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{"title":"Assessing gully erosion susceptibility and headcuts advancement rates in Wanli coalfield in Ordos, China","authors":"Pengfei Li ,&nbsp;Ziguan Wang ,&nbsp;Guangcai Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Cheng ,&nbsp;Jiamin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gully erosion is a significant form of soil erosion and a major source of sediment in arid and semi-arid regions. Mining activities have severely exacerbated vegetation degradation and ground deformation in coalfields, potentially accelerating gully expansion. However, few studies have explored gully erosion susceptibility (GES) in coalfield areas. This study aims to investigate GES and its influencing environmental factors in the Wanli coalfield, China. Three hybrid models were established using Multi-Attributive Border Approximation area Comparison (MABAC), frequency ratio (FR), AdaBoost (AB), Extremely-Randomized Trees (ET), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LG). During the 2023 field survey, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) was used to create a digital ortho map (DOM) and a digital elevation model (DEM), from which 2,128 gullies were visually identified. A total of 14 environmental factors were utilized to generate the gully erosion susceptibility mapping (GESM), including six topographical factors, four hydrological factors, and four other factors. Three hybrid models—MABAC-FR-AB, MABAC-FR-ET, and MABAC-FR-LG—were selected to predict GES. Among these models, MABAC-FR-LG exhibited the best performance with an AUC of 0.996, followed by MABAC-FR-ET (AUC = 0.987) and MABAC-FR-AB (AUC = 0.976). Additionally, gully headcuts advancement rates (GHR) were calculated based on satellite imagery from 2012 and 2021 in 5 different GES areas to validate the accuracy of GESM. The GHR in very high GES area was 0.247 m yr⁻¹, greater than those in high GES area (0.167 m yr⁻¹), moderate GES area (0.141 m yr⁻¹), low GES area (0.076 m yr⁻¹), and very low GES area (0.036 m yr⁻¹). Gullies with ground fissures exhibited higher GHR (0.213 m yr⁻¹) than those without ground fissures (0.167 m yr⁻¹). This study offers a novel perspective on preventing and controlling gully erosion in coalfields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109259"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ephemeral gully evolution and morphological changes in the erosion-tillage-erosion cycle on steep loess slopes","authors":"Wenqian Liang ,&nbsp;Ximeng Xu ,&nbsp;Fenli Zheng ,&nbsp;Chao Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ephemeral gullies (EGs) are distributed on the farmlands across the world and play a significant role in soil loss and land degradation. However, the complete cyclic evolution process of EG channels, including formation, obliteration by tillage, and reformation under subsequent rainfall, remains underexplored. Thus, this study aims to investigate the EG evolution and morphological changes in the erosion-tillage-erosion cycle on a steep loess slope by using 0.01 m resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) obtained from Terrestrial Laser Scanner. A total of 107 cross-sections across three EGs were extracted, and six morphological indices, including <em>W</em> (EG channel width), <em>D</em> (EG channel depth), <em>A</em> (EG channel cross-sectional area), <em>α</em> (the angle from the EG lateral drainage area border to the EG channel border), <em>β</em> (the angle from the EG channel border to the bottom), and <em>W/D</em> (EG channel width-depth ratio), were obtained. The results revealed that, from the post-rainy season in 2014 to the post-rainy season in 2015, <em>W</em>, <em>D</em>, and <em>A</em> increased by 8%–25%, 20%–40%, and 35%–69%, respectively, while <em>α</em>, <em>β</em>, and <em>W</em>/<em>D</em> exhibited minor changes. EG with larger upslope drainage areas experienced more pronounced evolution, with <em>D</em>, <em>A</em>, and <em>α</em> increasing linearly with upslope drainage area across the three EGs, ranging from 0.05 m to 0.49 m, 67 cm² to 2062 cm², and 10° to 26°, respectively. A new cross-section morphological index incorporating upslope and lateral flow contributions, <em>α</em>·tan(<em>β</em>), was introduced, which showed a consistent linear relationship with the product of the upslope drainage area and the square of local slope gradient in EGs, offering a tool for predicting EG cross-sectional morphology. This study provided insights into EG evolution and illustrated the role of tillage practices in EG evolution processes, which can provide a scientific basis for the construction of gully erosion prediction models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109257"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations in soil organic C stocks, sources, and composition during the development of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations: Evidence from spectroscopic, microbial, and lignin analyses","authors":"Xiaomeng He ,&nbsp;Qiang Liu ,&nbsp;Huiqing Cao ,&nbsp;Lihua Fu ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Cui ,&nbsp;Shaohui Huang ,&nbsp;Haoan Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Afforestation has been recognized as an effective strategy for enhancing Soil Organic C (SOC) and mitigating climate change. Yet, the temporal dynamics of SOC quantity, quality, and origins, along with the mechanisms driving these changes during stand development, remain inadequately understood. To address this knowledge gap, five <em>Larix principis-rupprechtii</em> plantations of varying ages (7, 18, 25, 34, and 44 yr.) were selected to elucidate the temporal variations in SOC characteristics following reforestation, based on ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance, phospholipid fatty acid, eco-enzymatic activity, microbial necromass, and lignin phenols analysis, etc. Results showed that with increasing stand ages, SOC, Plant-derived C (PC), microbial-derived C (MNC), hydrolytic eco-enzymatic activities, and microbial biomass initially increased and subsequently decreased, with most parameters peaking in 25 yr. stand. Notably, the increased stand ages (i.e., 34 and 44 yr.) or soil depths (20 − 40 cm) enhanced SOC stability, as well as enlarged MNC but reduced PC contribution to SOC. Besides, the reduced syringyl/vanillyl values and elevated their acid/aldehyde ratios in 34 and 44 yr. stands (or 20 − 40 cm depths) indicated that an increased degree of lignin microbial oxidation and decomposition with increasing stand ages or soil depths. Random forest model revealed that biotic and abiotic factors (i.e., hydrolytic eco-enzymatic activity, bulk density, Total N (TN), and SOC stability), rather than litter properties, were the primary factors controlling the PC. The MNC, however, was mainly influenced by litter biomass, TN, SOC/TN, and hydrolytic eco-enzymatic activity. Partial least squares path models partially corroborated these findings and highlighted the synergistic effect of plant- and microbial-derived C on long-term SOC stocks. Concluding, these findings provided new insights into the mechanisms underlying SOC formation/characteristics during forest development, and offer a theoretical basis for sustainable development of forests in northern China from the perspective of soil C sequestration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109262"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the interaction between raindrop splash and concentrated flow on soil detachment capacity across different slope gradients","authors":"Chenfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Fuchun Li ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoping Wang ,&nbsp;Yunqi Wang ,&nbsp;Shoujun Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interaction between raindrop splash and concentrated flow affecting soil detachment capacity (<em>D_c</em>) on gentle-to-steep slopes has rarely been studied. Three series of experiments (upstream inflow, raindrop splash, and upstream inflow with rainfall) were conducted on clay loam soil across different slope gradients. Results indicated that <em>D_c</em> was in the 0.0043 to 0.0058 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ range under raindrop splash conditions and in the 0.011 to 4.81 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ range under upstream inflow conditions. Compared with raindrop splash, concentrated flow scouring more significantly affected <em>D_c</em>. The presence of raindrop splash increased <em>D_c</em> by 6.45 %–85.64 % under lower unit width inflow discharge conditions and predominantly on gentler slopes under a limited number of experimental conditions. This result was attributed to the dominant effect of the additional flow discharge from rainfall-induced runoff, increasing the flow energy. Conversely, under most experimental conditions with higher inflow discharges and steeper slopes, raindrop splash reduced <em>D_c</em> by 10.44 %–81.91 %, which was attributed to the intensified turbulent motion and flow resistance, decreasing the flow energy. The relationships between <em>D_c</em> and slope gradient varied for gentle and steep slopes. A critical <em>D_c</em> threshold of 10°–12° slope gradients distinguished between gentle and steep slopes across all experimental treatments. The contribution of raindrop-impacted concentrated flow to <em>D_c</em> increased rapidly at lower flow discharges and on gentler slopes. Still, it increased more slowly at higher flow discharges and on steeper slopes. The contribution of raindrop-impacted