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The cGAS-STING-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway regulates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. cGAS-STING-干扰素调节因子 7 通路调节帕金森病的神经炎症。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01684
Shengyang Zhou, Ting Li, Wei Zhang, Jian Wu, Hui Hong, Wei Quan, Xinyu Qiao, Chun Cui, Chenmeng Qiao, Weijiang Zhao, Yanqin Shen
{"title":"The cGAS-STING-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway regulates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Shengyang Zhou, Ting Li, Wei Zhang, Jian Wu, Hui Hong, Wei Quan, Xinyu Qiao, Chun Cui, Chenmeng Qiao, Weijiang Zhao, Yanqin Shen","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202508000-00026/figure1/v/2024-09-30T120553Z/r/image-tiff Interferon regulatory factor 7 plays a crucial role in the innate immune response. However, whether interferon regulatory factor 7-mediated signaling contributes to Parkinson's disease remains unknown. Here we report that interferon regulatory factor 7 is markedly up-regulated in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease and co-localizes with microglial cells. Both the selective cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase inhibitor RU.521 and the stimulator of interferon genes inhibitor H151 effectively suppressed interferon regulatory factor 7 activation in BV2 microglia exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and inhibited transformation of mouse BV2 microglia into the neurotoxic M1 phenotype. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of interferon regulatory factor 7 expression in BV2 microglia reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor α, CD16, CD32, and CD86 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory markers ARG1 and YM1. Taken together, our findings indicate that the cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes-interferon regulatory factor 7 pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"20 8","pages":"2361-2372"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
FK506 contributes to peripheral nerve regeneration by inhibiting neuroinflammatory responses and promoting neuron survival. FK506 通过抑制神经炎症反应和促进神经元存活,有助于外周神经再生。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-22-00867
Yuhui Kou, Zongxue Jin, Yusong Yuan, Bo Ma, Wenyong Xie, Na Han
{"title":"FK506 contributes to peripheral nerve regeneration by inhibiting neuroinflammatory responses and promoting neuron survival.","authors":"Yuhui Kou, Zongxue Jin, Yusong Yuan, Bo Ma, Wenyong Xie, Na Han","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-22-00867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-22-00867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202507000-00031/figure1/v/2024-09-09T124005Z/r/image-tiff FK506 (Tacrolimus) is a systemic immunosuppressant approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FK506 has been shown to promote peripheral nerve regeneration, however, its precise mechanism of action and its pathways remain unclear. In this study, we established a rat model of sciatic nerve injury and found that FK506 improved the morphology of the injured sciatic nerve, increased the numbers of motor and sensory neurons, reduced inflammatory responses, markedly improved the conduction function of the injured nerve, and promoted motor function recovery. These findings suggest that FK506 promotes peripheral nerve structure recovery and functional regeneration by reducing the intensity of inflammation after neuronal injury and increasing the number of surviving neurons.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"20 7","pages":"2108-2115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142292087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unraveling brain aging through the lens of oral microbiota. 从口腔微生物群的视角揭示大脑衰老。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01761
Qinchao Hu, Si Wang, Weiqi Zhang, Jing Qu, Guang-Hui Liu
{"title":"Unraveling brain aging through the lens of oral microbiota.","authors":"Qinchao Hu, Si Wang, Weiqi Zhang, Jing Qu, Guang-Hui Liu","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01761","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The oral cavity is a complex physiological community encompassing a wide range of microorganisms. Dysbiosis of oral microbiota can lead to various oral infectious diseases, such as periodontitis and tooth decay, and even affect systemic health, including brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted how oral microbes might be involved in brain aging and neurodegeneration, indicating potential avenues for intervention strategies. In this review, we summarize clinical evidence demonstrating a link between oral microbes/oral infectious diseases and brain aging/neurodegenerative diseases, and dissect potential mechanisms by which oral microbes contribute to brain aging and neurodegeneration. We also highlight advances in therapeutic development grounded in the realm of oral microbes, with the goal of advancing brain health and promoting healthy aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":" ","pages":"1930-1943"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141590898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. 作为诊断创伤后应激障碍潜在生物标志物的微RNA。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00354
Bridget Martinez, Philip V Peplow
