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{"title":"Trade-off between soil carbon and water following revegetation across climatic gradients on the Loess Plateau","authors":"Zhuoya Meng ,&nbsp;June Liu ,&nbsp;Liguo Cao ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Mingyu Chen ,&nbsp;Zhengchao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation restoration effectively combats land degradation and mitigates climate change by enhancing soil carbon sequestration. However, it often depletes soil water storage (SWS), potentially threatening ecosystem sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions. Although evidence shows that climate and vegetation type profoundly shape soil carbon–water interactions, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study analyzed data from 174 observations to assess soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) and SWS (0–500 cm), their trade-offs, and the coupling coordination level (0–100 cm) across vegetation types, including grassland, shrubland, and forestland (<em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em> and economic forests) on the Loess Plateau. The findings revealed an optimal trade-off between SOCS and SWS in forestland, with economic forests slightly outperforming <em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em>. Grassland and shrubland exhibited less favorable outcomes. Within the 0–500 cm soil layers, economic forests demonstrated the highest levels of both SOCS (20.20 kg m⁻²) and SWS (857.95 mm), whereas <em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em> had higher SOCS (19.36 kg m⁻²) but lower SWS (574.64 mm). Grassland had lower SOCS (13.00 kg m⁻²) and higher SWS (634.65 mm), while shrubland had the lowest levels of both SOCS (12.55 kg m⁻²) and SWS (480.17 mm). The effect of precipitation and temperature on the carbon–water relationship was non-linear. Based on these results, the revegetation recommendations included grassland for areas with a mean annual precipitation (MAP) &gt; 450 mm, and mean annual temperature (MAT) &lt; 9 °C; shrubland for MAP between 450 and 500 mm, and MAT &lt; 9 °C; <em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em> for MAP &gt; 530 mm, and MAT between 9 °C and 10 °C; and economic forests for MAP between 450 and 530 mm, and MAT &gt; 10 °C. These findings underscore the pivotal role of vegetation type and climate in regulating soil carbon–water dynamics and help identify optimal climatic zones for different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109071"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143858911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling chemical and physical processes in Fourier transform spectra of low frequency dissolved oxygen time series in Swiss lakes","authors":"Juan-Carlos Rodríguez-Murillo ,&nbsp;Montserrat Filella","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frequency domain analysis of hydrological time series can be used to extract information on physical and chemical processes, but such analyses are lacking for low frequency (fortnightly or monthly) time series of concentrations of lake constituents. We have explored the potentiality of these usual frequency time series in understanding processes in lakes. To this end, we have calculated Fourier transform spectra for dissolved oxygen time series at 14 sampling stations of 11 Swiss lakes for the approximate period 1980-2010. Despite noisy spectra, and spectral slopes (α) with a wide range of uncertainty, we have found consistent patterns of α change with the position in the lake and depth of the sampling stations. Spectral power (SP) shows a dependence of power on frequency (f) of the type SP ∝ f^-α with α varying from -0.103 to 1.40. α increases with depth and with distance from the main lake inlet up to 1-1.40. Spectral slopes have a significant parabolic relationship with mean oxygen at each depth (r² = 0.285, N = 182, p &lt; 10^-4), indicating the influence of mixing processes in the lakes. Regression results of α with water travel time from the main lake inlet -’processing time’- and the square of dissolved oxygen concentration (r² = 0.363, N = 182, p &lt; 10^-4) suggest that surface α are sensitive to the rate of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter decomposition, meaning that only processes with rates within the frequency range of the spectra (7.45x10^-5 to 0.028 d^-1) can exert a visible effect on the spectra and α. Potentially, effects on α variation can be used to detect or characterise slow processes in lakes for other compounds using long-term time series.