{"title":"An Energy-Aware Cluster Head Selection and Relay Strategy for Efficient Data Transmission in Smart City WSNs","authors":"Sajjad Nouri;Faranak Reyhani;Javad Musevi Niya;Behzad Mozaffari Tazehkand","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3602354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3602354","url":null,"abstract":"One of the fundamental challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is ensuring reliable data transmission while optimizing energy efficiency. This article addresses this challenge by proposing a novel multicriteria cluster head (CH) selection algorithm and an adaptive relay strategy for energy-harvesting WSNs in smart city environments. Our approach integrates four key metrics for CH selection: proximity to the sink, residual energy (RE), transmission reliability, and power consumption. Additionally, we introduce a dynamic multihop routing protocol to mitigate obstacles and enhance network reliability. The proposed work is formulated as a nonconvex optimization problem and transformed into a convex problem for efficient solution. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements compared to previous works: energy efficiency increases by up to 45% over entire rounds, the network transmission ratio improves packet delivery rates by 30%–40%, and outage probability is reduced to near-zero levels under stable network conditions. These metrics are evaluated under varying modified subsistence ratios (0.15 and 0.45), highlighting the robustness of our method. These improvements originate from multicriteria CH selection, obstacle-aware routing, and energy management, collectively extending network lifetime and reliability for large-scale smart city deployments.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 19","pages":"37445-37461"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Dual-Layer Reverse-Helical Inductive Wireless Passive Flexible Temperature Sensor Integrated With Ferrite for Bearings Monitoring","authors":"Zhicheng Dong;Qiancheng Xu;Jingyi Tu;Yunlong Zhu;Jian Li;Yi Hu;Hangliang Ren;Peimei Dong;Xudong Cheng;Zhenyu Xue","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3601899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3601899","url":null,"abstract":"A wireless passive flexible sensor has been developed to measure the surface temperature of bearings and transmit wireless signals. The sensor employs a dielectric film sandwiched by a double-layer reverse-helical inductor structure to enhance magnetic field coupling with a ferrite composite material at the bottom of the layers. Both the permittivity of the dielectric material and the permeability of the ferrite demonstrate temperature-sensitive characteristics. This configuration establishes a synergistic mechanism that enables both inductance–capacitance (<italic>LC</i>) sensitive to the change in temperature simultaneously. The ferrite substrate effectively prevents the spiral inductor antenna from electromagnetic absorption caused by metallic components. The type of dual-layer reverse-helical inductive wireless passive sensor enables efficient wireless transmission in a metallic environment. The sensitivity of this configuration can reach 237.34 kHz/°C with the maximal coupling distance extending to 21 mm. The exceptional stability of the resonant frequency of this dual-layer reverse-helical inductive structure was achieved through the mutual inhibition of <italic>LC</i> variations when the flexible sensor is subjected to bending on the surface of the bearing. The sensor of composite structure establishes dual-sensitive units and optimizes electromagnetic field coupling, achieving an integrated system with electromagnetically synergistic properties. The integration of ferrite into a dual-layer reverse-helical inductor represents a novel approach to wireless passive sensing technology for temperature monitoring in metallic environments and a wider range of applications.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 19","pages":"37276-37287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wanyu Chang;Defeng Chen;Huawei Cao;Linsheng Bu;Chao Wang;Tuo Fu
{"title":"Simulation of Deep Learning-Based Multitarget Track Association for Ballistic Target Groups","authors":"Wanyu Chang;Defeng Chen;Huawei Cao;Linsheng Bu;Chao Wang;Tuo Fu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3601590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3601590","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the midcourse track association scenario of ballistic target groups (BTGs) observed by ground-based pulse-Doppler radar. It proposes a BTG track association neural network (BTGTANN) to perform track detection and association for individual targets within a BTG. First, time–range profile (TRP) samples generated by performing pulse compression (PC) on raw echo signals are used to represent the spatial distribution of multiple targets over time. Second, a feature selection and aggregation (FSA) module and a context-aware enhancement (CAE) module are developed based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. These modules enhance the feature fusion and context awareness capabilities of the network. Finally, the target detection branch of the BTGTANN is used to detect multiple target tracks in TRP samples, yielding track detection boxes. An instance segmentation branch is then employed to accurately extract the contours of the tracks within the detection boxes, thereby determining the track positions at each pulse time. Unlike traditional methods, this approach formulates the multitarget track association problem as an object detection and instance segmentation task, providing an innovative solution within a deep learning framework. Experimental results on simulated datasets demonstrate that the detection probability (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${P}_{d}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), the false alarm probability (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${P}_{f}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the BTGTANN reached 93.81%, 0.11%, and 8.43 m, respectively. Relative to the baseline, <inline-formula> <tex-math>${P}_{d}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> was increased by 5.70%, while <inline-formula> <tex-math>${P}_{f}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and RMSE were decreased by 0.06% and 3.97 m, respectively. Moreover, the robustness of the BTGTANN is validated across different target scenarios, with the results indicating its substantial performance and generalizability under multiple targets, low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and low-signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) environments.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 19","pages":"37429-37444"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11143873","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaqi Zeng;Hongji Xu;Hao Zheng;Yipeng Xu;Yiran Li;Dongyu Li
