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{"title":"Evolutionary process of soil grain-size fractals in irrigation areas of northern China: a pedological analysis of ancient irrigation wisdom","authors":"Kai Hou ,&nbsp;Hui Qian ,&nbsp;Yuting Zhang ,&nbsp;Yixin Liu ,&nbsp;Wengang Qu ,&nbsp;Wenhao Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a fundamental cornerstone for sustainable societal development, soil formation and evolution play crucial roles in ensuring food security and agricultural advancement. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of long-term silt-laden irrigation on soil multifractal characteristics through a case study of the Jinghui Canal irrigation district, an ancient irrigation system. Distinct evolutionary patterns of soil multifractal characteristics were systematically analyzed through fractal theory integrated with self-organizing mapping, combined with the developmental history of the irrigation district. The results demonstrated widespread multifractality in the irrigated soils, with parameters exhibiting significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Spatially, narrower grain-size distribution ranges were observed in soils adjacent to northern and southern canal systems, whereas central canal areas exhibited broader distribution ranges (<em>D</em>(0) with maximum mean value: 0.99) and improved uniformity (minimum mean Δ<em>α</em>: 1.52). The self-organizing mapping clustering categorized 45 sampling sites into five groups (C1–C5), with central canal soils (C1 and C5) demonstrating superior uniformity. Temporally, soil profiles under long-term irrigation exhibited stable multifractal parameters, as exemplified by the coefficient of variation being merely 3% for these parameters within specific burial depth ranges around the central canal system, whereas regions (C2, C3 and C4) with intermittent irrigation demonstrated variable uniformity with poorer homogeneity. Irrigation practices facilitated fine-particle enrichment, increasing <em>D</em>(1) and <em>D</em>(2) while reducing Δ<em>α</em>, indicative of enhanced soil structure and nutrient retention. Conversely, irrigation reduction induced sandification, increasing <em>D</em>(1)/<em>D</em>(0) and decreasing Δ<em>f</em>(<em>α</em>). These findings underscore that consistent irrigation promotes soil homogenization and fertility enhancement, whereas irrigation discontinuity amplifies structural heterogeneity. This research provides scientific insights for optimizing irrigation strategies, improving soil productivity, and advancing sustainable agricultural practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109160"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil fauna explain the plant apparency effect on litter decomposition in tropical rainforests","authors":"Chaoying Yang ,&nbsp;Gbadamassi G.O. Dossa ,&nbsp;Anjana J. Atapattu ,&nbsp;Shangwen Xia ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The home-field advantage hypothesis predicts that litter decomposes more rapidly at its origin (‘home’) than at other locations. However, it often fails to explain site-specific variations, particularly in hyper-diverse forests, suggesting alternative mechanisms. To address these limitations, the plant apparency hypothesis that originated from plant-herbivore interactions studies was considered. Plant apparency hypothesis in the context of decomposition posits that litter of dominant species decomposes more rapidly than that of rare species. This study conducted reciprocal litter transplant experiments in three tropical rainforests in Southwest China. Within each forest, three canopy tree species were selected and categorized as dominant, common, and rare species according to their basal area in the plot. Leaf litter from these species was decomposed using two mesh sizes (0.15 mm and 2 mm) to manipulate decomposer access. This study found that in the coarse mesh, litter beneath dominant species (<em>k</em> = 2.98) decomposed faster than litter beneath rare species (<em>k</em> = 2.23), regardless of the litter source. Moreover, the litter of dominant species (<em>k</em> = 3.04) decomposed faster than the litter of rare species (<em>k</em> = 2.05). Thus, this study reject the home-field advantage hypothesis and support the plant apparency hypothesis. The plant apparency effect was likely driven by soil fauna community adaptations to dominant litter, regardless of litter quality or soil nutrient. This study highlights the ecological significance of dominant tree species in shaping soil fauna composition and nutrient cycling. Further research on decomposition within complex communities should consider how litter characteristics, such as abundance and distribution, impact the decomposition process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pixel-scale gully erosion susceptibility: Predictive modeling with R using gully inventory consistent with terrain variables","authors":"Christian Conoscenti ,&nbsp;Grazia Azzara ,&nbsp;Aleksey Y. Sheshukov","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a reproducible methodology for gully erosion susceptibility assessment using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) in the Turkey Creek basin, Central Kansas (USA). MARS models were trained on two