{"title":"MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder.","authors":"Bridget Martinez, Philip V Peplow","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00354","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder caused by exposure to severe traumatic life events. Currently, there are no validated biomarkers or laboratory tests that can distinguish between trauma survivors with and without post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, the heterogeneity of clinical presentations of post-traumatic stress disorder and the overlap of symptoms with other conditions can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Evidence suggests that this condition is a multisystem disorder that affects many biological systems, raising the possibility that peripheral markers of disease may be used to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder. We performed a PubMed search for microRNAs (miRNAs) in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that could serve as diagnostic biomarkers and found 18 original research articles on studies performed with human patients and published January 2012 to December 2023. These included four studies with whole blood, seven with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, four with plasma extracellular vesicles/exosomes, and one with serum exosomes. One of these studies had also used whole plasma. Two studies were excluded as they did not involve microRNA biomarkers. Most of the studies had collected samples from adult male Veterans who had returned from deployment and been exposed to combat, and only two were from recently traumatized adult subjects. In measuring miRNA expression levels, many of the studies had used microarray miRNA analysis, miRNA Seq analysis, or NanoString panels. Only six studies had used real time polymerase chain reaction assay to determine/validate miRNA expression in PTSD subjects compared to controls. The miRNAs that were found/validated in these studies may be considered as potential candidate biomarkers for PTSD and include miR-3130-5p in whole blood; miR-193a-5p, -7113-5p, -125a, -181c, and -671-5p in peripheral blood mononuclear cells; miR-10b-5p, -203a-3p, -4488, -502-3p, -874-3p, -5100, and -7641 in plasma extracellular vesicles/exosomes; and miR-18a-3p and -7-1-5p in blood plasma. Several important limitations identified in the studies need to be taken into account in future studies. Further studies are warranted with war veterans and recently traumatized children, adolescents, and adults having PTSD and use of animal models subjected to various stressors and the effects of suppressing or overexpressing specific microRNAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":" ","pages":"1957-1970"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A promising approach for quantifying focal stroke modeling and assessing stroke progression: optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy photothrombosis. 量化局灶性中风模型和评估中风进展的有效方法:光学分辨率光声显微镜光血栓形成。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01617
Xiao Liang, Xingping Quan, Xiaorui Geng, Yujing Huang, Yonghua Zhao, Lei Xi, Zhen Yuan, Ping Wang, Bin Liu
{"title":"A promising approach for quantifying focal stroke modeling and assessing stroke progression: optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy photothrombosis.","authors":"Xiao Liang, Xingping Quan, Xiaorui Geng, Yujing Huang, Yonghua Zhao, Lei Xi, Zhen Yuan, Ping Wang, Bin Liu","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202507000-00025/figure1/v/2024-09-09T124005Z/r/image-tiff To investigate the mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of ischemic stroke, some methods have been proposed that can simultaneously monitor and create embolisms in the animal cerebral cortex. However, these methods often require complex systems and the effect of age on cerebral embolism has not been adequately studied, although ischemic stroke is strongly age-related. In this study, we propose an optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy-based visualized photothrombosis methodology to create and monitor ischemic stroke in mice simultaneously using a 532 nm pulsed laser. We observed the molding process in mice of different ages and presented age-dependent vascular embolism differentiation. Moreover, we integrated optical coherence tomography angiography to investigate age-associated trends in cerebrovascular variability following a stroke. Our imaging data and quantitative analyses underscore the differential cerebrovascular responses to stroke in mice of different ages, thereby highlighting the technique's potential for evaluating cerebrovascular health and unraveling age-related mechanisms involved in ischemic strokes.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"20 7","pages":"2029-2037"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142292086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Müller cells are activated in response to retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration in rats subjected to simulated weightlessness conditions. 在模拟失重条件下,大鼠视网膜核外层退化时,Müller 细胞被激活。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01035
Yuxue Mu, Ning Zhang, Dongyu Wei, Guoqing Yang, Lilingxuan Yao, Xinyue Xu, Yang Li, Junhui Xue, Zuoming Zhang, Tao Chen
{"title":"Müller cells are activated in response to retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration in rats subjected to simulated weightlessness conditions.","authors":"Yuxue Mu, Ning Zhang, Dongyu Wei, Guoqing Yang, Lilingxuan Yao, Xinyue Xu, Yang Li, Junhui Xue, Zuoming Zhang, Tao Chen","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202507000-00032/figure1/v/2024-09-09T124005Z/r/image-tiff A microgravity environment has been shown to cause ocular damage and affect visual acuity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we established an animal model of weightlessness via tail suspension to examine the pathological changes and molecular mechanisms of retinal damage under microgravity. After 4 weeks of tail suspension, there were no notable alterations in retinal function and morphology, while after 8 weeks of tail suspension, significant reductions in retinal function were