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{"title":"Gully evolution and numerical simulation using the SIMWE model in Brazil","authors":"Marcos Eduardo Hartwig ,&nbsp;João Pedro Inacio Alves","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gullies epitomize the pinnacle of hillslope erosion, causing significant economic and environmental losses worldwide. Within the municipality of Alegre, located in the State of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, approximately a hundred gullies have been identified. This study endeavors to delineate the spatio-temporal evolution of two such gullies, alongside evaluating the efficiency of the SIMulation of Water Erosion (SIMWE) model. The methodology integrates aerial photogrammetric surveys, multitemporal image analysis, hillslope morphology assessment, geological and pedological analysis, geotechnical soil testing, and numerical modeling. Two scenarios were considered for the numerical simulation: one representing a single extreme rainfall event and the other accounting for a series of rainfall events from 2007 to 2021. The study reveals that sizable gullies, measuring thousands of cubic meters and carved in steep slopes, can undergo rapid expansion within just over a decade. The origin of these gullies is linked to terracette failures caused by intensive cattle farming practices. Their evolution is influenced by multiple interacting factors, including landslides, soil cracks, and variations in soil horizon erodibility. Furthermore, the SIMWE algorithm aids in understanding surface runoff dynamics, pinpointing the highest erosion rates in tandem with the emergence of gullies. The SIMWE model is a valuable tool for identifying areas prone to hillslope erosion. However, it was unable to accurately replicate long-term gullying.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108991"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of land use change effects on soil quality in ancient terraces based on the minimum data set approach","authors":"Xiao Peiyao ,&nbsp;Hao Yuying ,&nbsp;Liu Yaojun ,&nbsp;Deng Chuxiong ,&nbsp;Li Wenqing ,&nbsp;Zhang Guangye ,&nbsp;Li Taoxi ,&nbsp;Ma Yichun ,&nbsp;Lei Ming ,&nbsp;Long Yu ,&nbsp;Li Zhongwu","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Widespread land use changes in ancient rice terraces significantly influence soil quality in mountainous regions, impacting its ecological functions. However, the effects of land use changes on soil quality and the underlying factors remain unclear. This study investigates ancient rice terraces and their conversion into dry lands and forest lands in Ziquejie, Hunan Province. Soil samples were collected from a 0–120 cm depth profile, and 14 physicochemical and 6 biological properties were assessed. Soil quality was assessed using linear and non-linear scoring techniques and three indicator selection methods (total, minimum, and revised minimum data sets). The findings showed that the non-linear scoring method was more reliable than the linear method for soil quality assessments. The minimum data set (MDS) from the non-linear scoring method demonstrated a significant coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.51, an F-value of 26.24, and a sensitivity index (SI) of 13.43, indicating its strong suitability for assessing soil quality. The transition from paddy fields to dry lands and forest lands resulted in a 43.9 % and 47.3 % decrease in soil quality, respectively. This land use change also caused a progressive decline in soil quality with depth, increasing reductions by 190.1 % and 131.8 %, respectively. Path analysis revealed that chemical properties significantly influence biological attributes, and multiple regression analysis further demonstrated that land use changes predominantly affect soil profile quality by regulating dissolved organic carbon (DOC), subsequently influencing bacterial diversity. The MDS non-linear assessment method effectively evaluates soil quality changes in terraces due to land use, primarily driven by biological and chemical factors. Future efforts should focus on minimizing terrace land use conversion to maintain soil quality and enhance productivity in agroforestry systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108990"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of river regulation on gravel bar decline and vegetation expansion over recent decades","authors":"Adriana Holušová,&nbsp;Tomáš Galia","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many gravel-bed rivers in the Carpathians have undergone extensive regulation that has completely changed their geomorphic regime. Formerly rich in gravel bars, these river systems are now deprived of geomorphologically effective flows and sediment supply, resulting in the disappearance of gravel bars or the loss of their natural dynamic behavior due to vegetation overgrowth.</div><div>This study examines the effects of regulations on the development of gravel bars by comparing the historical condition in the 1950s (with limited human influence) with the recent period (2000–2022), and by analyzing the effectiveness of hydrological events and the development of in-channel vegetation in the recent period, in two heavily regulated gravel-bed rivers: the dammed Ostravice and the free-flowing Olše.