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Study of a High-Efficiency Depressed Collector for 0.22 THz Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3545450

Guoxiang Shu;Jiawei Tang;Xinlun Xie;Huaxing Pan;Shaocheng Ma;Siyuan Liu;Mingze Li;Huabi Yin;Cunjun Ruan;Wenlong He

{"title":"Study of a High-Efficiency Depressed Collector for 0.22 THz Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers","authors":"Guoxiang Shu;Jiawei Tang;Xinlun Xie;Huaxing Pan;Shaocheng Ma;Siyuan Liu;Mingze Li;Huabi Yin;Cunjun Ruan;Wenlong He","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3545450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3545450","url":null,"abstract":"A three-stage depressed collector with significant features of high collection efficiency and low back-streaming rate is designed for a 220 GHz sheet beam traveling wave tube (SB-TWT). To make the simulation model close to the realistic situation, the spent electron beam was obtained from the end of the beam-wave interaction system based on the actual electron optics system (EOS) rather than the ideal one. However, if the extracted spent electron beam is directly used for the design of a collector, it will greatly increase the simulation time and even make the simulation collapse. To address this issue, multiple samplings of the spent electron beams are employed. Based on the position and energy distribution of the sampled spent electron beam, the collector is designed by using computer simulation technology (CST). Simulation results show that the collection efficiency and back-streaming rate for the case having considered secondary electrons are up to 95.7% and 0.07%, respectively. In addition, the thermal analysis has been conducted for the designed collector by using ANSYS software. Simulation results show that the maximum temperature and deformation of the collector are <inline-formula> <tex-math>$221.5~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C and 0.173 mm when the convection coefficient of the heat dissipation base plate is set to be 25 W/m<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{2}~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"614-621"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ion-Acoustic Solitary Structures in a Magnetized Plasma With Opposite Polarity Ions and κ–Distributed Trapped Electrons

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3542599

S. Sumaiya;S. Sultana;A A Mamun

{"title":"Ion-Acoustic Solitary Structures in a Magnetized Plasma With Opposite Polarity Ions and κ–Distributed Trapped Electrons","authors":"S. Sumaiya;S. Sultana;A A Mamun","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3542599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3542599","url":null,"abstract":"A magnetized plasma (comprising of inertial positive as well as negative ions, and noninertial superthermal electrons following the Schamel-Vasyliunas distribution function) is considered to investigate the nonlinear characteristics of obliquely propagating ion-acoustic (IA) solitary waves. The wave dissipation is taken into account via the ion-neutral collisions. Damped Schamel equation is derived by using the well-known reductive perturbation technique, and the solitary solution is used to study the characteristics of dissipative IA solitary waves in the proposed plasma. Only positive polarity solitary waves are shown to exist in the considered plasma system. This study explores how mass and magnitude of charge differences between the ions influence the propagation properties of solitary waves in asymmetric pair ion plasmas. The role of various plasma parameters such as electron density ratio, positive-to-negative ion temperature, trapping parameter, superthermality index, collisional term, magnetic field strength, obliqueness, and electric field are studied on the oblique propagation of IA solitary waves. These findings enhance our understanding of nonlinear phenomena in astrophysical environments and laboratory plasmas, where positive and negative ions and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$kappa $ </tex-math></inline-formula> nonthermal trapped electrons are available.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"590-599"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pollution Monitoring on Polymeric Insulators Adopting Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Computer Vision, and Machine Learning Techniques

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3539261

R. Akash;R. Sarathi;Manu Haddad

{"title":"Pollution Monitoring on Polymeric Insulators Adopting Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Computer Vision, and Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"R. Akash;R. Sarathi;Manu Haddad","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3539261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3539261","url":null,"abstract":"Timely detection of pollution deposit on insulator is crucial for safety operation of the power system network. In this study, a novel sensing technique is proposed, which combines laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with computer vision and machine learning techniques, for accurate classification of type of pollutant deposits and severity of the pollution on outdoor insulators. The method involves 1) analyzing silicone rubber insulators coated with various pollutants using LIBS; 2) converting spectral data into images; and 3) processing them using a corner detection algorithm. By identifying strong corners that correspond to significant spectral wavelengths, which has enabled accurate pollutant-type classification, additionally, spectral information combined with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database is used to assess pollution severity. A multitask learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network model is employed to achieve simultaneous classification, which significantly improves accuracy from 90.2% to 98.89% compared to full raw LIBS spectral data, indicating reduced reliance on human expertise. This nondestructive assessment eliminates the need for insulator removal during operation, and the proposed technique has high accuracy and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"688-696"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retraction Notice: A Proposed MIMO Antenna Prototype for Frequency Identification

