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Zero-Shot Defect Detection With Anomaly Attribute Awareness via Textual Domain Bridge

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544407

Zhe Zhang;Shu Chen;Jian Huang;Jie Ma

{"title":"Zero-Shot Defect Detection With Anomaly Attribute Awareness via Textual Domain Bridge","authors":"Zhe Zhang;Shu Chen;Jian Huang;Jie Ma","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544407","url":null,"abstract":"Visual defect detection is crucial for industrial quality control in intelligent manufacturing. Previous research requires target-specific data to train the model for each inspection task. However, due to the challenges of collecting proprietary data and model-training time costs, zero-shot defect detection (ZSDD) has become an emerging topic in the field. ZSDD, which requires models trained with auxiliary data, can detect defects on different products without target-data training. Recently, large pretrained vision-language models (VLMs), such as contrastive language-image pre-training model (CLIP), have demonstrated revolutionary generality with competitive zero-shot performance across various downstream tasks. However, VLMs have limitations in defect detection, which are designed to focus on identifying category semantics of the objects rather than sensing object attributes (defective/nondefective). The current VLMs-based ZSDD methods require manually crafted text prompts to guide the discovery of anomaly attributes. In this article, we propose a novel ZSDD method, namely attribute-aware CLIP, to adapt CLIP for anomaly attribute discovery without designing specific textual prompts. The core is designing a textual domain bridge, which transforms simple general textual prompt features into prompt embeddings better aligned with the attribute awareness. This enables the model to perceive the attributes of objects by text-image feature matching, bridging the gap between object semantic recognition and attribute discovery. Additionally, we perform component clustering on the images to break down the overall object semantics, encouraging the model to focus on attribute awareness. Extensive experiments on 16 real-world defect datasets demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) ZSDD performance in diverse class-semantic datasets.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"11759-11771"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Skeletal Sensor With 2-D Detection Capability

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544316

Limin Ren;Xu Zhang;Yisong Tan

{"title":"A Skeletal Sensor With 2-D Detection Capability","authors":"Limin Ren;Xu Zhang;Yisong Tan","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544316","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, existing skeletal sensors suffer from a 1-D detection, complex detection systems, and low detection sensitivity. In this article, a skeletal sensor with 2-D detection is proposed. The sensor consists of a substructure and detection elements. The substructure is composed of a negative Poisson’s ratio structure to increase sensor sensitivity. The detection element is composed of magnetostrictive material 2826 MB. Helmholtz coils and planar coils are used for reducing the detection complexity. A theoretical model of the interaction between the underlying structure and the magnetostrictive material is established. The sensor prototype is processed. Experimental platforms are set up for comprehensive testing of the sensor. Experimental results show that the sensor can perform 2-D force detection; it has a sensitivity up to 0.0381 mV/N and 0.6748 mV/N<inline-formula> <tex-math>$cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. The maximum hysteresis error is only 2.659%, and its maximum load is 4.849 kN and 48.14 N<inline-formula> <tex-math>$cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. The maximum load of the sensor fully meets people’s daily life needs. The sensor system does not require complicated operations. All the above factors indicate that the proposed sensor is a good solution to the problems faced by skeletal sensors currently, and it has potential applications in future skeleton research.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"12016-12024"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Noncontact Radar Sensing of Wrist Pulse Wave With Enhanced Accuracy and Flexibility

