to extracted groundnut cake, was 42·8%, 51·6% and 53·0% to 55·0% for UT, AC and <em>Pleurotus</em> and <em>Fusarium</em> treated PD. However, the metabbolizable energy (ME) content did not show any appreciable difference. With the practical type broiler mashes containing 15% and 20% UT, AC and <em>Pleurotus</em> and <em>Fusarium</em> treated PD, the 8-week growth rate was similar to that of the control when the ME content in the diets was adjusted to meet the requirement of broilers. However, with the untreated and <em>Pleurotus</em> treated PD mashes containing low ME, the increase in feed intake was associated with a significant (<em>P</em> &lt; 0·05) reduction in the weight gain. It suggested that the PD cannot replace the energy sources in the practical broiler mashes. In conclusion, the results showed that the broiler PD can be recycled in their mashes provided the uric acid below 1% and the required level of ME is maintained in the ration formulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 39-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90147-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91636527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composting of agricultural and other wastes","authors":"K.S. Killham","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90020-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90020-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 232-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90020-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76998973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a low grade rock phosphate composted with some agricultural wastes for use in a crop rotation","authors":"R. Singh, D. V. Yadav","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90109-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90109-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"22 1","pages":"73-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81106567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful anaerobic digestion symposium in China","authors":"R. L. Wentworth","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90152-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90152-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"13 1","pages":"81-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78326386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meat meal and algae (Spirulina) as ingredients of calf starter rations","authors":"B. Bhaskar, M. N. A. Kumar, K. Sundareshan, S. Sampath","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90125-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90125-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"21 1","pages":"51-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80370214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Livestock in Asia: issues and policies: Edited by Jeffrey C. Fine and Ralph G. Lattimore. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada, 1982. 192 pp. Price: $9.00. Available in the UK from Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd, London.","authors":"E. Ørskov","doi":"10.1016/0141-4607(86)90027-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(86)90027-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100062,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Wastes","volume":"108 1","pages":"313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87591194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}