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Airborne Nanoparticles and Human Health: Toxicological Insights with a Focus on Inhalation Exposure and Mechanisms of Toxicity During Pregnancy. 空气中的纳米颗粒和人类健康：毒理学见解与重点吸入暴露和怀孕期间的毒性机制。
IF 1.4 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2026.57
Cheryl J Y Koh, Sina Ruhstaller, Emma Westenberg, Loretta Müller, Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
{"title":"Airborne Nanoparticles and Human Health: Toxicological Insights with a Focus on Inhalation Exposure and Mechanisms of Toxicity During Pregnancy.","authors":"Cheryl J Y Koh, Sina Ruhstaller, Emma Westenberg, Loretta Müller, Tina Buerki-Thurnherr","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2026.57","DOIUrl":"10.2533/chimia.2026.57","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution, particularly from airborne particulate matter (PM), is a major global health challenge and a leading cause of premature death. In this perspective, we provide an overview of human exposure routes to airborne PM and engineered nanoparticles, their subsequent translocation across biological barriers, and their biological effects within barrier tissues and beyond with a focus on the pulmonary and placental barrier. Emphasis is placed on direct versus indirect toxicity mechanisms in the absence of barrier crossing as well as on the 'Trojan Horse effect' that can enhance toxicity. Based on the current state of research, we outline critical knowledge gaps and highlight selected research efforts with Swiss participation that seeks to address these challenges. Collectively, these efforts will contribute to advancing risk assessment frameworks, informing regulatory policy, and ultimately reducing the global health burden of particle exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"80 1-2","pages":"57-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metrology of Nanoparticles. 纳米颗粒计量学。
IF 1.6 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2026.13
Oliver F Bischof, Heinz Burtscher, Martin Fierz
{"title":"Metrology of Nanoparticles.","authors":"Oliver F Bischof, Heinz Burtscher, Martin Fierz","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2026.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2026.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the past decades, several measurement techniques have been developed and continuously optimized to specifically analyze airborne nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have gained significant importance in fields such as air quality research, climate studies, nanotechnology, material science, particle technology and filtration. Key measurement fundamentals for an accurate, reliable measurement of nanoparticles includes their sampling, conditioning, and analysis. We present a number of state-of-the-art aerosol measurement techniques, with a focus on condensation particle counters, mobility analyzers, and instruments based on the diffusion charging of particles. A brief overview of these methods is provided, with a special focus on work done in the framework of the ETH Nanoparticles Conference, which was originally founded to better understand and mitigate nanoparticles generated by vehicles and combustion processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"80 1-2","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nanoparticle Emissions of Internal Combustion Engines: From Retrospective to Outlook. 纳米颗粒排放的内燃机：从回顾到展望。
IF 1.4 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2026.29
Jan Czerwinski, Danilo Engelmann, Andreas Mayer, Thomas Lutz, Lauretta Rubino
{"title":"Nanoparticle Emissions of Internal Combustion Engines: From Retrospective to Outlook.","authors":"Jan Czerwinski, Danilo Engelmann, Andreas Mayer, Thomas Lutz, Lauretta Rubino","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2026.29","DOIUrl":"10.2533/chimia.2026.29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoparticles (NP) in the sub-micrometer measuring range are invisible. NPs from combustion processes, consisting of carbon, metal and ash nuclei and organic substances, enter the human organism through the olfactory nerves and lungs, where they can have various effects (toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic), some of which are long-lasting (chronic). These invisible nanoparticles were identified in the second half of the last century. Since then, a great deal of research has been carried out in various fields, and nanofiltration has demonstrated and realised ways of efficiently removing nanoparticles. The greatest progress has been made in the aftertreatment of exhaust gases from combustion engines. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed here, as in other areas such as indoor and outdoor air pollution control. The authors have been involved in important stages of these developments and, in this article, they attempt to provide a brief review and a desirable outlook, along with a few examples. In summary, it can be said that all types of engines and numerous other anthropogenic sources emit harmful nanoaerosols. During the pandemic, it was proven that nanofiltration used for exhaust gas aftertreatment in engines effectively eliminates bio-nanoaerosols, i.e. viruses and larger pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, allergens and others. We are all constantly surrounded and permeated by nanoaerosols and must live in symbiosis with them. It is therefore advisable for society to gain a better understanding of this issue, take it seriously and be even more concerned about the quality of the air surrounding the general population.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"80 1-2","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Alkali Metal Dihydropyridinates: From Hidden Intermediates to Promising Well-defined Catalysts? 碱金属二氢吡啶：从隐藏的中间体到有前途的明确催化剂？