</div><div>Rivers with abundant gravel bars underwent extensive channel regulations in the 1950s, which significantly reduced bar widths and lengths, as well as the total area of gravel bars. Hydrologically effective flows during bar reworking were associated with large floods (1997, 2010) or high flows in 2014, an effect facilitated by the previous flood event and the lack of resistance of highly vegetated bar surfaces. The remainder of the study period experienced progressive vegetation succession or only partial bar reworking. Overall, the dammed river showed more profound shifts in gravel bar morphology towards progressive bar narrowing and elongation and rapid vegetation succession than the less regulated river. This study provides insights into the development of gravel bars in regulated rivers of Central Europe, and highlights, from a management perspective, the potential loss of ecologically valuable habitats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108910"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Archaeological soils as archive of pedogenesis and human-landscape interactions: Classification issues and research challenges","authors":"Radu Gabriel Pîrnău ,&nbsp;Bogdan Roșca ,&nbsp;Cristian Valeriu Patriche ,&nbsp;Felix Adrian Tencariu ,&nbsp;Andrei Asăndulesei","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current knowledge about archaeological soils comes from a long-standing but sporadic collaboration between soil surveyors and archaeologists, who focused mainly on the geoarchaeological interpretation of sites stratigraphy and soil-based environmental reconstructions, whilst the classification of these soils was less approached. The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of the current WRB system to classify archaeological soils, considering their particularities and capacity to store information on both environmental characteristics and man-landscape interactions during the pedogenesis. The focus in this paper is on the Archaic qualifier, which was introduced in WRB ten years ago specifically to describe and classify soils in archaeological context. The study was based on a single archaeological site situated in north-eastern Romania, which has a twofold historical significance: it was inhabited about five millennia ago during Cucuteni culture and it was heavily affected by warfare during WW II. The results indicated that, although the current Technosols and Anthrosols Reference Soil Groups (RSGs) are generally suitable for classifying archaeological soils, the Archaic qualifier has a narrow applicability and has been very rarely used since its allocation to the Technosols RSG. Accordingly, we proposed the supplementation of the Archaic qualifier definition, reconsideration of cambic and argic diagnostic horizons in Anthrosols and Technosols, as well as the inclusion of a new Militaric qualifier to classify warfare soils in WRB. We conclude that the classification inconsistencies are mainly related with the lack of sharply defined taxonomic criteria and research methods, which hampers the understanding of their development and spatial distribution, as well as their inventory and a better representation in the soil policy instruments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108977"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential carbon stocks and burial rates in natural versus planted mangrove forests under varied hydrogeomorphic conditions","authors":"Zixun Huang ,&nbsp;Fen Guo ,&nbsp;Xiaoguang Ouyang ,&nbsp;Lanlan Xiong ,&nbsp;Zhenchang Zhu ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current research on mangrove ecosystems has highlighted their critical role in carbon sequestration, but significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the dynamics of organic carbon burial and its sources under different hydrogeomorphic conditions. This study investigated these dynamics in natural and restored mangrove forests. Our findings revealed that estuarine natural forests exhibited the highest carbon stocks, and greater inputs of local carbon sources compared to other mangrove types (estuarine restored forests, coastal restored forests and coastal natural forests). The turnover rate of organic carbon was found to be highest in estuarine natural forests, indicating relatively lower stability and a greater capacity to sequester more carbon into the soil. Additionally, external carbon sources, particularly phytoplankton, significantly impacted the burial of organic carbon, with higher proportions in coastal environments than in estuarine environments. These findings clearly indicated that hydrogeomorphic conditions played a crucial role in shaping the dynamics of organic carbon sequestration in mangrove ecosystems. Our study emphasized the necessity of incorporating both natural and restored mangrove forests into carbon accounting frameworks to more accurately assess and promote their role in climate change mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108981"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The immediate effect of typhoon disturbance on soil carbon fractions along a subtropical forest gap gradient","authors":"Qingjun Ma ,&nbsp;Rui Cao ,&nbsp;Zhuang Wang ,&nbsp;Qin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhihui Wang ,&nbsp;Lifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Wanqin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical cyclones (typhoons/hurricanes) not only destroy forest structures and shape forest gaps, but also lead to the dry soil getting wet with heavy rainfall, with an immediate effect on forest carbon (C) turnover. Yet, the short-term response of distinct forest gaps to typhoon disturbance and their influence on soil C fractions remain