concentrated flow to <em>D_c</em> ranged from 49.84 % to 99.78 %. The <em>D_c</em> reduction rates for this interaction effect ranged from –33.36 % to 82.02 %. This study revealed the interaction between raindrops and concentrated flow on <em>D_c</em> and established a slope threshold for <em>D_c</em>. These findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying soil detachment driven by raindrop-impacted concentrated flow and facilitate the development of process-based soil erosion models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109252"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil texture and lithological discontinuity mapping for sustainable land use planning: An application of digital soil mapping in a part of Eastern Himalayan Foothills, India","authors":"S. Chattaraj ,&nbsp;A. Daripa ,&nbsp;S.K. Reza ,&nbsp;B.N. Ghosh ,&nbsp;S. Majhi ,&nbsp;D. Mallick ,&nbsp;S. Paul ,&nbsp;S. Dey ,&nbsp;F.H. Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil texture and lithological discontinuity (<em>LD</em>) mapping, when integrated with digital soil mapping (DSM) techniques, provides a critical framework for understanding soil variability and its impact on land suitability, offering valuable insights for informed and sustainable land use planning. The present study aimed to produce spatial variability map of particle size content-based soil texture classes and <em>LD</em> in a part of fragile Himalayan foothills of Jalpaiguri district, India at 30 m resolution upto 200 cm depth. Total 470-soil profile samples were collected from 141 geo-referenced sites based on <em>c</em>LHS model. The Equal-area Quadratic Spline method was implemented for soil depth harmonization prior to applying Quantile Regression Forest (QRF) algorithm to predict soil particle size contents at six standard depths, as per Global Soil Map standards. The 141-datasets were divided into calibration and validation sets to evaluate model performance. Additionally, the Uniformity value index was employed to characterize <em>LD</em> in the region. The study revealed notable variability in soil texture across depth intervals, with clay content gradually decreasing with depth. Satellite imagery, terrain, and climate variables were important in predicting surface clay content, whereas only climate and terrain variables influenced clay distribution down the profile. The predicted textural classes indicated loam and sandy loam in northern elevated foothills and silt loam across southern flat surface, favouring tea cultivation in the north, while rice, jute, and potato in southern areas. A widespread <em>LD</em> was found at 60–100 cm depth, stemming from gravity-driven colluvial material deposition from higher slopes of Himalaya, surface erosion–deposition processes, and neo-tectonic activity. The higher accuracy of predicted soil particle size contents and <em>LD</em> maps demonstrated capability of QRF model. These insights into soil texture and <em>LD</em> driven site-specific land use decisions, crop selections, and management practices in colluvial soils of similar physiographical setup might promote the operational applicability of DSM studies globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109253"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of nitrate and phosphate from runoff by near-stream soils under future climate scenarios","authors":"Jacob Clements,&nbsp;Caitlin Hodges","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Near-stream soils are a critical buffering zone for protecting water quality by removing excess nutrients from agricultural runoff. However, projected increases in drought frequency, punctuated by intense flash floods, may alter these zones’ capacity to mitigate eutrophication. We conducted a laboratory experiment with soil cores of two contrasting textures (sandy loam vs. silty clay loam) subjected to different antecedent moisture conditions (drought vs. field capacity) and water application methods (flooding vs. capillary rise). We regularly sampled porewater for nitrate (NO₃⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and phosphate (PO₄³⁻), and measured O₂ consumption to assess microbial activity. Results showed that drought antecedent moisture combined with flash flooding significantly elevated porewater NO₃⁻ concentrations, suggesting reduced nitrogen removal. In contrast, PO₄³⁻ concentrations were lower in sandy soils and under drought conditions, yet flash floods still mobilized phosphorus. These findings indicate that changing precipitation patterns under climate change can impair the nutrient-buffering function of near-stream soils and contribute to greater nutrient loads in surface waters. Management strategies and policies that maintain the resilience of these buffering zones are essential for protecting freshwater