IF 1.6 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2025.832
Thomas M Horsley Downie, Robert E Mulvey
{"title":"Alkali Metal Dihydropyridinates: From Hidden Intermediates to Promising Well-defined Catalysts?","authors":"Thomas M Horsley Downie, Robert E Mulvey","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2025.832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2025.832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Often the synthesis of catalysts can be time-consuming, multistep tasks, but sometimes they can turn up fortuitously, hidden treasure finds in essence. The alkali metal dihydropyridinate complexes discussed here fit the latter scenario. First reported simply as in situ intermediates by reaction of two commercially available reagents, an alkyllithium and pyridine, a whole class of such compounds, isolated and structurally characterised are now known where M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs. Here, some of their recent applications in homogeneous catalysis are outlined, including dehydrocoupling of aminoboranes, hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones, dehydrocyclization of diamine boranes, and transfer hydrogenation of alkenes to alkanes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"79 12","pages":"832-837"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Iron-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents: Versatile and Powerful Tools in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. 铁基深共晶溶剂：可持续有机合成的多功能和强大工具。
IF 1.6 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2025.859
Marina Ramos-Martín, Nicolás Ríos-Lombardía, Sergio E García-Garrido, Alejandro Presa Soto, Joaquín García-Álvarez
{"title":"Iron-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents: Versatile and Powerful Tools in Sustainable Organic Synthesis.","authors":"Marina Ramos-Martín, Nicolás Ríos-Lombardía, Sergio E García-Garrido, Alejandro Presa Soto, Joaquín García-Álvarez","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2025.859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2025.859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) based on abundant and non-toxic first-row metals have emerged as versatile and sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents/promoters in a variety of synthetic organic protocols under greener and milder reaction conditions. In particular, Fe(III)-based Lewis Acidic DESs (LADESs) have recently shown great potential as dual solvent/promoter systems enabling efficient transformations under air and recyclable conditions without requiring toxic volatile organic compound (VOC) solvents at any stage in the protocol (synthesis, isolation or purification). Specifically, in this short review, we summarize our recent progress in the application of FeCl3-based DESs as sustainable and efficient promoters/solvents in organic synthesis by presenting two representative examples: i) the hydration and hydration/oxidation of terminal or internal alkynes to yield methyl ketones or 1,2-diketones, respectively; and ii) the Friedel-Crafts benzylation reaction. The performance, recyclability, mechanistic features and green metrics for these processes are discussed, highlighting the promise of this approach for sustainable synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"79 12","pages":"859-864"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transition Metal Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Vinylidene Ligands. 含n -杂环偏乙烯配体的过渡金属配合物。
IF 1.6 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2025.855
Bastiaan Kooij, Tak Hin Wong, Kay Severin
{"title":"Transition Metal Complexes with <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Vinylidene Ligands.","authors":"Bastiaan Kooij, Tak Hin Wong, Kay Severin","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2025.855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2025.855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transition metal complexes with N-heterocyclic vinylidene ligands can be obtained by combining N-heterocyclic diazoolefins with suitable metal precursors. The vinylidene ligands can act as potent C-donor ligands, allowing for the stabilization of electron-deficient and low-coordinate metal complexes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"79 12","pages":"855-858"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing Coordination of Organic π-Acceptors to Alkali-Metal Nickelates. 有机π受体与碱金属镍酸盐的配位评价。
IF 1.6 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2025.869
Luca Vedani, Eva Hevia
{"title":"Assessing Coordination of Organic π-Acceptors to Alkali-Metal Nickelates.","authors":"Luca Vedani, Eva Hevia","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2025.869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2025.869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nickel olefin complexes have served as ubiquitous precursors in nickel chemistry ever since their discovery. One class of compounds derived from these precursors is low valent nickelate complexes. While their role as key intermediates in challenging cross-coupling reactions has recently been confirmed, knowledge regarding the coordination preferences of these complexes, in particular when extended to π-systems, is still very limited. Herein we present a summary of our most important findings from the investigation of the coordination of a series of organic π-acceptors to low valent alkali-metal nickelate complexes. This includes the coordination of polyaromatic molecules such as anthracene or coronene. Extending these studies to biphenylene has uncovered the ability of these heterobimetallic complexes to mediate C-C bond oxidative addition processes, where the nature of the alkali-metal plays an important role in influencing the rate of these activations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"79 12","pages":"869-873"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Alkali Metal Complexes for the Controlled Synthesis of Bioplastics: Tuning the Metal Environment and the Reaction Conditions. 控制合成生物塑料的碱金属配合物：金属环境和反应条件的调整。