unknown. Taking advantage of the typhoon Doksuri, this experiment identified three key periods (i.e., pre-typhoon, typhoon, and post-typhoon) among five forest gaps (i.e., close canopy, gap edge, small gap, middle gap and big gap) to determine the immediate effect of typhoon disturbance on soil C fractions dynamics. Typhoon disturbance significantly decreased the labile soil C fractions, primarily consisting of total dissolved C in the topsoil and subsoil by 67% and 65% respectively, and slight effect on dissolved inorganic C and active organic C. Typhoon disturbance led to a decrease in recalcitrant organic C of the subsoil among different forest gaps to a certain extent, especially in the big gap. Forest soil moisture and litter nutrient storage after typhoon jointly mediated the variations in labile and recalcitrant C. These results indicate that the immediate effect of typhoon disturbance may decrease soil C fractions, with the extent of changes in distinct soil C fractions was also regulated by forest gaps. This finding emphasizes the an optimized canopy management strategy need to consider the specific responses of different forest structures to typhoons, which is essential for accurately assessing the soil C pool in cyclone-prone forests under climate change scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108986"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of different reforestation techniques on carbon stocks in soil and biomass of 5-year-old Scots pine crops at the windthrow area","authors":"K. Ziemblińska ,&nbsp;M. Jasik ,&nbsp;S. Małek ,&nbsp;M. Pająk ,&nbsp;B. Woś ,&nbsp;M. Urbaniak ,&nbsp;J. Olejnik","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The majority of European forests are managed and influenced by natural disturbances, with wind being the dominant agent, both of which affect the ecosystem’s carbon budget. Therefore, investigating the combined effect of wind damage and different soil preparation practices on forest carbon pools is of great importance. This study examines changes in carbon stocks in the soil and biomass of two 5-year-old Scots pine stands (namely Tlen1 and Tlen2), which were established approximately 2 years after a large-scale wind disturbance in northwestern Poland. These neighboring sites differ in terms of the reforestation methods applied, particularly regarding soil preparation: ploughing disc trenching at Tlen1 and partial preparation through local manual scalping at Tlen2. Using nearby forest soils as the best available reference for the pre-windthrow state, it was estimated that the total carbon stock in the soil (up to 50 cm depth, both organic and mineral) was depleted by approximately 17 % at Tlen1 and 7 % at Tlen2. The between-site differences were around 18 %, which nearly doubled when considering only the top 20 cm of the soil profile. In contrast, the total biomass, as well as the carbon stock in biomass, were significantly higher at the site with soil prepared using moderate ploughing (Tlen1) compared to the area with partial soil preparation (Tlen2). Our findings indicate that ploughing disc trenching, aimed mainly at weed removal and improving soil properties, significantly enhanced Scots pine seedlings’ growth, survival, and development during the first four years after planting. Finally, when both carbon stock estimates are pooled together, regardless of the chosen technique, the growing biomass in the investigated stands did not fully compensate for the carbon losses caused by mechanical soil preparation. However, in the short term, the overall change in the ecosystem’s carbon balance was only slightly negative and comparable between the two sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108901"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal variation and environmental regulation mechanisms of energy fluxes and energy allocation in dune and meadow ecosystems","authors":"Simin Zhang ,&nbsp;Tingxi Liu ,&nbsp;Lina Hao ,&nbsp;Limin Duan ,&nbsp;Xin Tong ,&nbsp;Yongzhi Bao ,&nbsp;Yixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Gong ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface energy exchange at the canopy-atmosphere interface exerts a substantial influence on microclimate, hydrological cycles, and geochemical processes. This study analyzes eddy covariance data from two observation stations in the Horqin Sandy Land for a period of 10 years (2013–2022) to investigate the temporal patterns and environmental regulatory mechanisms of energy fluxes and their allocation in the dune (A4) and meadow (C4) ecosystems. The findings reveal that net radiation (Rn), latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H), and ground heat flux (G) in different ecosystems exhibit a unimodal distribution. Both Rn and LE reach their maximum during the mid-vigorous growth phase, whereas G peaks at the onset of the growth period. At the A4 site, H peaks in the early vigorous growth phase, while at the C4 site, H peaks in the late vigorous growth phase. From the dune to the meadow ecosystem, the peak values of LE and Rn increase, and the dominant period of LE extends. Consequently, LE becomes the main component of energy fluxes within the meadow ecosystem. Climate and vegetation factors jointly regulate the temporal variation of energy fluxes and their allocation. From the dune to the meadow ecosystem, the influence of canopy conductance (gc) becomes more pronounced. This study highlights the importance of vegetation, particularly the significance of physiological control in determining