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543919

Xianzhong Tian;Haotian Shi;Yifan Gao;Xiaoyu Zhang;Yongxin Guo

{"title":"Noncontact Radar Sensing of Wrist Pulse Wave With Enhanced Accuracy and Flexibility","authors":"Xianzhong Tian;Haotian Shi;Yifan Gao;Xiaoyu Zhang;Yongxin Guo","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543919","url":null,"abstract":"Wrist pulse wave (WPW) is an important vital sign signal for digital health. By recovering WPW in a noncontact manner with wearable sensors could provide a new approach for the diagnostics and prediction of various human conditions and diseases. To this end, this work proposes a self-injection locking (SIL) principle-based wrist-worn radar sensor with enhanced accuracy and flexibility. By accuracy, this sensor is advantageous for the high correlation coefficients compared to a contact sensor in the time domain. By flexibility, it can accommodate a variety of microwave antennas, enabling a range of related applications. In addition, the instability problem of the traditional SIL radar is analyzed jointly considering the conditions of the oscillator and the pulse signal, concluding a possible solution to the instability problem. Experiments are conducted by comparing the WPW data simultaneously collected by the fabricated 5.8 GHz sensor and a contact piezoelectric sensor. High correlation coefficients are observed at two typical sensor-skin distances: an average of 0.841 at 1 mm and 0.773 at 5 mm, showing high accuracy. This work could facilitate research works for a range of related biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"11995-12002"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Factor Graph Optimization for Robust Indoor Positioning: A Data-Driven Approach Integrating Audio Ranging and Pedestrian Dead Reckoning

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544586

Wangdi Ke;Ruizhi Chen;Lixiong Huang;Guangyi Guo

{"title":"Factor Graph Optimization for Robust Indoor Positioning: A Data-Driven Approach Integrating Audio Ranging and Pedestrian Dead Reckoning","authors":"Wangdi Ke;Ruizhi Chen;Lixiong Huang;Guangyi Guo","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544586","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a novel approach for indoor positioning by integrating a data-driven audio ranging algorithm with pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) constrained by magnetic information (MI). The proposed system leverages convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to process time-domain audio signals by transforming them into spectrograms, thus enhancing the accuracy of signal arrival time estimation in complex indoor environments. The PDR system operates at 20 Hz and adapts to various smartphone usage postures by combining sensor data from microphones, BLE, and IMU sensors. In order to improve robustness, the proposed system incorporates multiple robust factors within particle filter (PF) and factor graph optimization (FGO) algorithms, thus effectively mitigating abnormal observations and reducing positioning errors. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves high positioning accuracy, with 95% of errors being within 1 m and maximum errors not exceeding 1.7 m across different smartphones, making it a viable solution for precise indoor positioning in real-world scenarios.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"12025-12037"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Novel Solution for Solving Time-Varying Algebraic Riccati Equations and Its Application to Sound Source Tracking

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3538173

Chuncheng Chen;Zhiyuan Song;Keer Wu;Kaixiang Yang;Xiuchun Xiao

{"title":"A Novel Solution for Solving Time-Varying Algebraic Riccati Equations and Its Application to Sound Source Tracking","authors":"Chuncheng Chen;Zhiyuan Song;Keer Wu;Kaixiang Yang;Xiuchun Xiao","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3538173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3538173","url":null,"abstract":"Solving time-varying algebraic Riccati equations (TVAREs) is crucial in sound source tracking and optimal control. It is worth noting that previous studies have focused primarily on solving static algebraic Riccati equations (AREs) or interference-free TVAREs. Nonetheless, in real-world solution systems, AREs are often time-varying and subject to a variety of external disturbances. To address these problems, we propose two strong initial state discrete noise-resistant zeroing neurodynamics (SDRZND) algorithms for determining the solutions to TVAREs. First, we introduce a bounded smoothing of the strong initial state coefficient to accelerate algorithm convergence while avoiding the additional impulse noise that nonsmoothed coefficients in the discrete algorithm might generate. Then, an integral feedback term is designed and integrated with this coefficient to enhance the algorithm’s robustness. Subsequently, to further improve the algorithm’s flexibility, we introduce a variable time step, leading to the SDRZND-Euler (SDRZND-E) and SDRZND-Taylor–Zhang (SDRZND-TZ) algorithms presented in this article. Lastly, the effectiveness, noise resistance, and practicality of these algorithms are verified through theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and sound source tracking experiments.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"11155-11166"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic Magnetic Field Compensation Based on Real-Time Signal Separation for Array Optically Pumped Magnetometers

