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Multiobjective Optimization of Key Parameters for the Chamber of Low-Voltage DC Circuit Breakers Based on MHD

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3528424

Jingyi Lin;Jianwen Wu;Shangwen Xia;Ruang Chen;Mingshun Ma

{"title":"Multiobjective Optimization of Key Parameters for the Chamber of Low-Voltage DC Circuit Breakers Based on MHD","authors":"Jingyi Lin;Jianwen Wu;Shangwen Xia;Ruang Chen;Mingshun Ma","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3528424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3528424","url":null,"abstract":"The extinguishing performance of low-voltage dc circuit breakers is intricately influenced by the arc motion process, which in turn is shaped by the structure of the arc chamber. Consequently, optimizing and refining the arc chamber structure is imperative for augmenting arc-extinguishing efficacy. Addressing this necessity, this study presents an advanced multiobjective optimization algorithm grounded in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model for low-voltage dc circuit breakers. The optimization targets key geometrical parameters within the chamber, encompassing the arc runner length, splitter plate inclination angle, as well as the horizontal and vertical spacing between neighboring splitter plates, to minimize both arc energy and overvoltage. Relative coefficients for primary and secondary objectives are seamlessly integrated into the optimization process to bolster computational efficiency. Leveraging simulation models, this algorithm expeditiously explores the impact of various arc chamber structural parameters on arc motion, thereby furnishing invaluable insights for designing and optimizing low-voltage circuit breakers.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of the Electron Distribution Function Inside of a LaB₆ Hollow Cathode

IF 1.3 4区物理与天体物理

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3527476

Kirk J. Boehm;James D. Rogers;Richard D. Branam

{"title":"Analysis of the Electron Distribution Function Inside of a LaB₆ Hollow Cathode","authors":"Kirk J. Boehm;James D. Rogers;Richard D. Branam","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3527476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3527476","url":null,"abstract":"Langmuir probe measurements have been performed many times in hollow cathodes and remain one of the most commonly used diagnostic methods to determine electron temperature, density, and plasma potential. The objective of this project was to analyze which possible electron processes can also be determined using a single-wire Langmuir probe in combination with the Druyvesteyn electron energy distribution function (EEDF) method. The well-documented JPL NASA LaB6 hollow cathode using argon, without a heater and without an orifice, was chosen for this study. The probe tip was located at the backend of the plasma. The Druyvesteyn EEDF method resulted in three distinct electron population peaks, representing single ionization, secondary electron production due to ion bombardment of the low work function insert, and thermionic electron production. The electron temperature for almost all three peaks decreased slightly with increasing mass flow rate. The electron number density also decreased with mass flow rate; however, each population showed a different rate of decrease. The detection showed different populations for different locations in the upstream plasma sheath. The results of this investigation indicate that thermionic emission, secondary ion bombardment, ionization, and their associated electron extractions can be measured using the Druyvesteyn EEDF method.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sim2Surf: A Sim2Real Surface Classifier for Vision-Based Tactile Sensors With a Bilevel Adaptation Pipeline

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530712

Gabriele M. Caddeo;Andrea Maracani;Paolo D. Alfano;Nicola A. Piga;Lorenzo Rosasco;Lorenzo Natale

{"title":"Sim2Surf: A Sim2Real Surface Classifier for Vision-Based Tactile Sensors With a Bilevel Adaptation Pipeline","authors":"Gabriele M. Caddeo;Andrea Maracani;Paolo D. Alfano;Nicola A. Piga;Lorenzo Rosasco;Lorenzo Natale","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530712","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we tackle the simulated to real (Sim2Real) gap in vision-based tactile sensors for surface classification. Specifically, we target four surface types: flat, curved, edge, and corner. We first train a diffusion model (DM) with a small set of real-world, unlabeled images gathered from everyday objects using the DIGIT sensor. Next, we employ the TACTO simulator to generate images by uniformly sampling object surfaces from the YCB model set. The images are transformed into the real domain using the DM and automatically labeled, allowing us to train a surface classifier without the need of manual annotations. To further align features across the real and simulated domains, we use an adversarial approach during training. The evaluation on tactile images from 15 3D-printed YCB objects shows an accuracy of 83.2%, significantly higher than the 35.9% achieved by training only on simulated images, confirming the effectiveness of our method. Testing on data acquired with different DIGIT sensors yields 81.6% accuracy on average, outperforming training with labeled real data. Moreover, our method demonstrates robustness also when applied to a different vision-based tactile sensor, GelSight Mini, obtaining a remarkable 83.3% accuracy on a balanced dataset. Lastly, we validate our approach with a 6-D object pose estimation task using tactile data.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 5","pages":"8697-8709"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

MINIAOD: Lightweight Aerial Image Object Detection

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530076

Huiying Wang;Chunping Wang;Qiang Fu;Binqiang Si;Dongdong Zhang;Renke Kou;Ying Yu;Changfeng Feng