the seasonal patterns of energy fluxes and allocation in water-limited arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Moreover, the observed sensitivity of energy allocation to vegetation changes suggests that, under future climate scenarios, attention should be given to the response of ecosystem energy transfer to greening trends in arid and semi-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108979"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of geographic variability and geologic history on the distribution of post-settlement alluvium (PSA) across the upper Midwest, USA","authors":"Alison M. Anders ,&nbsp;Bruce L. Rhoads","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accelerated floodplain sedimentation related to agricultural development of uplands has produced post-settlement alluvium (PSA) along rivers throughout the upper Midwest, U.S.A. Landscape characteristics, surficial sediments, and soils in the region vary geographically in relation to differences in geologic history, yet the extent to which this geographic variability influences PSA accumulation remains unexplored. This study uses existing data to assess how non-dimensional PSA thickness varies with landscape characteristics, surficial sediments, soils and climate. Geographic variability is associated with three subregions: 1) areas glaciated during the Late Wisconsin Episode (LWE), 2) areas glaciated during Pre-Illinois and Illinois Episodes (PI&amp;IE), and 3) the Paleozoic Plateau (PP), an area where evidence of Quaternary glaciation is highly localized and does not influence geomorphic characteristics of the landscape. These subregions differ significantly in average geomorphic characteristics, including mean watershed slope (WS), mean local relief (LR), fraction of non-contributing area (NCA), pre-settlement drainage density (DD), and mean normalized river steepness (KSN). Native vegetation type also differs systematically between the subregions, creating significant differences in the frequency of alfisols (Alfi) and molisols (Mol). Thickness of last glacial loess (Loess) also varies across the region, although not systematically between the subregions identified. Non-dimensional PSA thickness differs significantly among the subregions, increasing systematically with landscape age, reflecting faster upland erosion rates and stronger connectivity of uplands to river corridors in older landscapes relative to more recently glaciated landscapes. Non-dimensional PSA thickness is significantly positively correlated with LR, KSN, WS, Loess, Alfi, and Mol and significantly negatively correlated with NCA. Non-visibly distinct PSA is present in some LWE watersheds characterized by significantly lower KSN and WS relative to other LWE watersheds in which PSA is visibly distinct. PSA thickness and visibility reflect catchment-wide landscape characteristics and watershed-scale river steepness, which emphasize the importance of geographic setting, geological history, and landscape geomorphic characteristics for understanding historical river sediment dynamics. Spatial variability in PSA thickness also serves as an indicator of river system sensitivity to land-use change, providing insight into the relative impact of humans on rivers within different geographic settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108939"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late Pleistocene-Holocene lake-groundwater interaction in Fuente de Piedra playa-lake (southern Iberian Peninsula) recorded by stable isotopes of gypsum hydration water","authors":"Lucía Martegani ,&nbsp;Fernando Gázquez ,&nbsp;Claudia Voigt ,&nbsp;Alejandro Jiménez-Bonilla ,&nbsp;Miguel Rodríguez-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Klaus Reicherter","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.108949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Playa-lakes are highly sensitive to hydroclimate changes, which are often reflected in their sediments. In this study, we investigate the paleohydrological evolution of the Fuente de Piedra playa-lake (southern Spain), in connection to climate fluctuations during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) of gypsum hydration water were analyzed to reconstruct the δ¹⁸O and δ²H values of lake water over the past ∼30,000 years. The highest water δ-values (up to 6.4 ‰ for δ¹⁸O and 24.0 ‰ for δ²H) corresponded to periods when Fuente de Piedra featured as a (semi-)permanent lake (e.g. 22–18.5 cal. kyr BP, 17.4–14.4 cal. kyr BP, 7.0–5.9 cal. kyr BP), coinciding with relatively wetter climate stages in the southern Iberian Peninsula. Conversely, the lowest δ-values (e.g. −1.1 ‰ for δ¹⁸O and −13.0 ‰ for δ²H between 11.8 and 9.2 cal. ky BP) and periods of no gypsum precipitation (e.g. 12.8–11.8 cal. kyr BP, 5.5 cal. kyr BP–present) are associated with ephemeral lake conditions and more arid climate. This isotope pattern reflects an intensified interaction between the lake and the underlying brackish aquifer during more stable lake stages, driven by wetter climatic conditions. However, during drier phases the lake water was fresher, since reduced aquifer recharge limited the interaction between the brackish groundwater and the lake. Over the long term, the Fuente de Piedra isotope record reveals a sinusoidal pattern that indicates variations in warm-season insolation, confirming orbital control over the hydroclimate of the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 108949"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}