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3546793

Amin H. Al Ka’bi

{"title":"Retraction Notice: A Proposed MIMO Antenna Prototype for Frequency Identification","authors":"Amin H. Al Ka’bi","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3546793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3546793","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency Identification in Cognitive Radio (CR) networks is the key step to find the unused frequencies, so CR networks use less bandwidth and energy. The MIMO antenna system which is proposed for spectrum sensing in CR systems is a small super-wideband (SWB) design, which includes three band-notched diversity antennas. There are four identical semi-elliptical monopole antennas, directed perpendicularly with feed lines gently widened CWG type, which constitute a MIMO antenna. Every SWB characteristic has an antenna that has the cross-slot carved through its bottom just like a radiator. The antenna radiator is composed of two linked slits that replicate the image of the split ring resonator and also have a backward-S shaped slit to ensure that there is no negative impact on SWB. The antenna has a bandwidth ratio of 36:1mm and 0.2-43mm waves. In addition, 18dB of isolation and an envelope correlation coefficient of less than 0.01 have been implemented in a resonant frequency band for the MIMO antenna that has orthogonally placed antenna elements. On a frequency of 3.5GHz, 5.5GHz, and 8.5GHz, the gain level drops leading to a maximum gain of 4 dBi for the antenna. The proposed antenna has higher bandwidth ratio and hence incorporates easily into an existing RF equipment. In this manner, this SWB, MIMO antenna demonstrates superiority over those mentioned in the literature with a multi-notched band. In the same manner, we obtain three small super-wideband (SWB), which have not been filtered, so, the design and implementation of the antenna is feasible.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 6","pages":"10512-10512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10916580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the Influence of Straight Slot Contact Structure Parameters on Arc Characteristics

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3539714

Leming Wei;Shixin Xiu;Yu Yang;Xingyu Lin;Yantao Shen;Dejun Zhu

{"title":"Study on the Influence of Straight Slot Contact Structure Parameters on Arc Characteristics","authors":"Leming Wei;Shixin Xiu;Yu Yang;Xingyu Lin;Yantao Shen;Dejun Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3539714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3539714","url":null,"abstract":"Vacuum transverse magnetic contacts, with simple structures and low contact resistance, are garnering increasing attention in development and exploitation. The arc characteristics between these contacts crucially determine their breaking capacity. Therefore, methods to enhance the arc characteristics of straight slot transverse magnetic contacts through simulation and experimentation are explored in this article. The simulation results show that increasing the number of slots can enhance the radial force on the arc, while appropriately increasing the distance from the slot center to the center can adjust the direction of the force on the arc at different positions. Additionally, longitudinal tilted slots can further reduce the magnitude of the radial force on the arc on the outside of the contacts. More reasonable contact parameters are selected for the production of straight slot transverse magnetic contacts, and arc ignition tests are conducted within a detachable vacuum chamber. The results indicate that as the radial force acting on the arc decreases, the extent of arc splashing outside the poles reduces, while as the tangential force acting on the arc increases, the speed of the arc’s circular motion rises. In this article, the proportion of tangential force to radial force on the arc is regulated by adjusting the structural parameters, providing a new direction for the improvement of subsequent contact designs.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"739-750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simulation Study on the Effect of Temperature on PD Inside Void Defect Under the Closed Condition

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3539359

Quanfu Zheng;Zhaoqi Zhang;Lingen Luo;Gehao Sheng;Xiuchen Jiang

{"title":"Simulation Study on the Effect of Temperature on PD Inside Void Defect Under the Closed Condition","authors":"Quanfu Zheng;Zhaoqi Zhang;Lingen Luo;Gehao Sheng;Xiuchen Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3539359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3539359","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of partial discharges (PDs) is an important part of the insulation condition assessment of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Due to the GIS in a server encountering obvious ambient temperature change, the evaluation of PD becomes complicated and indeterminacy. This article aims to study the PDs’ characteristics under different temperatures by modeling the discharge processes, especially inside the void defects, which are unavoidable phenomena limited by the manufacturing technology. Based on the common fluid model, two dielectric barriers are placed between the electrodes to simulate the PD inside the void defect and observe the effect caused by insulating materials. Besides, the parameter-controlled approach is proposed to characterize different discharge temperatures. Notably, the discharge process interacts with streamer propagation and net charge accumulation. The temperature has a vital influence on the impact ionization effect, which not only contributes to the discharge development at the beginning but also slows down the extinguishment due to larger net charge accumulation. Simulation results illustrate that higher temperatures contribute to a lower peak value and shorter lasting time. Compared with the discharge at temperature 303 K, the discharge current amplitude decreased by 26% and 46% at 323 and 343 K, respectively, and the pulse current width decreased by 20% and 30%, which is consistent with the experimental results. Our findings provide a theoretical relationship between the observed discharge current and discharge temperature, which not only helps discharge ambient temperature extrapolation but also can be extended to other discharge conditions.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"760-769"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Underdetermined Single-Channel Blind-Source-Separation for Multisource Acoustic-Emission-Based Partial Discharge Signals in Power Transformers

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3538746

Raj Kumar Mandal;Harimurugan Devarajan;Sounak Nandi;T. Bhavani Shanker;Mona Ghassemi