{"title":"A Multidimensional Feature Extraction and Fusion Framework Based on Aggregation and Temporal Adaptation for Human Activity Recognition","authors":"Jiaqi Zeng;Hongji Xu;Hao Zheng;Yipeng Xu;Yiran Li;Dongyu Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3595188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3595188","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have witnessed the conspicuous prosperity of deep neural networks in sensor-based human activity recognition (HAR). Nonetheless, some existing HAR frameworks based on deep learning (DL) architectures still face challenges in effectively extracting valid features and adaptively capturing complex dynamic information. Accordingly, most of the methods struggle to classify confusable activities. To settle the above challenges, a novel HAR framework for multidimensional feature extraction and fusion based on aggregation and temporal adaptation (MFEF-ATA) is proposed in this article. To construct the framework, initially, an aggregation transformation-based dual path module (ATDPM) is developed. Besides, a residual temporal bidirectional module (ResTBM) is presented, which is the residual connection of the temporal adaptive module (TAM) and bidirectional gated recurrent unit (Bi-GRU). Meanwhile, we construct a smart home activity (SHA) dataset to enrich the HAR sensor datasets from different application scenarios. The evaluation experiments of the MFEF-ATA framework are carried out on the wireless sensor data mining (WISDM) dataset, the University of California, Irvine HAR (UCI-HAR) dataset, and the SHA dataset. The experimental results show that the MFEF-ATA framework can derive better recognition performance than other state-of-the-art HAR frameworks with recognition accuracies of 99.12%, 97.77%, and 98.52% on the WISDM dataset, the UCI-HAR dataset, and the SHA dataset, respectively, which proves the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed framework.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 19","pages":"37339-37351"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandar R. Todorov;Huanghao Dai;Emily Yiu Hui Ko;Louay S. Abdulkarim;Naipapon Chupreecha;James Fuller;Emma Corden;Ying X. Teo;Russel N. Torah;Michael R. Ardern-Jones;Stephen P. Beeby
{"title":"Wearable System Using Printed Interdigitated Capacitive Sensor for Monitoring Atopic Dermatitis in Patients","authors":"Alexandar R. Todorov;Huanghao Dai;Emily Yiu Hui Ko;Louay S. Abdulkarim;Naipapon Chupreecha;James Fuller;Emma Corden;Ying X. Teo;Russel N. Torah;Michael R. Ardern-Jones;Stephen P. Beeby","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3601742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3601742","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in sensor technology offer the potential to transform dermatology by enabling continuous monitoring and objective, data-driven assessment of skin conditions. This work presents a novel wearable device for non-invasive assessment of atopic dermatitis (AD) severity in patients. The device uses a bespoke interdigitated capacitor (IDC) sensor, sensitive only to biomarkers of AD, namely stratum corneum (SC) hydration. The sensor is integrated into a flexible textile armband and paired with a compact readout circuit, capable of transmitting real-time SC hydration data via a custom graphical user interface (GUI). The device exhibited excellent measurement repeatability and stability under different environmental conditions. It was tested on 13 patients with the condition and demonstrated strong correlation with the standard clinical assessment tools such as the Corneometer (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$r =0.595$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$plt 0.05$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The e-textile IDC sensor identified a difference of 3–5 pF between skin with symptoms of the condition compared to skin without, while showing significantly less variability compared to the Corneometer. The improved stability and accuracy, combined with the conformal form-factor and ability to perform continuous measurements make the e-textile IDC sensor a much better candidate for at-home monitoring of AD in patients, compared to the current standard tools.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 19","pages":"37266-37275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Event Recognition in Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Systems Using a Fourier-Enhanced Deep Learning Framework","authors":"Shilong Zhu;Bo Yin;Yue-Ting Sun;Tonglei Han;Hongao Zhao;Jiahe Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3601500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3601500","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) systems have gained significant attention for their ability to monitor and detect various events through vibration signals. However, real-world environments are often complex and noisy, which poses significant challenges to accurate event recognition. In this article, we propose a novel deep learning framework to address these issues by integrating a Fourier transform-based time–frequency adaptive denoising (TFAD) module and a multiscale feature extraction (MSFE) network. The TFAD module transforms vibration signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, leveraging the powerful learning capabilities of deep learning to distinguish between noise components and the relevant vibration signal components. This allows for the filtering of frequency components that interfere with event recognition. Additionally, the time-series reconstructor is used to rebuild any missing information from the filtered signal, thereby improving the signal quality. The MSFE module employs fast Fourier convolution (FFC) with a global receptive field, combining it with standard convolution and incorporating frequency attention (FA) to enable lightweight and efficient extraction as well as fusion of both global and local features. Extensive experiments are conducted on a private distributed fiber sensing dataset and several public datasets. Results show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance while maintaining high efficiency, making it well-suited for edge deployment in real-world scenarios.