{"title":"MINIAOD: Lightweight Aerial Image Object Detection","authors":"Huiying Wang;Chunping Wang;Qiang Fu;Binqiang Si;Dongdong Zhang;Renke Kou;Ying Yu;Changfeng Feng","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530076","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying challenging samples in real-time aerial images captured by the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is currently a difficult task. Lightweight network designs often utilize lightweight modules or employ methods such as network pruning, quantization, and distillation for real-time detection on embedded devices. However, these approaches are inadequate for complex background aerial images. In this article, we propose a real-time object detection algorithm specifically designed for complex aerial images, named MINIAOD. First, we use Ghost convolution to build a lightweight backbone network, which improves the detection speed without compromising the feature extraction capability. In addition, we utilize the GSConv module to construct a feature enhancement network and develop the C3 module with integrated GSConv convolution and ECA attention mechanism (GSC3ECA) module to improve the network’s learning capability for challenging targets, while also decreasing computational complexity. To boost the network’s focus on small and medium-sized targets and mitigate interference from complex backgrounds, we incorporate the ECA attention mechanism in the small and medium-sized target detection branch to elevate the focus on difficult-to-detect samples. Finally, we design the rotation detection head to characterize the target directionality of aerial images. We perform extensive experiments on multiple publicly available datasets and the proposed method demonstrates a favorable balance between accuracy and speed when compared to the current leading models.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 5","pages":"9167-9184"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-Inlet 2-D Water Flow Vector Sensor Using a Sealed Incompressible Liquid and Neural Network for Marine Biologging

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530523

Takuto Kishimoto;Kyota Shimada;Ryusei Ando;Kenei Matsudaira;Hiroto Tanaka;Hidetoshi Takahashi

{"title":"Multi-Inlet 2-D Water Flow Vector Sensor Using a Sealed Incompressible Liquid and Neural Network for Marine Biologging","authors":"Takuto Kishimoto;Kyota Shimada;Ryusei Ando;Kenei Matsudaira;Hiroto Tanaka;Hidetoshi Takahashi","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530523","url":null,"abstract":"This study designed and demonstrated a 2-D multiinlet water flow sensor to address challenges associated with measuring the swimming speeds of marine animals owing to size limits and harsh marine environmental conditions, such as clogging by marine debris. The sensor comprises a spherical housing equipped with three pairs of inlets on opposite sides, each connected to a differential pressure sensor element through a tube filled with an incompressible liquid. Notably, a sealed film placed over each inlet prevents marine debris from intruding into the sensor. The differential pressure data collected by the three sensor elements are used to determine 2-D water flow speed and angle using a neural network (NN) trained on water tunnel experiments. The results of the experiments conducted in this study demonstrated that the developed sensor could accurately detect the water flow speed and angle within a speed range of 0.6–2.0 m/s, which is typical of green turtles. The proposed sensor is, therefore, expected to realize improved biologging of marine animal behaviors.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 5","pages":"8093-8105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optofluidic Sensor for Iron Detection Based on Inline Fabry–Perot Interferometer Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Pulses and Selective Etching

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530448

Nurul Atika Nabila Jaharudin;Daryl Tan;Noran Azizan Cholan;Waldo Udos;Nimalrajh Ramalingam;Nor Hafizah Ngajikin;Kok-Sing Lim;Harith Ahmad

引用次数: 0

Nondispersive Infrared Ethylene Oxide Sensor With Temperature Compensation for Medical Sterilization

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530446

Jintao Liang;Liru Wang;Jiayang Zhang;Liang Wu;Xufeng Song;Xiaoyu Wang;Ding Zhao;Yonghuai Zhang;Tie Zhang;Guiyin Li

{"title":"Nondispersive Infrared Ethylene Oxide Sensor With Temperature Compensation for Medical Sterilization","authors":"Jintao Liang;Liru Wang;Jiayang Zhang;Liang Wu;Xufeng Song;Xiaoyu Wang;Ding Zhao;Yonghuai Zhang;Tie Zhang;Guiyin Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530446","url":null,"abstract":"Ethylene oxide (ETO) gas is extensively used in medical sterilization, but it poses environmental and health risks if not properly managed. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the concentration of ETO in the medical sterilization cabinet in real time. Herein, a dual-channel nondispersive infrared (NDIR) ETO sensor based on a direct optical path with explosion-proof performance was designed. Given ETO’s flammability, the sensor was employed an aluminum alloy explosion-proof structure to ensure safety. The effective optical path of the gas chamber was 1 cm, and the effective utilization of luminous flux was 86%. The sensor has an average relative error of 2% in measuring ETO concentration (0–927 mg/L) in the temperature range of 25 °C–65 °C, which was 3% lower than the industry standard. The response time (T90) was <10 s. To address temperature sensitivity, a chaotic particle swarm optimization back propagation network (CPSO_BPNN) algorithm was proposed for temperature compensation, resulting in improving the measurement accuracy (2%–3%) compared with the traditional linear temperature compensation. In addition, the sensor demonstrated good repeatability with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2.2% and good stability over a two-month testing period with the standard deviation (SD) of less than 3.4%. All these results demonstrate that the fabricated sensor has excellent stability and repeatability, meeting the required standards.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 5","pages":"8366-8374"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Low-Profile Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide-Based Sensor for Contactless Sheet Resistance Characterization