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109073"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water erosion control through vegetation restoration: Mechanisms and contributions of vegetation components in Robinia Pseudoacacia forests","authors":"Yang Li ,&nbsp;Yawei Hu ,&nbsp;Jiongchang Zhao ,&nbsp;Jianjun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion represents a critical environmental challenge, with vegetation restoration recognized as an effective biological strategy for mitigating water erosion. However, much research has examined how vegetation components regulate water erosion in grassland ecosystems, but these conclusions may not apply to more complex forest ecosystems. This study investigated 42 typical <em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em> forest plots, assessing water erosion characteristics under four scenarios: full vegetation components including grass canopy, litter layer and shallow roots (GLR), retention of litter layer and shallow roots (LR), retention of shallow roots only (R), and no vegetation components (N). These characteristics involved average flow velocity (<em>V</em>), Reynolds number (<em>R_e</em>), Froude number (<em>F_r</em>), Weisbacher-Darcy resistance coefficient (<em>f</em>), sediment concentration (<em>C</em>), soil loss rate (<em>SLR</em>), runoff shear stress (<em>τ</em>), runoff power (<em>W</em>), and critical runoff shear stress (<em>τ_c</em>). Contributions of the grass canopy, the litter layer, and the shallow roots in mitigating water erosion were quantified. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of each vegetation component separately on soil erosion. The results indicated that the grass canopy significantly increased <em>f</em> and <em>τ_c</em>. The litter layer substantially reduced <em>V</em>, <em>R_e</em>, <em>F_r</em>, <em>C</em>, <em>SLR</em>, and <em>W</em>, while increasing <em>F</em>, <em>τ</em>, and <em>τ_c</em>. The shallow roots significantly reduced <em>V</em>, <em>R_e</em>, <em>F_r</em>, <em>C</em>, and <em>SLR</em>, while increasing <em>τ</em> and <em>τ_c</em>. Litter layer exerted a more pronounced impact than shallow roots and grass canopy, possibly attributed to the substantial litter biomass. Promoting the formation and accumulation of litter layer, along with shallow roots supporting, helps to optimize the soil and water conservation functions of forest ecosystems. These findings enhance understanding of the mechanisms and contributions of vegetation components in controlling water erosion on the Loess Plateau, particularly within complex forest ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109066"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143858909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay of grazing intensity and topography on soil phosphorus dynamics in semiarid grasslands","authors":"Qi Sun ,&nbsp;Ruoyu Jia ,&nbsp;Jianqing Tian ,&nbsp;Yujin Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhisheng Wu ,&nbsp;Entao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jishuai Su ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Lu ,&nbsp;Yongfei Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bioavailability of soil phosphorus (P) fractions is essential for sustaining primary productivity in grassland ecosystems, and it is influenced by grazing intensity and topographical features. However, the specific effects of grazing intensity on soil P fractions across varying topographies remain largely unexplored. Here, we utilized a 14-year grazing manipulation experiment in a semi-arid grassland, which included two topographical settings (flat vs. slope) and seven levels of grazing intensity (0 to 9.0 sheep ha⁻¹), to investigate how these factors impact the storage and transformation of soil P fractions. Soil P fractions were categorized into labile P (Ca₂-P), moderately labile P (Ca₈-P, Al-P, Fe-P), and stable P (O-P, Ca₁₀-P). Our results demonstrate that high grazing intensities lead to the accumulation of labile and moderately labile P fractions on flat areas due to runoff deposition from adjacent slopes, while these fractions are depleted on slopes themselves. Grazing exerts a direct influence on topsoil by reducing vegetation and litter cover, which accelerate the conversion of labile P fractions into more stable forms due to increased exposure and diminished protection. The mechanisms by which grazing impacts the distribution and dynamics of soil P fractions differ according topographical features. In flat areas, biochemical processes driven by soil organic carbon and microbial communities are predominant, resulting an initial decrease and followed by an increase in the proportion of less stable P with rising grazing intensity. Conversely, on slopes, environmental factors, particularly soil pH, play a more dominant role, leading to an initial increase followed by a decrease in the proportion of less stable P as grazing intensity escalates. These findings highlight the complex interplay between grazing intensity and topography in shaping soil P dynamics. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing effective grazing management strategies and promoting sustainable grassland productivity in semi-arid environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109072"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uniformity and variance in the effects of moss crusts on soil properties, enzyme activities, and bacterial communities along a subtropical karst degradation gradient","authors":"Xiaona Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Dong Chen ,&nbsp;Guanting Guo ,&nbsp;Jiaojiao Wu ,&nbsp;Mingzhong Long ,&nbsp;Qimei Wu ,&nbsp;Dengfu Wang ,&nbsp;Hong Jiang ,&nbsp;Linmei Long","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on biocrusts in degraded subtropical karst ecosystems remains limited, and the few reports that are available focus on only one small area. Here, we assessed the effects of moss crusts on soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and bacterial communities in four subtropical karst ecosystems experiencing varying degrees of degradation. We also explored the response mechanisms underlying moss crusts’ ecological functions along the same eco-degradation gradient. Our results indicate that moss crusts influence soil enzyme activities and physicochemical properties in the same way in each of the four karst ecosystems, regardless of the degree of degradation: moss crusts significantly improved soil physicochemical properties and enhanced aggregate stability (soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available kalium, silt + clay content, and soil aggregate mean weight diameter) and enzyme activities (N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase, and sucrase). Moss crusts greatly enhanced soil bacterial community species richness, except in HF with a much lower pH (5.35∼6.08), suggesting that the connection between moss crusts and bacterial species richness is most relevant in weakly alkaline (HJ and KD) and nearly neutral (YT) karst environments. Soil enzyme activities and chemical properties are more dominant drivers influencing bacterial communities within moss crusts in karst ecosystems with different degrees of degradation. Furthermore, moss crusts significantly enhanced the stability and complexity of soil bacterial networks in all study areas except HF. The influence of moss crusts on soil properties (total nitrogen, mean weight diameter, and sucrase) and bacterial network structure became stronger with an increasing degree of degradation, and interactions between soil bacterial taxa tended to become increasingly cooperative. This study deepens our understanding of the ecological functions of moss crusts in different ecosystems and offers a theoretical reference for the study of how biocrusts and their ecological functions respond to global climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109064"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of spatial resolutions of UAV-LiDAR-derived DEMs on erosion modelling in the hilly and gully Loess Plateau","authors":"Wenli Li ,&nbsp;Pengfei Li ,&nbsp;Lu Yan ,&nbsp;Jinfei Hu ,&nbsp;Leiqin Wang ,&nbsp;Dou Li ,&nbsp;Yang Dan ,&nbsp;Linlin Huang ,&nbsp;Guangju Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) (e.g. &lt;10 m) are critical for deriving topographic variables and thus erosion modelling. However, impacts of varying high DEM resolutions on erosion modelling results have been rarely assessed, particularly for topographically complex areas. In this study, DEMs with varying resolutions (0.1−20 m) were generated based on 3D point clouds acquired by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Light Detection and Ranging (UAV-LiDAR) for a small catchment in the hilly and gully Loess Plateau. Water and Tillage Erosion Model and Sediment Delivery Model (WaTEM/SEDEM) was employed to simulate erosion processes at different resolutions, with results at 20 m resolution being validated based on differencing results of UAV-LiDAR-derived DEMs. Impacts of DEM resolutions on topographic factors extracted and modelling results for different geomorphic units were investigated, with results at 20 m resolution as a benchmark. Model validation demonstrated that WaTEM/SEDEM was able to fairly simulate soil erosion and deposition in the study catchment (0.51 ≤ NSE &lt; 0.6, r = 0.75). Results showed that, as DEM resolutions coarsened, average slope gradient decreased, slope length, slope steepness and slope length (LS) factor and soil erosion volume increased, while sediment deposition volume firstly increased then decreased. Spatial patterns of erosion and deposition simulated at different resolutions showed a moderate consistency to those associated with benchmark resolution (0.46 &lt; Kappa coefficient &lt; 0.51), and the consistency increased as the resolution approached the benchmark. Impacts of DEM resolutions on the derived slope gradient, slope length, LS factor, and soil erosion volume over the study catchment were greater than those for hillslopes while less than those for gully slopes, while the impacts on deposition were also greater on gully slopes than over the catchment. The impacts on sediment yield were more complicated as a combined effects on erosion and deposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109059"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holocene