predictor sets (A and B) extracted from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and ten gully grids derived from a gully inventory. Set A included predictors independent of the catchment area (e.g., slope angle, plan curvature), while set B added catchment area-related variables (e.g., stream order, wetness index). Gully grids were created by snapping digitized gully pixels to DEM flow lines by varying snapping distances and catchment area thresholds. Cross-validation across 20 square zones revealed significant performance improvements with snapped gully data and set B predictors, as measured by <em>AUC</em> and Cohen’s <em>kappa</em>. The modeling framework, supported by open-source R code, offers a valuable tool for erosion susceptibility studies in regions where DEM and gully inventory data are available.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109091"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil carbon storage in Brazilian drylands: A review","authors":"Lucas T. Greschuk ,&nbsp;João M. Villela ,&nbsp;Stoécio Malta Ferreira Maia ,&nbsp;Carlos Roberto Pinheiro Junior ,&nbsp;Rafael G. Tonucci ,&nbsp;Diana Signor ,&nbsp;Leidivan A. Frazão ,&nbsp;Antonio Yan Viana Lima ,&nbsp;Lucas P. Canisares ,&nbsp;Hermano Melo Queiroz ,&nbsp;Carlos E.P. Cerri ,&nbsp;Maurício R. Cherubin","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural systems that promote soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration need to be implemented to mitigate climate change. The scientific literature indicates that integrated agricultural systems (IASs) can increase SOC stocks across various regions globally. However, information on the influence of IASs on SOC stock in Brazilian drylands is still scarce. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of land use and climate classes on SOC stock and total nitrogen (TN) stock in the Brazilian drylands. Forty-eight studies were selected to extract data on SOC and TN stocks in croplands, pasturelands, IASs, and native vegetation. A linear mixed model was used to assess the effect of land use and climate classes on SOC stock and TN stock. SOC stocks (0–50 cm) were higher <em>(p &lt; 0.05)</em> in native vegetation (86.6 Mg C ha⁻¹), IASs (87.6 Mg C ha⁻¹), and pasturelands (78.2 Mg C ha⁻¹) than in croplands (60.3 Mg C ha⁻¹). The IASs had the lowest TN stocks, possibly due to the high input of residues with a high C/N ratio from forestry components. Less literature data is available for IASs regarding SOC stock and TN stock than for other land uses. In conclusion, the adoption of IASs shows potential to mitigate SOC losses, but caution is advised when extrapolating our numerical findings due to the limited data availability in the Brazilian drylands. This review highlights the importance of combining land use and climate class analyses to design targeted strategies for enhancing SOC accrual and promoting resilience in Brazilian drylands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109144"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Runoff simulation and attribution analysis under the comprehensive influences of climate, land use, check-dams and coal mining in the Sanchuan River Basin of the Loess Plateau China","authors":"Yiming Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Xueping Zhu ,&nbsp;Bingqi Ying ,&nbsp;Xuehua Zhao ,&nbsp;Xuerui Gao ,&nbsp;Xueni Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of global climate change, runoff simulation accuracy is greatly affected by various human activities and must be enhanced. In this study, we divide different periods according to the influence of human activities, add check-dams to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the form of reservoirs and ponds, and construct a SWAT-MODFLOW model to consider the impacts of coal mining. Eventually, the SWAT model of the historical baseline period (HBP) and SWAT-MODFLOW model of the comprehensive impact period (CIP) were constructed, and an attribution analysis based on different scenarios was conducted to elucidate the influences of climate and various human activities on changes in runoff. The results showed that: (1) The SWAT model had good accuracy during HBP, which indicated good performance under relatively natural conditions. (2) The SWAT-MODFLOW model used during the CIP comprehensively considered the influences of climate, land use, check-dams, and coal mining. The simulation results verified the efficiency of the proposed method via consideration of the influences of check-dams and coal mining on runoff. (3) Six simulation scenarios were set up for attribution analysis. Climate and human activity were found to positively and negatively affect runoff, respectively. Human activities were the predominant drivers, accounting for 54.0%. Among these, coal mining and check-dam construction accounted for a large proportion of 39.76%. The results of this study emphasise the impacts of coal mining and check-dam construction on the hydrological cycle of the Loess Plateau and provide a theoretical basis for water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109178"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue carbon in mangrove sediments from Mazatlán, Mexican Pacific; a century of urbanization and neglect","authors":"J.L.J. Jupin ,&nbsp;A.C. Ruiz-Fernández ,&nbsp;J.A. Sánchez-Cabeza ,&nbsp;L.H. Pérez-Bernal","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite ranking among the most productive and most efficient blue carbon sink ecosystems, mangrove forests still face worldwide loss due to deforestation and land-use change. Uncertainties remain about the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on belowground mangrove carbon stock and the potential contribution of their destruction to global warming through CO₂ emissions. In this study, geochemical data (element composition, grain size distribution, and magnetic susceptibility) obtained from two ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment cores, were used to evaluate temporal changes in sediment and C_org accumulation over the past century in the urbanized mangrove area of Estero El Infiernillo, a northern channel of the coastal lagoon Estero de Urías, in Mazatlán (southern Gulf of California). Sediment accumulation rates (0.06–2.4 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹) and C_org burial rates (22–1100 g m⁻² yr⁻¹) increased over time in tandem with population growth in Mazatlán. Multivariate analysis of geochemical data revealed a progressive transition from a predominantly marine environment (before the 1900s) to a more terrigenous one over the past 100 years. The time-dependent C_org stock (1.9–6.5 Mg ha⁻¹) decreased owing to reductions in sea water exchange and marine-C_org inputs as a result of anthropogenic coastline modifications and ecosystem disturbances. The destruction of the present carbon stock would release 26,000 ± 13 to 44,000 ± 14 t CO_2eq, thereby contributing to global warming and causing a mean economic loss of ∼1.2 million USD for Mazatlán. These findings demonstrate the effects of anthropic activities on the climate regulation services afforded by mangroves. The methods employed here can be replicated worldwide to underscore the importance of integrated coastal management in preserving blue carbon ecosystems as a nature-based solution for mitigation of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109133"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dryness affects trade-offs among soil functions via different mechanisms in semiarid and arid regions","authors":"Ao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jingyi Ding ,&nbsp;Wenwu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil is the basis of dryland ecosystems, which provide a variety of functions, such as nutrient cycling and hydrological regulation. Dryness poses a challenge to the ability of soil to support multiple functions simultaneously. However, little is known about how multiple soil functions respond to dryness and the factors influencing soil functions under different dryness levels, inhibiting our ability to better protect multiple soil functions. This study provides critical insights for predicting the evolution of soil multifunctionality under increasing aridity and formulating science-based adaptation strategies for dryland ecosystems. In this study, we investigated 58 sites in grassland areas in the drylands of China. We employed linear regression to analyze the effects of aridity on soil functions, used RMSE to assess trade-offs among soil functions across different aridity levels, and applied SEM to identify the driving mechanisms of soil functions. Our results showed that overall soil functions showed a significant decrease (R² = 0.42) as dryness intensified. Along the aridity gradient, there were trade-offs among soil functions, with soil nutrient retention higher than soil carbon sequestration capacity in the arid area but the opposite trend in the semiarid region. Aridity affected soil functions via different mechanisms under different aridity levels. In the arid zone, aridity had a direct negative effect (pathway coefficients −0.92 and −0.63, respectively) on soil moisture, while in the semiarid area, dryness negatively affected soil function through soil properties (silt) (pathway coefficients −0.25) and vegetation (plant cover, belowground biomass) (pathway coefficients −0.33 and −0.62, respectively). Our study provides evidence that a predicted drier climate will further limit soil functions and induce trade-offs among soil nutrients and soil carbon sequestration capacity along an aridity gradient. Based on the distinct mechanisms of soil functional degradation in arid and semiarid regions, differentiated ecological strategies should be appropriately implemented to maintain soil multifunctionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of soil quality to ecosystems after revegetation in a coal mine reclamation area","authors":"Qianwen Ren ,&nbsp;Fangfang Qiang ,&nbsp;Guangquan Liu ,&nbsp;Changhai Liu ,&nbsp;Ning Ai","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Revegetation is widely acknowledged as a vital strategy for the ecological restoration of coal mine reclamation areas. However, the mechanisms governing the internal regulation of ecosystems through vegetation succession over extended reclamation periods remain poorly understood. To address this gap, this study investigated the regulatory roles of ecosystem structure and functional factors in mining areas after vegetation reconstruction, as well as their dynamic effects