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530317

Raja Usman Tariq;Ming Ye;Xiao-Long Zhao;Yong-Ning He

{"title":"A Low-Profile Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide-Based Sensor for Contactless Sheet Resistance Characterization","authors":"Raja Usman Tariq;Ming Ye;Xiao-Long Zhao;Yong-Ning He","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530317","url":null,"abstract":"Transparent conductive nanofilms are the critical components in products, such as including electrochromic glass, solar panels, touchscreens, and photovoltaics. Precise measurement of their conductivity is necessary for ensuring quality control procedures, process monitoring, and product inspection before installation. This research discusses a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW)-based sensor, operating from 5.5 to 18 GHz, to provide a low-profile and noncontact solution for measuring sheet resistance (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${R} _{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of conductive thin films. Full-wave simulations and experiments illustrated that the transmission coefficient (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${S} _{{21}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of an HMSIW with a gap inserted in the transverse plane depends on <inline-formula> <tex-math>${R} _{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of a conductive thin film placed within this gap. <inline-formula> <tex-math>${R} _{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of nine samples of indium tin oxide (ITO) films, ranging from 2.841 to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$441.4~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/sq, was measured using the presented technique, and the results were compared with the standard four-point probe (4PP) method at the dc range. The experimental results agree well with the proposed fitting formulas that describe the relation between relative <inline-formula> <tex-math>${S} _{{21}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${R} _{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, with a maximum absolute relative error of 7.9%. Additionally, the study provides a detailed analysis of the HMSIW sensor design, outlines the calibration process, and highlights its advantages over traditional <inline-formula> <tex-math>${R} _{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> measurement methods, such as its low cost, noncontact measurement capability, and compact form factor, making it a more efficient alternative to the available techniques.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 5","pages":"8269-8279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a MEMS-Based Resonant Airflow Sensor for Apnea Detection Using Time-of-Flight Technique

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3529880

Parvin Akhkandi;Hannaneh Mahdavi;Reza Abdolvand

{"title":"Development of a MEMS-Based Resonant Airflow Sensor for Apnea Detection Using Time-of-Flight Technique","authors":"Parvin Akhkandi;Hannaneh Mahdavi;Reza Abdolvand","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3529880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3529880","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel micro electromechanical system (MEMS)-based resonant airflow sensor designed specifically for respiration monitoring in application such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The sensor operates based on the time-of-flight (ToF) technique and employs thin-film piezoelectric-on-substrate (TPoS) resonators. The resonators operate at ~25 MHz and are integrated into two oscillator circuits the frequency of which varies with temperature and humidity. By measuring the flight time of the airflow between sensing elements, the sensor can precisely calculate flow rates and velocities. A carefully designed laminar airflow channel is incorporated to maintain nonturbulent flow, which is essential for the accuracy of ToF measurements. Experimental validation demonstrates the sensor’s ability to measure flow rates from 0 to 10 L/min and velocities from 0 to 2 m/s with high precision and linearity with an accuracy as high as 97.85%. These results represent a significant advancement in respiratory monitoring technology, offering a noninvasive and cost-effective solution for home-based detection and management of OSA.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 5","pages":"8134-8145"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10850622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of Eccentricity on the Position Error of Variable Reluctance Resolvers Based on the Winding Function Method

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530168

Wenzhe Deng;Cunjie Zhao;Gang Xiao;Zhe Qian;Guoli Li;Qixu Chen;Qunjing Wang

{"title":"Influence of Eccentricity on the Position Error of Variable Reluctance Resolvers Based on the Winding Function Method","authors":"Wenzhe Deng;Cunjie Zhao;Gang Xiao;Zhe Qian;Guoli Li;Qixu Chen;Qunjing Wang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3530168","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of static eccentricity (SE), dynamic eccentricity (DE), and mixed eccentricity (ME) on the position error of variable reluctance resolvers (VR-resolvers) is investigated in this study. First, an analytical model of VR-resolvers is established by the improved winding function (WF) method. Using the simplified air-gap function (AGF), the model is used to analyze the induced voltage of the resolver under fault conditions and the position error after decoding by the phase-locked loop (PLL) in the resolver-to-digital converter (RDC). The results indicate that all three types of eccentricity cause varying undesirable harmonics in the output voltage. SE and ME cause extra amplitude imbalance and dc offset. Besides, eccentricity can also generate current harmonics in the excitation winding, which can serve as a basis for eccentricity diagnosis. The angle position error after decoding by the PLL under different eccentricity conditions also differs. Finally, the theoretical analysis is validated by the simulation and experimental results. This study provides a reference for eccentricity diagnosis of VR-resolvers and benefits the researchers and designers in terms of rotor position error prediction and suppression of VR-resolvers.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 5","pages":"8417-8432"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0