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543684

Yaqiong Niu;Longsheng Cheng;Xingshen Hou;Chaofeng Ye

{"title":"Dynamic Magnetic Field Compensation Based on Real-Time Signal Separation for Array Optically Pumped Magnetometers","authors":"Yaqiong Niu;Longsheng Cheng;Xingshen Hou;Chaofeng Ye","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543684","url":null,"abstract":"Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) operating in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime achieve excellent sensitivity in environments with zero magnetic fields. Therefore, it is essential to suppress the environment’s magnetic field. As the environment’s magnetic field is not constant, it is necessary to compensate the magnetic field dynamically. This article presents a method of compensating the environment magnetic field dynamically for array OPMs based on real-time signal separation. The OPMs serve as the signal measurement sensors, as well as the quasi-static environment magnetic field monitoring sensors. The OPMs are placed orthogonal to each other to monitor the three components of the magnetic field. The output signals are separated and reconstructed using a fast wavelet transform. The low-frequency component is utilized to calculate the compensation current and the high-frequency component is recorded as the measurement result. This method does not require any additional sensors for magnetic field compensation, resulting in a simplified setting and low cost. The experimental results show that the method can suppress the quasi-static magnetic field fluctuations to less than one percent in real time. The magnetic field fluctuation is controlled within 10, 10, and 1 pT for the three axes. For array sensors, the effect of the magnetic field gradient can be reduced by utilizing internal coils in each OPM. The magnetic signal of a human heart is measured, which verifies the feasibility of the method for ultraweak biomagnetic field measurement.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"10913-10921"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Ultrafast-Transient-Response Boost Converter With V-Cubed-Controlled Techniques Suitable for Low-Voltage Solar Cells in Wireless Sensor Networks

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544719

Jiann-Jong Chen;Yuh-Shyan Hwang;Guan-Zhi Lin;Hung-Wei Chiu

{"title":"An Ultrafast-Transient-Response Boost Converter With V-Cubed-Controlled Techniques Suitable for Low-Voltage Solar Cells in Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Jiann-Jong Chen;Yuh-Shyan Hwang;Guan-Zhi Lin;Hung-Wei Chiu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3544719","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposed a V-cubed adaptive-on-time-controlled boost converter with zero-current-detection (ZCD) techniques suitable for low-voltage solar cells in wireless sensor networks. This converter employs V-cubed adaptive-on-time control (AOTC) and incorporates a zero-current detector to enhance efficiency under light loads. The design and implementation are carried out using the T18HVG2 (TSMC 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m HV 1P6M) process, with a chip area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.067times 1.073$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm2. The input voltage range is 0.5–1.2 V, the output voltage is 1.5–2.0 V, and the load current range is 10–150 mA. The transient response times are 1 and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.8~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, achieving a peak efficiency of 94.2% at a load current of 130 mA. The major contributions of this article are: 1) we proposed a V-cubed adaptive-on-time-controlled boost converter with ZCD techniques; 2) the proposed converter has been simulated with SIMPLIS and HSPICE to verify the function well; and 3) the performance of the proposed converter is better than others’ work. In a dc–dc boost converter, a voltage-cubed control strategy is used, which usually means adjusting the control parameters in the control loop according to the cube of the output voltage. The application of this method can bring some advantages, which are mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1) improved efficiency; 2) improved dynamic response; 3) reduced control noise and oscillation; 4) improved load regulation; and 5) extended component life. In summary, the application of voltage cubic control in dc–dc boost converters can improve efficiency, stability, and dynamic response, giving it obvious advantages in applications requiring high performance and high stability.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"12286-12293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of Temperature, Strain Rate, and Vacancies on the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum-Doped Bilayer Silicene

IF 2.1 4区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2025.3546749

Alexandre Melhorance Barboza;Luis César Rodríguez Aliaga;Daiara Fernandes de Faria;Ivan Napoleão Bastos