IF 1.6 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2025.848
Christian Rentero, Valentina Sessini, Marta E G Mosquera
{"title":"Alkali Metal Complexes for the Controlled Synthesis of Bioplastics: Tuning the Metal Environment and the Reaction Conditions.","authors":"Christian Rentero, Valentina Sessini, Marta E G Mosquera","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2025.848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2025.848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polylactide (PLA) is one of the most prominent bioplastics, derived from renewable feedstocks and noted for its biocompatibility. Yet, the full potential of PLA has not been fulfilled due to limitations in its production processes, especially the dependence on traditional toxic catalysts such as tin(II) octanoate. Recent studies have highlighted the advantages of alkali metal complexes as efficient, non-toxic, and versatile catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide. Historically, alkali metals were considered too reactive or poorly controlled to be effective in ROP catalysis. However, recently it has been demonstrated that this limitation can be overcome through judicious ligand design and reaction engineering, transforming alkali metals into powerful tools for sustainable polymer chemistry. As such, the use of bulky ligands can tune the metal environment and assert a better control over the polymerization. As well, depending on the presence or not of the co-initiator, the polymerization mechanism varies significantly which influences the control of the stereoregularity of the polymers obtained, and poly-L-lactide (PLLA) with different D-lactide units can be obtained. This stereoregularity determines the thermal and mechanical properties and hence the applications of the PLLA. Furthermore, using chiral alkali compounds and controlling the aggregation, isoselective rac-lactide polymerization can be achieved. Hence, catalyst design and reaction conditions can be combined to tune polymer microstructure, molecular weight, and tacticity, advancing PLA toward a sustainable and circular material future. Furthermore, the alkali metal compounds described herein not only enable rapid lactide polymerization, but also promote PLA depolymerization under mild conditions, thereby connecting synthesis with chemical recycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"79 12","pages":"848-854"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editorial. 社论。
IF 1.6 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2025.829
Martin Albrecht, Eva Hevia
{"title":"Editorial.","authors":"Martin Albrecht, Eva Hevia","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2025.829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2025.829","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"79 12","pages":"829"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Guided by Enzymes: Targeted Photodynamic Therapy as a Strategy for Precision Medicine. 酶的引导：靶向光动力治疗作为精准医学的策略。
IF 1.6 4区 化学
Chimia Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2025.838
Lara Sereina Wild, Joel Whitcher, Thibaud Rossel, Kevin Cariou, Gilles Gasser
{"title":"Guided by Enzymes: Targeted Photodynamic Therapy as a Strategy for Precision Medicine.","authors":"Lara Sereina Wild, Joel Whitcher, Thibaud Rossel, Kevin Cariou, Gilles Gasser","doi":"10.2533/chimia.2025.838","DOIUrl":"10.2533/chimia.2025.838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically proven, non-invasive cancer treatment that enables precise spatial and temporal control of cytotoxicity. Yet, many current photosensitisers (PSs) suffer from poor tumour specificity, limiting their effectiveness. Targeted photodynamic therapy (tPDT) addresses this by directing PSs to selectively accumulate in tumour tissue. Among the emerging strategies, enzyme targeting stands out as a powerful approach. This review explores enzyme-targeted PDT using metal-based PSs conjugated to small-molecule enzyme inhibitors - a dual-action design that enables tumour destruction while blocking key pro-tumour signalling pathways. Five distinct proteins with enzymatic activity such as carbonic anhydrase (CA), cathepsin B, cyclooxygenase (COX), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) are presented through selected conjugates. These cases underscore the versatility of tPDT in achieving precise tumour targeting. By enhancing therapeutic efficacy, minimising off-target toxicity and collateral damage, and ultimately improving patient safety, enzyme-directed tPDT bridges targeted therapy, photomedicine, and precision oncology - setting the stage for next-generation cancer treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":9957,"journal":{"name":"Chimia","volume":"79 12","pages":"838-847"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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