ecosystems against accelerated eutrophication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109246"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continental–scale distribution and source identification of boron in soils of China","authors":"Qingqing Liu ,&nbsp;Xueqiu Wang ,&nbsp;Bimin Zhang ,&nbsp;Lanshi Nie ,&nbsp;Jian Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Daxing Zhai ,&nbsp;Hanliang Liu ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Liu ,&nbsp;Yining Zhou ,&nbsp;Chan Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boron is an essential trace element in the growth and development of plants, animals, and humans. Based on the China Geochemical Baseline Project (CGB), this study is the first to systematically sample and analyze boron in topsoil throughout China and presents baseline values and spatial distribution trends. The high–boron zones are distributed over a large area in Southwest, Central and South China. The low–boron zones are mainly located in Northeast China and the southeastern coastal regions. The anomalous features and spatial distribution of boron are primarily influenced by parent material, boron deposits, industrial emissions, soil composition and climate. The parent material plays a decisive role in the spatial distribution of boron in the soil, with soils in the carbonaceous shale, mirabilite and slate regions having higher boron concentrations. The formation and mining of boron deposits can lead to substantial boron accumulation in localized areas. Higher contents of clay minerals, iron and aluminum oxides or hydroxides, and organic matter in soil components are conducive to the adsorption and enrichment of boron in soils. 42 % of the arable land in China is deficient in boron, with the largest proportion of deficiencies found in the Dongbei Plain. Boron–rich arable land is mainly concentrated in the middle–lower Yangtze Plain and the Zhujiang Delta Plain. The findings provide geochemical information for protecting food security and human health and identifying key mineral resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109211"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the microbial necromass carbon and iron-bound organic carbon following land use and salinity in estuary soils","authors":"Chun Liu ,&nbsp;Chunhuan He ,&nbsp;Liqiong Li ,&nbsp;Ping Li ,&nbsp;Lisha Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengxi Liu ,&nbsp;Chengshuai Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural estuary soils are widely recognized as important carbon sinks for climate change mitigation, however, the soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation and its underlying mechanism regulated by microbial necromass production and mineral preservation in estuarine soils in relation to land use and salinity still remain unclear. Here, we sampled four representative land uses [e.g., Natural Wetland (NW), Aquaculture Pond (AP), Banana Plantation (BP), and Cultivated Land (CL)] with varying salinities in the Pearl River Estuary, and then the microbial necromass carbon (MNC) and iron-bound organic carbon (Fe-OC) in soils by physical fractionation were analyzed. The results showed that the estuarine soil was dominated by mineral-associated fraction, with increasing proportions as converted by NW and increased by salinity. The MNC content in NW was significantly lower than that in CL, but was higher than those of BP and AP. However, NW had the highest Fe-OC content, followed by CL, BP, and AP. As soil salinity increased, the MNC content decreased, accompanied by an increase in Fe-OC content; however, the particulate Fe-OC exhibited a downward trend, which was opposite to that of bulk and mineral-associated Fe-OC. Increased salinity induced an reduction of MNC contribution and an increase of Fe-OC contribution to SOC pool, respectively; however, the NW conversion increased the contribution of MNC to SOC. The MNC was regulated by iron oxides (Fe_d) and microbial biomass, while SOC and MNC had significantly positive impacts on Fe-OC. Overall, the MNC contents and its contribution to SOC were generally greater than Fe-OC in soils of the land use. Nevertheless, the importance of Fe-OC became increasingly prominent in SOC accumulation as soil salinity increased. Our findings emphasize the role of microbial necromass production and mineral preservation in SOM sequestration of estuarine soils depending on salinity and land use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Century-long spatiotemporal variation in cropland soil erosion and the roles of anthropogenic factors in the Tuojiang River Basin, China","authors":"Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhong ,&nbsp;Wuhaomiao Yu ,&nbsp;Zhaonan Tian ,&nbsp;Xuesong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaluating the long-term soil erosion dynamics and their responses to anthropogenic forcing at the regional level is crucial for assessing the impacts of soil conservation efforts and informing future policy development. The soil erosion issue is particularly severe in southwestern China due to its large hilly areas and extensive human activities. However, due to the lack of long-term records, there has been insufficient evaluation of the historical variations in cropland erosion across the spatial scales of decades and centuries, which hinders a comprehensive understanding of the main drivers and their effects. By using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model in combination with remote sensing-based multisource data, the spatial and temporal evolution of cropland soil erosion in the Tuojiang River Basin (TRB) in China from 1911 to 2017 is assessed in this study. We also employ geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) to assess the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the anthropogenic factors impacting cropland soil erosion in the TRB from 1911 to 2017. The study results indicate that (1) in the past century, an average of 77.70% of the TRB has exhibited a slight soil erosion level, with the upper stream experiencing a higher rate. (2) The amount of soil erosion increased slightly from 1911 to 1960, dramatically increased by 70.07% from 1960 to 1980, and then decreased by 34.75% from 1980 to 2017. Cropland soil erosion mainly occurred in the upper stream, but it has been expanding to the downstream region since 2000. The high rate of cropland cultivation in the densely populated upper reaches is the main cause of accelerated erosion. (3) The increase in cropland soil erosion has primarily been driven by population growth and cropland expansion with contrary effects, reflecting a complex interplay of diverse natural and anthropogenic mechanisms. Spatiotemporal differentiations in the influences of both factors became evident with the economic reform and implementation of ecological conservation policies that have been occurring since 1980. These results can provide valuable insights for decision-makers for better understanding the long-term evolution of cropland soil erosion and the implementation of targeted soil conservation measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109258"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital mapping of peat thickness and carbon stock of global peatlands","authors":"Marliana Tri Widyastuti ,&nbsp;Budiman Minasny ,&nbsp;José Padarian ,&nbsp;Federico Maggi ,&nbsp;Matt Aitkenhead ,&nbsp;Amélie Beucher ,&nbsp;John Connolly ,&nbsp;Dian Fiantis ,&nbsp;Darren Kidd ,&nbsp;Yuxin Ma ,&nbsp;Fraser Macfarlane ,&nbsp;Ciaran Robb ,&nbsp;Rudiyanto ,&nbsp;Budi I. Setiawan ,&nbsp;Muh Taufik","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.catena.2025.109243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peatlands, occupying merely 5% of the Earth’s land surface, are an important carbon sink, storing up to double the carbon of the world’s forests. The quantification of global peatlands carbon stock and their spatial distribution, however, poses a significant challenge due to their heterogeneous nature and the complex hydroecological processes that govern their formation. Using the Global Peatland Map (GPM 2.0), this study employed a digital soil mapping approach to predict peat thickness, and multilayer bulk density (BD) and carbon content (CC) globally. We applied the Quantile Random Forest (QRF) algorithm, informed by land surface data (soil, climate, organisms, and topography), to develop regional models for peat thickness and global models for BD and CC. Peat thickness models, based on approximately 27,000 data points, demonstrated good predictive performance, with the highest accuracy observed in African peatlands (validation R² = 0.61). In contrast, BD (∼19,000 points) and CC (∼9,000 points) models showed more variable performance across different soil layers (average R² = 0.45 and R² = 0.22, respectively). Feature importance analysis indicated that elevation and climate were key predictors, particularly in Latin America and South–Southeast Asia. Applying the models to 1 km resolution covariates across the world, our predicted peat thickness map aligned well with existing high-resolution regional maps. By incorporating error propagation rules, we estimated the global peatlands carbon stock to be 942 ± 312 Pg C over an area of 6.75 million km². Our results, including detailed maps, are available to facilitate further global peatland analyses and modelling endeavours.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9801,"journal":{"name":"Catena","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 109243"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}