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 19","pages":"37255-37265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization of Trigger Strategy for Multistage Coil Launcher","authors":"Duolin Shi;Xiaocun Guan;Shaohua Guan;Lida Yuan","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3590376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3590376","url":null,"abstract":"The calculation of the trigger timing sequence for multistage coil launcher presents significant challenges due to the intricate model structure and high degree of coupling, which complicates numerical analysis. Typically, the optimal trigger timing sequence for multistage coil launcher is derived through iterative field-circuit coupling simulations utilizing a finite element model (FEM). However, this approach often demands considerable time investment and is not conducive to real-time control of coil launch devices. To facilitate real-time control of coil launch devices using velocity and position parameters, this article conducts an analysis of the circuit and force models associated with multistage coil launcher based on the current filament method (CFM). Building upon the critical trigger formula derived from velocity and position parameters, we optimize the triggering strategy for multistage coil launcher and propose a new trigger formula. The effectiveness of this optimized triggering strategy is validated through a field-circuit coupling simulation model. This method demonstrates an approximate 3% improvement in efficiency compared to traditional critical trigger methods. Ultimately, this strategy provides a theoretical foundation for achieving real-time control over multistage coil launcher triggering systems.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 10","pages":"3171-3178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145290264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Commutations of Thyristor Converters Under Asymmetric Firing Control","authors":"Tianming Liu;Ge Gao;Li Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3595131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3595131","url":null,"abstract":"Asymmetric firing control has the potential to be applied to thyristor converters in high-power magnet power supplies due to its ability to reduce reactive power generation. However, further analyses indicate new issues, including commutation failures, thyristor trigger designs, and others. The converter output characteristics, particularly regarding the dc voltage output and the fundamental reactive power generation, are affected by various commutation processes. In this article, first, theoretical analyses are conducted to reveal the mechanisms of commutations for different firing angle regions. Second, the output characteristics are analyzed with consideration of commutations, focusing on dc output voltage and fundamental reactive power generation. Calculations and simulations are performed to verify these analyses and evaluate the effect of reactive power reduction. The experimental results confirm the principles of asymmetric firing. Finally, the impact of asymmetric firing on relevant subsystems, including thyristors, snubber circuits, and trigger systems, is further discussed. Also, the effect of reactive power reduction is further supported by analyses of parallel converter systems.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 10","pages":"3162-3170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of a Nanosecond-Level High-Voltage Bipolar Square Wave Generator for Insulation Testing of SiC Device Packaging","authors":"Hao Yan;Xuebao Li;Yan Pan;Rui Jin;Zhibin Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3597654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3597654","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the insulation testing requirements for high-voltage silicon carbide (SiC) device packaging under bipolar square wave voltage conditions, this article proposes and develops a novel nanosecond-level high-voltage bipolar square wave generator based on cascaded half-bridge submodules. Under a typical capacitive load, the generator achieves a peak-to-peak voltage of 10 kV, an adjustable repetition frequency from dc to 50 kHz, and a duty cycle ranging from 0% to 100%, with a rise time compressed to approximately 39 ns. By combining a series-isolated power supply design with common-mode filtering, the proposed approach significantly reduces common-mode interference under high <italic>dv</i>/<italic>dt</i> conditions, ensuring high-voltage isolation of the driver stage and improves electromagnetic compatibility. Compared with traditional pulse topologies such as Blumlein lines, linear transformer drivers (LTDs), and Marx generators, the proposed generator excels in flat-top waveform quality, flexible pulsewidth/duty-cycle modulation, and nanosecond-level rising edges. It thus provides a more precise and reliable experimental platform for investigating partial discharge and insulation-aging mechanisms in high-voltage SiC devices.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 9","pages":"2323-2333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Henry O’Keeffe;Martin P. Foster;Jonathan N. Davidson
{"title":"Piezoelectric-Resonator-Based Power Supply for an Ozone-Generating Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor","authors":"Henry O’Keeffe;Martin P. Foster;Jonathan N. Davidson","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3598886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3598886","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor power supply designed for operation with a low input voltage is presented. A piezoelectric resonator (PR) is used to provide voltage gain and high efficiency in a small volume for portable (point of use) ozone generation, suitable for the disinfection of surfaces, for example. The power supply was coupled to a small, asymmetrical DBD reactor and achieved an efficiency of 63% and an ozone generation efficacy of 67 g/kWh when operating at 4.4 W. The use of a PR to provide voltage gain has several advantages over, for example, a traditional electromagnetic transformer. The PR has monolithic construction for reliability, is inherently insulated against high voltage due to the ceramic material, can operate up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$300~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C, and its resonant behavior allows the power supply to operate with zero-voltage switching.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 10","pages":"3105-3112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}