{"title":"An Underdetermined Single-Channel Blind-Source-Separation for Multisource Acoustic-Emission-Based Partial Discharge Signals in Power Transformers","authors":"Raj Kumar Mandal;Harimurugan Devarajan;Sounak Nandi;T. Bhavani Shanker;Mona Ghassemi","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3538746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3538746","url":null,"abstract":"Condition monitoring of the power transformer is important in extending the lifetime of the transformer through timely maintenance. Acoustic-emission (AE)-based partial discharge (PD) monitoring in a transformer is a commonly used technique for assessing the PD levels inside the transformer. The classification of the type of PD or localization of PD generally involves using multiple acoustic sensors, and recently, deep learning techniques have been widely used with the acquired PD data for classification. In the present work, a single-channel synchrosqueezing transform (SST)-based FastIVA blind-source-separation (BSS) technique in the time-frequency (TF) domain is proposed for the separation of multiple PD signals. SST, along with singular value decomposition (SVD), is used to identify the number of sources. The SST-FastIVA-based method is used for PD signal separation for the first time and it performs better than other separation techniques in noisy conditions. An SVM-based machine learning model is developed with original unmixed source signals for a classification task. The separated signals are tested using the developed model, and it attains an F1 score of 78.70% on the separated signals. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is used with the experimental data, and the F1 score obtained with the separated signal is 84.44%. The proposed single-channel (sensor) technique with BSS is a cost-effective method that can be used for the classification of multiple PD sources.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"788-797"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Preionization Assembly Structural Parameters on Triggering Performance of Multigap Gas Switch Gaps

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3541590

Zhenming Wen;Zhiguo Wang;Xiaofeng Jiang;Siyuan Fan;Aici Qiu

{"title":"Effects of Preionization Assembly Structural Parameters on Triggering Performance of Multigap Gas Switch Gaps","authors":"Zhenming Wen;Zhiguo Wang;Xiaofeng Jiang;Siyuan Fan;Aici Qiu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3541590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3541590","url":null,"abstract":"Developing a gas switch with low jitter is crucial for the linear transformer driver (LTD) bricks and modules to be triggered in the proper sequence. Preionization is an effective approach to enhance the triggering performance of gas switches. This article focuses on a disk-shaped preionization assembly (DPA) and analyzes the impact of variations in the DPA structural parameters (gap spacing <italic>d and disk height <italic>h) as well as the trigger pulse polarity on the triggering characteristics of multigap gas switch gaps. To, respectively, investigate the influence of preionization on the different types of switch gaps, a two-gap gas switch (TGGS) consisting of one trigger gap and one self-breakdown gap is adopted. The trigger experiments for the separate preionization gap and the TGGS equipped with the DPA are conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that the breakdown delay of the preionization gap with large <italic>d exhibits the polarity effect. The polarity effect of the breakdown delay and jitter of the trigger and self-breakdown gaps are opposite. The changes of <italic>d and <italic>h have reversed influence on the breakdown properties of the two types of switch gaps. Because the self-breakdown gap has greater breakdown delay and jitter than the trigger gap, the overall performance of the TGGS is primarily determined by the former. Employing a DPA with larger <italic>h and moderate <italic>d and adopting a negative trigger pulse could reduce the trigger delay and jitter of the switch.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"729-738"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Theoretical Model, Experimental Survey, and Optimization of Pulse Parameters for 4H-SiC Drift Step Recovery Diode

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3542403

Dengyao Guo;Xiaoyan Tang;Jingkai Guo;Yu Zhou;Lejia Sun;Yu Zhang;Yuming Zhang;Qingwen Song

{"title":"Theoretical Model, Experimental Survey, and Optimization of Pulse Parameters for 4H-SiC Drift Step Recovery Diode","authors":"Dengyao Guo;Xiaoyan Tang;Jingkai Guo;Yu Zhou;Lejia Sun;Yu Zhang;Yuming Zhang;Qingwen Song","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3542403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3542403","url":null,"abstract":"The drift step recovery diode (DSRD) is one of the most popular superfast pulse power switches. The pulse parameter model of DSRD is important to improve the characteristics of the pulsed power system and reduce the complexity of the DSRD design. This article presents models for the prepulse amplitude, pulse front durations, and pulse peak based on the operating mechanism of 4H-SiC DSRD. The models establish the connection between the output pulse parameters with the DSRD structure and the material parameters. 4H-SiC DSRDs with different structures are designed for experiments, and the experimental results are consistent with the model predictions. Using the quantitative description of the pulse parameters from the proposed models, the optimization methodology is discussed to reduce the pulse front durations under the prepulse amplitude and peak pulse fixed. The accuracy of this optimization method is confirmed through simulations. The models developed in this article simplify the complex problem of nonlinear interactions involved in 4H-SiC DSRD optimization, enabling better utilization of 4H-SiC DSRD’s advantages in pulsed power systems.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 4","pages":"721-728"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IEEE Sensors Council

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3542672

引用次数: 0