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{"title":"Elucidating the Reactivity of Reflectance-Based Core-Body Photoplethysmogram to Posture and Respiratory Changes","authors":"Afra Nawar;Onur S. Kilic;Farhan N. Rahman;Chuoqi Chen;John A. Berkebile;Michael Chan;Amit J. Shah;Omer T. Inan","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3596522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3596522","url":null,"abstract":"At-home cardiovascular monitoring has become widespread with the commercialization of the photoplethysmogram (PPG) in wearable devices. A tremendous opportunity for comprehensive monitoring of chronotropic, inotropic, and vascular characteristics of the cardiovascular system can be unlocked if PPG data are combined with signals of other modalities at the core body. However, little is known about the quality of core-body PPG or its reactivity to environmental conditions. To elucidate core-body PPG signals, we compared the reactivity and quality of sternum and back PPG signals to finger-based PPG in 24 healthy participants during a protocol with posture and breathing changes. We found that the signal quality of core-body PPG was affected by body location, wavelength, LED/photodiode configuration, posture, and breathing pattern. Notably, reflectance-mode red-wavelength core-body quality was less than that of transmittance-mode finger red-wavelength PPG (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${p}~lt 0.05$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). However, green-wavelength core-body PPG quality was comparable (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${p}~gt 0.05$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, sternum) or significantly greater (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${p}~lt 0.001$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, back). We also found that PPG amplitude reactivity for core-body signals was in accordance with that of the finger (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${p}~gt 0.05$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or <inline-formula> <tex-math>${p}~lt 0.05$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, sign(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{text {core}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) = sign(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{text {periphery}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>)) for posture changes but opposite (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${p}~lt 0.05$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, sign(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{text {core}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) <inline-formula> <tex-math>$neq $ </tex-math></inline-formula> sign(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{text {periphery}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>)) or significantly blunted (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${p}~lt 0.05$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, sign(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{text {core}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) = sign(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{text {periphery}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), abs(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{text {core}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) < abs(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{text {periphery}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>)) during deep and resistive breathing. We, thus, demonstrate the importance of studying the reactivity of vasculature at different sensor locations, as their reactivity to various provocations is heterogeneous. Our findings can be used to develop improved hardware for sensing core-body PPG and algorithms for interpreting the signals acquired, enabling clinicians to more comprehensively understand patient cardiovascular health.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 18","pages":"35447-35459"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Path Planning Framework for Robots Based on Improved Parallel Sampling RRT and Offset Guidance DWA","authors":"Yaowei Hu;Xufei Chen;Pingping Tang;Hui Zhang;Jiong Jin;Shiwen Mao","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3596346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3596346","url":null,"abstract":"The path planning is one of the critical technologies for robots to achieve the autonomous operation, enabling to quickly find a safe path in dynamic environments. However, relying on global path planning alone cannot avoid dynamic obstacles, while only using the local path planning may lead to falling into local minima. Therefore, a two-layer robot path planning method suitable for dynamic environments is proposed. This two-layer strategy consists of an efficient global path planning layer and a safe local dynamic obstacle avoidance layer. In the first layer, a parallel sampling and bidirectional guidance rapidly exploring random tree algorithm (PB-RRT) is proposed to search for the global path. To enhance efficiency, the parallel heuristic sampling is introduced to replace the random sampling in bidirectional rapidly exploring random tree (Bi-RRT), and an evaluation function incorporating distance and corner factors is designed to select optimal sampling nodes for adaptive expansion, making the sampling process directional and avoiding over-exploration of space. A bidirectional guidance mechanism further accelerates the merging of the two trees by fully utilizing newly generated node information. Then, a path optimization (PO) method is proposed to improve the length and smoothness of the initial path and obtain the key nodes of the path. In the second layer, the key nodes obtained from the first layer are used as dynamic subtargets, and the safe dynamic window approach (SDWA) is used to achieve the dynamic obstacle avoidance. To further enhance safety, an offset guidance method is proposed to flexibly steer the robot around dynamic obstacles. Extensive experiments show that the average planning time of PB-rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) is reduced by 67.7% compared with Bi-RRT, while the path quality is improved and the path length is reduced by 27.1%. The proposed method also effectively avoids dynamic obstacles in environments with obstacle densities exceeding 60% and achieves the maximum of minimum distance to dynamic obstacles, validating the feasibility and safety of the method.