on soil quality. This study specifically focused on the ecosystems of artificial <em>Hippophae rhamnoides</em> forests in the Ordos Mining Area of Inner Mongolia during different restoration periods. This study aimed to elucidate these dynamics by analysing soil quality, network structure, and ecosystem function in <em>H. rhamnoides</em> forests across different reclamation durations. Preliminary findings revealed the following: (1) the minimum data set for assessing soil quality in <em>H. rhamnoides</em> forest land within coal mine reclamation areas included sand, the bacterial Chao1 index, the fungal Shannon index, total phosphorus (TP), total soil porosity (TCP), soil organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (AP), and capillary water-holding capacity (CWHC), among which soil OM and the bacterial Chao1 index were identified as the key indicators for evaluating soil quality. Furthermore, the soil quality index of the <em>H. rhamnoides</em> forest improved with increasing reclamation duration. (2) As the number of reclamation years increased, the ecosystem network became more interconnected and structurally stable. The number of links within the network structure peaked in the seventh year after reclamation. Revegetation altered the hubs of the ecosystem network, with soil grain size and water-holding capacity emerging as significant hubs. Over time, biomass and herbaceous diversity gradually became crucial factors in ecosystems. (3) Soil quality in the <em>H. rhamnoides</em> forest was influenced by various ecological functional factors, as demonstrated by structural equation modelling. Soil OM, AP, and understory herbaceous diversity were identified as the primary factors affecting soil quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109038"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pedosedimentary archive of the Kostenki 21 (Gmelin) site as a memory of the dynamics of periglacial geosystems in the extreme conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum","authors":"S.A. Sycheva ,&nbsp;O.S. Khokhlova ,&nbsp;A.A. Bessudnov","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data on the structure of pedosedimentary archive (PSA) of the Upper Paleolithic Kostenki 21 (Gmelin) site on the first terrace of the Don River are discussed. The site consists of a series of eolian, colluvial, and alluvial loamy and sandy loamy sediments and includes cultural layers, pedosediments, and layers of initial pedogenesis with clear features of cryogenic disturbance. The complex structure of this soil–sediment sequence reflects the transition of the landscape from the subaqueous regime of the disappearing oxbow lake on the Don floodplain to the subaerial regime of slope, as well as the dynamics of local paleogeosystems in the most extreme phase of the last (Valdai) glaciations (MIS 2.2), reflected in three pedocryocycliths. The general trend and cycles of environmental events in the periglacial zone are reconstructed, and the adaptation capabilities of ancient humans in harsh climatic conditions are shown.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109152"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of soil organic carbon stock along layers and profiles using Vis-NIR laboratory spectroscopy","authors":"S. Dharumarajan ,&nbsp;C. Gomez ,&nbsp;C.G. Kusuma ,&nbsp;R. Vasundhara ,&nbsp;B. Kalaiselvi ,&nbsp;M. Lalitha ,&nbsp;R. Hegde","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a growing need to estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at both local and global scales. This study explores the use of Visible–Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) laboratory spectroscopy as an alternative to traditional wet chemistry methods for SOC stock estimation. Two approaches were tested: an indirect method, which uses Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) models to predict SOC content and bulk density separately and then multiplies them by measured layer depth; and a direct method, where PLSR models predict SOC stock per layer directly. The estimates were then aggregated to calculate the total SOC stock per profile. We evaluated both approaches using 361 samples from 84 soil profiles collected across three villages in Kerala, India. Two calibration scenarios were tested: (i) non-clustering, where 75 % of the dataset was used for calibration and 25 % for validation, and (ii) clustering, where models were trained on samples from two villages and validated on the third. The results showed that the indirect approach consistently outperformed the direct approach, both at the layer and profile scale. The non-clustering calibration scenario provided variable accuracy, with R2_val values ranging from 0.52 (direct approach) to 0.70 (indirect approach). The clustering scenario produced more variable results depending on the calibration set used. Overall, this study confirms that Vis-NIR spectroscopy is a promising, rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective method for SOC stock estimation. However, scaling up its application across agricultural landscapes will require substantial data collection and further methodological refinement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 109150"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}