{"title":"Influence of Temperature, Strain Rate, and Vacancies on the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum-Doped Bilayer Silicene","authors":"Alexandre Melhorance Barboza;Luis César Rodríguez Aliaga;Daiara Fernandes de Faria;Ivan Napoleão Bastos","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2025.3546749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2025.3546749","url":null,"abstract":"Silicene, a two-dimensional material with promising potential for future technological applications, has attracted considerable attention over the past decade. Recent research has focused on modifying silicene's electronic and magnetic properties by means of adsorption or substitutional doping. While the magnetic, electronic, and optical properties of doped silicene have been extensively studied, there is a noticeable gap in the literature regarding its mechanical properties. To address this issue, this study explores the mechanical characteristics of bilayer silicene doped with aluminum under various conditions. By employing molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the influence of aluminum concentration, defects, temperature, and strain rate on the material's mechanical response. The findings reveal a monotonically decreasing strength with Al concentration in both the zigzag and armchair straining directions. Additionally, the material exhibits high sensitivity to defects, with even a small percentage significantly impairing its mechanical properties. Directional dependence is also observed, with the zigzag direction showing greater sensitivity than the armchair. As strain progresses, initial mono-vacancies evolve into more complex defects, hindering predictions of the mechanical response in certain cases. Lastly, strain rate sensitivity is evaluated, yielding values of 0.0485 and 0.0365 for the zigzag and armchair directions, respectively.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"24 ","pages":"134-139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10908092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wideband Fan-Beam Lens Antenna for IR-UWB Through-the-Wall Human Detection Radar

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543804

Soyeong Lee;Daeyeong Yoon;Kyuhwan Hwang;Heesu Wang;Kyung-Hwan Park;Yong Bae Park

{"title":"Wideband Fan-Beam Lens Antenna for IR-UWB Through-the-Wall Human Detection Radar","authors":"Soyeong Lee;Daeyeong Yoon;Kyuhwan Hwang;Heesu Wang;Kyung-Hwan Park;Yong Bae Park","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543804","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a fan-beam lens antenna design for impulse radio ultrawideband (IR-UWB) through-the-wall human detection radar applications operating in the 1–8 GHz. The proposed fan-beam lens antenna integrates a dielectric lens, designed by adjusting the lengths of dielectric slabs and air layers, with a Vivaldi antenna to achieve a fan-beam pattern characterized by a narrow beamwidth in the E-plane while maintaining a wide beamwidth in the H-plane. The antenna demonstrates excellent time-domain characteristics with a high fidelity factor exceeding 0.93, low reflection signal ringing, and maintained narrow beamwidth in the E-plane for far-field pulse radiation patterns. Through experimental validation, the antenna achieved SNR improvement due to concentrated signal propagation, enabling stable human detection at distances beyond 5 m through walls. The wide H-plane beamwidth allows effective detection of subjects in various postures, including lying positions. The proposed antenna design shows promising potential for various applications including disaster site search and rescue, building surveillance, fall detection in care facilities, noncontact vital sign monitoring, and smart home occupancy detection systems.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"11246-11257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A High-Performance Gas Sensor Employing a Spacer-Based Cavity With Distributed Bragg Reflectors

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543877

Michal Gryga;Jakub Chylek;Dalibor Ciprian;Pavel Pokorny;Tomas Fort;Jaroslav Sobota;Petr Hlubina

{"title":"A High-Performance Gas Sensor Employing a Spacer-Based Cavity With Distributed Bragg Reflectors","authors":"Michal Gryga;Jakub Chylek;Dalibor Ciprian;Pavel Pokorny;Tomas Fort;Jaroslav Sobota;Petr Hlubina","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3543877","url":null,"abstract":"A spacer-based cavity with distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) is employed in high-performance gas sensing utilizing wavelength interrogation. The DBR is formed by a 1-D photonic crystal (1DPhC) comprising six bilayers of TiO2/SiO2 with a termination layer of TiO2, and the spacer is a Ti layer deposited partially on one of the DBRs. The reflectance spectra of the sensor are measured in visible and near-infrared spectral regions at a near-normal incidence of light for humid air, and narrow dips in the 1DPhC bandgap due to the cavity modes are resolved. Two thicknesses of the spacer are considered, and it is revealed that the spacer thickness change is accompanied by nearly fivefold sensitivity enhancement. The sensitivity to relative humidity (RH) of humid air, a figure of merit (FOM), and the limit of detection reached 0.444 nm/%RH, 0.178%RH−1, and 0.022%RH, respectively. The theoretical analysis showed that the RH response of the sensor is due to the porous termination layer of the 1DPhC, and the strong dependence of the sensor sensitivity and FOM on both the spacer thickness and the position of the resonance dip in the bandgap was confirmed. A sensor employing a spacer-based cavity with DBRs thus represents an effective alternative with advantages such as sensing at normal incidence of light with high sensitivity and FOM.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 7","pages":"10992-11000"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0