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 18","pages":"35597-35608"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Model for Ballistic 2D Nanotransistors","authors":"Adelcio M. de Souza;Daniel R. Celino;Regiane Ragi;Murilo A. Romero","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2025.3598219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2025.3598219","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes device models for the current-voltage (I–V) and capacitance-voltage (C–V) characteristics of ballistic nanotransistors based on two-dimensional (2D) materials. The proposed methodology introduces a novel, fully analytical, and explicit approach grounded in fundamental physical principles. This approach enables seamless integration into circuit simulators and provides clear insight into device operation. In contrast to the drift-diffusion models commonly found in the literature, this approach accurately describes the ballistic transport regime observed in state-of-the-art 2D nanotransistors. The proposed model was validated against both experimental and <italic>ab initio</i> numerical simulations from the literature for devices based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and indium selenide (InSe). The results show excellent agreement with the reference datasets, confirming the model’s accuracy and its suitability for designing advanced nanoelectronic devices and circuits.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"6 ","pages":"91-101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11123147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous Enhancement of Electrochemical Migration Lifetime and Reliability of Sintered Silver","authors":"Bowen Zhang;Lijia Wang;Yilong Xie;Yiqin Liu;Youzheng Wang;Yi Liu;Yun-Hui Mei","doi":"10.1109/TDMR.2025.3598109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDMR.2025.3598109","url":null,"abstract":"The high operation temperature and large voltage bias service environments of wide bandgap (WBG) devices often result in the failure of sintered silver layer due to electrochemical migration (ECM). Herein, novel silver-based paste was prepared by incorporating 5 wt% In particles (Ag-5%In), which effectively balanced the ECM lifetime and the reliability of bonding samples. During high temperatures (400 °C) and high voltages (400 V) ECM tests, the preferential formation of In2O3 in Ag-5%In paste effectively inhibited the oxidation and ionization processes of Ag, thereby prolonging the ECM failure time from 462 min to 839 min. In addition, the formation of Ag-In intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and the densification of interconnection layer resulted in high reliability of Ag-5%In paste during the thermal shock test (TST), with the average shear strength remaining around 24.6 MPa after 1000 TST cycles. The comprehensive ECM and mechanical reliability make the proposed Ag-5%In paste a promising packaging material for high-temperature and high-voltage applications of WBG devices.","PeriodicalId":448,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability","volume":"25 3","pages":"535-544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145051048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online Calibration of the Virtual Rotation Rate for Whole-Angle Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscopes Based on a Dual-Gyro Configuration","authors":"Changda Xing;Jie Yuan;Tao Xia;Pengbo Xiao;Xingyuan Tang;Yao Pan;Jingyu Li;Hui Luo","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3595162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3595162","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual rotation plays a crucial role in compensating for circumferential errors of the hemispherical resonator gyroscope (HRG) operating in whole-angle (WA) mode. To eliminate undesirable effects introduced by rotation modulation, online virtual rotation rate estimation becomes the primary challenge. However, the difficulty lies in accurately resolving virtual rotation rate amidst the mixed outputs of virtual rotation and external rotation. This article provides a systematic analysis of the error mechanism in virtual rotation. To address the challenge of online virtual rotation rate estimation, a novel solution based on a dual-gyro configuration with an asynchronous virtual rotation modulation scheme is proposed and implemented. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance enhancement achieved by this calibration scheme. In the presence of external disturbances, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of precession angle measurements exhibits a remarkable 12.28-fold improvement. The maximum residual ranges of angular rate also show an average 13.86-fold improvement.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 18","pages":"34468-34479"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exosome Biosensor Based on Quantum Dots-Modified Field Effect Transistor","authors":"Jingqiu Chen;Qing Huang;Jing Huang;Tucan Chen;Lanpeng Guo;Yunong Zhao;Dandan Li;Wenjian Zhang;Huayao Li;Yang Zhang;Liang Hu;Huan Liu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3593869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3593869","url":null,"abstract":"The escalating demand for high-throughput and miniaturized biosensors has spurred significant advancements in biosensor chips. However, challenges remain in achieving high-sensitivity and specificity in miniaturized devices. Herein, we construct a sensitive exosome biosensor based on quantum dots (QDs)-modified field-effect transistor. PbS QDs were drop-coated onto the gate of a high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT), followed by surface modification with CD63 antibodies (anti-CD63) through a ligand exchange strategy, and subsequent bovine serum albumin (BSA) blocking treatment. Exosomes with CD63 proteins enriched in the surface were isolated from MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines to serve as target analytes. The specific binding events between the CD63 antigen and antibody capture exosomes onto the gate of HEMT, affecting the output current (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${I}_{text {D}}text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The synergy of the capacitance coupling effect of the modification layer and the intrinsic signal amplification capability of HEMT assists in significantly modulating the 2-D electron gas (2DEG), resulting in amplified <inline-formula> <tex-math>${I}_{text {D}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. With constant gate voltage applied, the <inline-formula> <tex-math>${I}_{text {D}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of the biosensor sensitively increases with exosome concentration within a wide range of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{{5}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{{9}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> particles/mL at <inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}_{text {D}} =3.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> V, and the limit of detection (LOD) is estimated to be <inline-formula> <tex-math>$9times 10^{{4}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> particles/mL. This exosome biosensor demonstrates its potential for clinical applicability and paves the way for the development of miniaturized exosome biosensor chips.