observed, and the outer nuclear layer was thinner, with abundant apoptotic cells. To investigate the mechanism underlying the degenerative changes that occurred in the outer nuclear layer of the retina, proteomics was used to analyze differentially expressed proteins in rat retinas after 8 weeks of tail suspension. The results showed that the expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 2 (also known as basic fibroblast growth factor) and glial fibrillary acidic protein, which are closely related to Müller cell activation, were significantly upregulated. In addition, Müller cell regeneration and Müller cell gliosis were observed after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, of simulated weightlessness. These findings indicate that Müller cells play an important regulatory role in retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration during weightlessness.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"20 7","pages":"2116-2128"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142292088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acute and chronic excitotoxicity in ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. 缺血性中风和晚发性阿尔茨海默病的急性和慢性兴奋性毒性。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00398
Shan Ping Yu, Emily Choi, Michael Q Jiang, Ling Wei
{"title":"Acute and chronic excitotoxicity in ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Shan Ping Yu, Emily Choi, Michael Q Jiang, Ling Wei","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00398","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke and Alzheimer's disease are common neurological disorders and often occur in the same individuals. The comorbidity of the two neurological disorders represents a grave health threat to older populations. This review presents a brief background of the development of novel concepts and their clinical potentials. The activity of glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated Ca 2+ influx is critical for neuronal function. An ischemic insult induces prompt and excessive glutamate release and drastic increases of intracellular Ca 2+ mainly via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, particularly of those at the extrasynaptic site. This Ca 2+ -evoked neuronal cell death in the ischemic core is dominated by necrosis within a few hours and days known as acute excitotoxicity. Furthermore, mild but sustained Ca 2+ increases under neurodegenerative conditions such as in the distant penumbra of the ischemic brain and early stages of Alzheimer's disease are not immediately toxic, but gradually set off deteriorating Ca 2+ -dependent signals and neuronal cell loss mostly because of activation of programmed cell death pathways. Based on the Ca 2+ hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and recent advances, this Ca 2+ -activated \"silent\" degenerative excitotoxicity evolves from years to decades and is recognized as a unique slow and chronic neuropathogenesis. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN3A, primarily at the extrasynaptic site, serves as a gatekeeper for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity and is neuroprotective against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity. Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease, therefore, share an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor- and Ca 2+ -mediated mechanism, although with much different time courses. It is thus proposed that early interventions to control Ca 2+ homeostasis at the preclinical stage are pivotal for individuals who are susceptible to sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related dementia. This early treatment simultaneously serves as a preconditioning therapy against ischemic stroke that often attacks the same individuals during abnormal aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":" ","pages":"1981-1988"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway: contributing to the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. 抑制 cGAS-STING 通路:有助于治疗脑缺血/再灌注损伤。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00015
Hang Yang, Yulei Xia, Yue Ma, Mingtong Gao, Shuai Hou, Shanshan Xu, Yanqiang Wang
{"title":"Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway: contributing to the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.","authors":"Hang Yang, Yulei Xia, Yue Ma, Mingtong Gao, Shuai Hou, Shanshan Xu, Yanqiang Wang","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00015","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart, liver, brain, and kidney, but its role and mechanisms in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury have not been systematically reviewed. Here, we outline the components of the cGAS-STING pathway and then analyze its role in autophagy, ferroptosis, cellular pyroptosis, disequilibrium of calcium homeostasis, inflammatory responses, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, microglia transformation, and complement system activation following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. We further analyze the value of cGAS-STING pathway inhibitors in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and conclude that the pathway can regulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through multiple mechanisms. Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway may be helpful in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":" ","pages":"1900-1918"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141590847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The pivotal role of microglia in injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. 小胶质细胞在蛛网膜下腔出血的损伤和预后中的关键作用。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00241
Wenjing Ning, Shi Lv, Qian Wang, Yuzhen Xu