vegetation and soil changes in the driest region of caatinga dry forest – phytolith contribution","authors":"Christianne Farias Fonseca ,&nbsp;Carolina Glaeser Beninca ,&nbsp;Demetrio Angelo Lama Isminio ,&nbsp;Altair Bennert ,&nbsp;Luiz Carlos Ruiz Pessenda ,&nbsp;Rubens Teixeira de Queiroz ,&nbsp;Rafael Albuquerque Xavier ,&nbsp;Bartolomeu Israel de Souza ,&nbsp;Marcia Regina Calegari ,&nbsp;José João Lelis Leal de Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates Holocene environmental changes in the driest region of the Caatinga dry forest, using a multiproxy approach integrating phytolith analysis, isotopic data (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N), radiocarbon dating, and comparisons with regional paleoenvironmental records. Three soil profiles from the Borborema Plateau were analyzed to study the vegetation dynamics (time and space) and soil formation processes. Three distinct environmental moments (EM) were identified since the last approximately 8 cal kyr BP, marking transitions from humid to semiarid conditions in the study area. EM I (before 3.5–2.7 cal kyr BP) represents the wettest phase, with a predominance of C₃ plants and increased soil organic matter accumulation. EM II (2.7–1.1 cal kyr BP) marks a drier phase, with the expansion of C₄ grasses and reduced tree cover, signaling the establishment of Caatinga vegetation. EM III (1.1 cal kyr BP–present) indicates environmental stabilization, with vegetation and soil characteristics resembling current conditions. The findings highlight the role of climate fluctuations, sedimentary processes, and soil development in shaping the present-day Caatinga, reinforcing the importance of local landscape features in moisture retention. These results contribute to understanding the long-term environmental history of the region and its implications for vegetation resilience and land-use strategies in semiarid environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109016"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying the contrasting water uptake patterns of dominant afforestation species along an aridity gradient on the Chinese Loess Plateau using stable water isotopes","authors":"Tingting Pei ,&nbsp;Huawu Wu ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Jianming Zhang ,&nbsp;Ying Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inappropriate afforestation has caused severe soil desiccation and ecosystem degradation on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) due to poor knowledge of plants’ water uptake patterns along the aridity gradient. In this study, the spatiotemporal difference of water uptake patterns by dominant afforestation species of tree (<em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em>), shrubs (e.g., <em>Hippophae rhamnoides</em>, <em>Caragana microphylla</em>, and <em>Artemisia Ordosica</em>) and natural grasses are explored by stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ²H and δ¹⁸O). Results from the MixSIAR model showed that water uptake fractions from various soil layers changed from low to middle to high precipitation sites in the drier (2015) and wetter year (2016). The afforested shrubs derived the highest proportions of deep soil water at the low precipitation (LP) site, however, their root uptake depth remarkably shifted towards the shallow soil layers at the high precipitation (HP) site in 2015. In contrast, shallow soil water gradually became a dominant water source for tree and shrubs because of its higher shallow water availability during 2016. This changed root water uptake depth, indicating that the tested afforested tree and shrubs had a plastic ability to adapt their water uptake patterns in variable environments. In addition, results also showed natural grasses predominantly depended on the shallow soil water on the CLP despite the drier and wetter year. We observed significant differences in the relationship between δ¹³C values in the leaves of trees, shrubs, and grasses and annual precipitation. Specifically, the leaf carbon isotope (δ¹³C) values indicated that the tested trees and shrubs had a higher intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE_i) for leaf-level water efficiency than grasses, implying that trees and shrubs presented a competitive advantage on water use over grasses on the CLP. This study also improved our understanding of spatial water usage strategies on CLP plantation species, which is essential to guide future selection of further plantation species selections and management in similar regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109024"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The carbon sequestration efficiency of conservation agriculture is constrained by initial carbon contents and duration: Evidence from a meta-analysis of experimental data in China","authors":"Ling Shi ,&nbsp;Jianlin Zhao ,&nbsp;Siying Xiao ,&nbsp;Chaoying Zhao ,&nbsp;Yiwen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conservation agriculture (CA) represents a crucial strategy for enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) and mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of the effectiveness and controlling factors of SOC sequestration induced by CA measures in China remains lacking. Our study compiled an extensive dataset on the SOC changes induced by CA measures in China, derived from literature reviews, encompassing 469 experimental data points spanning the period from 1978 to 2020. Using this dataset and <em>meta</em>-analysis, we quantitatively assessed changes in the SOC content of China’s topsoil (0–20 cm) and identified controlling factors under various CA measures. Overall, our results indicated that CA measures significantly increased SOC by 29.88 ± 6.44 % (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) compared to the conventional tillage (CK). The highest SOC change rate (SCR) occurred with no-tillage (NT) combined with chemical fertilizer and straw return measure (NT + CF + S). Additionally, NT with chemical fertilizers (NT + CF), chemical fertilizers with manure (CF + M), and manure (M) measures exhibited SCR values exceeding 40 %. It is noteworthy that the application of CF + S (21.49 ± 3.28 %) or CF + M (54.07 ± 4.76 %) led to greater SOC sequestration compared to the application of CF alone (12.95 ± 2.11 %). Furthermore, the annual SOC change rate (ASCR) of CA measures is closely linked to the experimental duration of its application, demonstrating an overall exponential decline followed by stabilization after several years (<em>R²</em> = 0.79, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, the initial SOC content was significantly negatively correlated with SCR (<em>R²</em> = 0.66, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). After implementing CA measures, paddy soils with higher initial SOC levels exhibited a smaller increase in SOC compared to black loessial soils with lower initial SOC levels. Our study contributes to the understanding of how CA sequesters carbon in soil, which is crucial for selecting appropriate agricultural measures according to local conditions to minimize soil carbon emissions and improve soil carbon sequestration capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109058"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling assembly processes shaping soil protist community dynamics across successional stages of temperate forests on the Chinese Loess Plateau","authors":"Jinghua Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianyuan Huang ,&nbsp;Guoqing Li ,&nbsp;Xinyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Shiwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protists, as pivotal regulators of soil food webs, maintain various ecosystem functioning. However, their assembly dynamics during plant succession remain poorly understood, hindering the integration of protist ecology into restoration frameworks. This study investigated the dynamics of soil protist communities along a 160-year forest succession chronosequence in the Ziwuling region of the Chinese Loess Plateau via 18S rRNA sequencing, quantifying assembly processes contributions and identifying key drivers. Results showed that deterministic processes dominated protist community assembly across succession, with homogeneous selection (73.29 %–76.51 % contribution) decreasing gradually from grasslands to mixed forests (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) but increasing moderately in climax forests (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05), mediated by litter/root inputs, soil properties and understory light. Stochastic processes, particularly dispersal limitation, increased transiently in mixed forests (18.21 % contribution), aligning with maximal plant diversity and heightened environmental heterogeneity, which enhanced protist <em>β</em>-diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity). Despite stable protist <em>α</em>-diversity, functional shifts emerged with succession: consumers declined (75.86 % to 62.40 %) while parasites increased (24.06 % to 37.57 %), with phototrophs suppressed by reduced understory light. Co-occurrence networks transitioned from sparse (grasslands) to densely connected (climax forests), showing increased edge number (519 to 1331) and positive correlations (58.57 % to 90.83 %). Soil nutrients (e.g., readily oxidizable carbon, total nitrogen) and plant-derived resources (litter/root organic carbon) persistently drove protist assembly throughout succession, while abiotic factors like soil bulk density (1.22 g/cm³) and moisture (12.83 %) shaped early-succession and biotic regulation (e.g., microbial biomass) dominated late-succession. These findings demonstrate how plant succession restructures protist communities, providing critical insights for soil biodiversity recovery and ecosystem restoration in arid/semi-arid regions like the Loess Plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 109030"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}