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 18","pages":"34355-34362"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Preliminary Experimental Results on a Uniform-Field Test Fixture for Power Flow Experiments","authors":"Tyler J. Mason;Randy D. Curry;Cameron Chavez;Alex Sarracino;Michael J. Abere;E. Sander Lavine;Derek C. Lamppa;Thomas R. Mundy;Rick B. Spielman","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3584932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3584932","url":null,"abstract":"Electrodes that produce a uniform electric field across their surfaces are desired for a variety of high-voltage systems, including spark-gap switches and transversely excited atmospheric lasers. Here, the implementation of uniform-field electrodes to a parallel-plate load is described for the study of vacuum power flow under pulsed-power applications. We begin with an overview of general uniform-field geometries and provide an open-source program that generates these geometries as described by Ernst. Following that, a modification to an existing power-flow experimental platform, which adopts a uniform-field geometry, is introduced and its utility is described. Finally, the preliminary experimental results are presented and future steps are outlined.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 9","pages":"2504-2512"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secure Online Fountain Code With Component Feedback for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","authors":"Lei Zhao;Xiujuan Du;Xiuxiu Liu;Xiaojing Tian","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3595610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3595610","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the security of data transmission in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) remains a critical challenge for current underwater acoustic communication systems. In this article, a novel security transmission scheme for underwater data based on online fountain codes (OFCs) is proposed. Specifically, an underwater security system model is established, and the security of underwater data transmission, as well as the coding overhead of OFC based on the theory of random graphs, is analyzed. Furthermore, three optimization objectives for the security of underwater data transmission are investigated. In addition, a component-based OFC without completion phase (COFCNC) precede is presented to optimize the encoding and feedback mechanism. The optimized feedback mechanism of the decoding state reduces the overhead while lowering the eavesdropping probability of illegal nodes. On this basis, an <sc>xor</small> encryption scheme is proposed, enabling our scheme to achieve confidentiality in most cases. Experimental results show that, compared with the traditional fountain codes and other fountain code security mechanisms, this scheme ensures data transmission efficiency while achieving security.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 18","pages":"35505-35523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VR-DataAug: An Efficient Data Augmentation Method for Multicamera Vehicle Tracking","authors":"Hanyang Zhuang;Yeqiang Qian;Minghu Wu;Chunxiang Wang;Ming Yang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3596067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3596067","url":null,"abstract":"Multicamera vehicle tracking refers to tracking the same vehicle in multiple cameras in various locations, which aids in traffic flow analysis and prediction. But, collecting and labeling extensive multicamera vehicle tracking datasets for cities is challenging due to the spatio-temporal complexity, hindering the performance of multicamera vehicle tracking algorithm development. Simulations can produce vast, automatically labeled datasets. However, there is a significant domain gap between virtual and real vehicles, affecting style features like texture and illumination, as well as apparent features like scale and pose. We introduce VR-DataAug, a data augmentation method merging virtual and real data with consistent style and apparent features. A Background Modeling With Detection Feedback module creates a clean background and extracts vehicle instances. A Multiattribute Vehicle Apparent Modeling module utilizes a classifier to learn apparent features from various camera viewpoints, preserving scale, position, and orientation information between virtual and real vehicles. A Virtual Vehicle and Real Background Fusion module uses a generative model to ensure texture consistency and merge virtual vehicles into real traffic scenes. Extensive experiments on the CityFlow dataset demonstrate that our approach improves detection performance by 3.4% mAP, enhances the vehicle re-identification model by 3.84%, boosts multi camera vehicle tracking by increasing IDF1 metrics by 4.25%, and highlighting its potential to expand training sets while minimizing domain offset.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 18","pages":"35426-35437"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Causal Federated Transfer Learning Method for Power Transformer Fault Diagnosis Based on Voiceprint Recognition","authors":"Kai Zhang;Hongming Lu;Shuai Han;Xin Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3595427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3595427","url":null,"abstract":"Fault diagnosis of power transformers based on voiceprint analysis has developed rapidly due to its nonintrusive advantages in recent years. However, it faces challenges in generalization across different voltage levels and collaborative training difficulties under distributed data barriers. Existing federated transfer learning (FTL) methods rely on statistical correlations, which are easily affected by noise and hinder better fault diagnosis performance. Therefore, this article proposes a novel causal FTL method for power transformer fault diagnosis based on voiceprint signals. First, a causal FTL framework is proposed by integrating a causal graph autoencoder into FTL to capture nonlinear causal features between voiceprint features and faults. Second, a graph autoencoder with a wavelet convolutional encoder layer and a subpixel convolutional decoder layer is constructed to extract domain-invariant causal features from key fault-related frequency bands. Third, a strategy is designed to aggregate encoder layer information using adversarial-loss-sensitive weighting, which effectively evaluates the contribution of each client while reducing communication overhead. Experimental results show that the proposed method can quickly identify fault types in cross-voltage-level power transformer fault diagnosis scenarios and outperforms existing models in all three scenarios. Even under a high noise level of −5 dB in the third scenario, the accuracy still exceeds 94%.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 18","pages":"35573-35584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}