{"title":"The pivotal role of microglia in injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage.","authors":"Wenjing Ning, Shi Lv, Qian Wang, Yuzhen Xu","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00241","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a series of pathological changes, including vascular spasm, cellular apoptosis, blood-brain barrier damage, cerebral edema, and white matter injury. Microglia, which are the key immune cells in the central nervous system, maintain homeostasis in the neural environment, support neurons, mediate apoptosis, participate in immune regulation, and have neuroprotective effects. Increasing evidence has shown that microglia play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and affect the process of injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, microglia play certain neuroprotective roles in the recovery phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Several approaches aimed at modulating microglia function are believed to attenuate subarachnoid hemorrhage injury. This provides new targets and ideas for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, an in-depth and comprehensive summary of the role of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage is still lacking. This review describes the activation of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage and their roles in the pathological processes of vasospasm, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and cerebral white matter lesions. It also discusses the neuroprotective roles of microglia during recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage and therapeutic advances aimed at modulating microglial function after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Currently, microglia in subarachnoid hemorrhage are targeted with TLR inhibitors, nuclear factor-κB and STAT3 pathway inhibitors, glycine/tyrosine kinases, NLRP3 signaling pathway inhibitors, Gasdermin D inhibitors, vincristine receptor α receptor agonists, ferroptosis inhibitors, genetic modification techniques, stem cell therapies, and traditional Chinese medicine. However, most of these are still being evaluated at the laboratory stage. More clinical studies and data on subarachnoid hemorrhage are required to improve the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":" ","pages":"1829-1848"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141590852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Polyethylene glycol fusion repair of severed rat sciatic nerves reestablishes axonal continuity and reorganizes sensory terminal fields in the spinal cord. 聚乙二醇融合修复切断的大鼠坐骨神经,重建轴突连续性并重组脊髓感觉末梢场。
IF 5.9 2区 材料科学
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01845
Emily A Hibbard, Liwen Zhou, Cathy Z Yang, Karthik Venkudusamy, Yessenia Montoya, Alexa Olivarez, George D Bittner, Dale R Sengelaub
{"title":"Polyethylene glycol fusion repair of severed rat sciatic nerves reestablishes axonal continuity and reorganizes sensory terminal fields in the spinal cord.","authors":"Emily A Hibbard, Liwen Zhou, Cathy Z Yang, Karthik Venkudusamy, Yessenia Montoya, Alexa Olivarez, George D Bittner, Dale R Sengelaub","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01845","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202507000-00030/figure1/v/2024-09-09T124005Z/r/image-tiff Peripheral nerve injuries result in the rapid degeneration of distal nerve segments and immediate loss of motor and sensory functions; behavioral recovery is typically poor. We used a plasmalemmal fusogen, polyethylene glycol (PEG), to immediately fuse closely apposed open ends of severed proximal and distal axons in rat sciatic nerves. We have previously reported that sciatic nerve axons repaired by PEG-fusion do not undergo Wallerian degeneration, and PEG-fused animals exhibit rapid (within 2-6 weeks) and extensive locomotor recovery. Furthermore, our previous report showed that PEG-fusion of severed sciatic motor axons was non-specific, i.e., spinal motoneurons in PEG-fused animals were found to project to appropriate as well as inappropriate target muscles. In this study, we examined the consequences of PEG-fusion for sensory axons of the sciatic nerve. Young adult male and female rats (Sprague-Dawley) received either a unilateral single cut or ablation injury to the sciatic nerve and subsequent repair with or without (Negative Control) the application of PEG. Compound action potentials recorded immediately after PEG-fusion repair confirmed conduction across the injury site. The success of PEG-fusion was confirmed through Sciatic Functional Index testing with PEG-fused animals showing improvement in locomotor function beginning at 35 days postoperatively. At 2-42 days postoperatively, we anterogradely labeled sensory afferents from the dorsal aspect of the hindpaw following bilateral intradermal injection of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase. PEG-fusion repair reestablished axonal continuity. Compared to unoperated animals, labeled sensory afferents ipsilateral to the injury in PEG-fused animals were found in the appropriate area of the dorsal horn, as well as inappropriate mediolateral and rostrocaudal areas. Unexpectedly, despite having intact peripheral nerves, similar reorganizations of labeled sensory afferents were also observed contralateral to the injury and repair. This central reorganization may contribute to the improved behavioral recovery seen after PEG-fusion repair, supporting the use of this novel repair methodology over currently available treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":" ","pages":"2095-2107"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141284315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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