Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Flow and droplet evaporation characteristics of high parameter temperature and pressure reducing valves under off-design conditions","authors":"Heyong Si,&nbsp;Yuqi Ren,&nbsp;Kangning Guo,&nbsp;Honghe Ju,&nbsp;Zhongxiang Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temperature and pressure reducing valve exhibits complex flow, heat, and mass transfer characteristics under off-design conditions. A three-dimensional simulation model of a multi-stage high-temperature and pressure reducing valve (MSHTPRV) was established through the combination of Euler-Lagrange two-phase flow and droplet evaporation models. The temperature and pressure reduction mechanism, as well as the thermal-mass transfer characteristics during droplet evaporation, were investigated. The influence of valve opening on steam flow rate, thermal-mass transfer capabilities, and flow field characteristics was analyzed. The results indicate that the flow rate increases significantly within the 30%–40% opening range and exhibits relatively slow growth in the 60%–100% range. The pressure, temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy inside the valve all decline as the valve opening decreases. When the valve opening is reduced from 100% to 30%, the average pressure inside the valve decreases from 7.65 MPa to 6.88 MPa, and the average temperature drops from 728.29 K to 713.89 K. The mass fraction of newly evaporated steam at the wall above the second-stage throttling orifice plate increases from 0.13 to 0.27, while the turbulent kinetic energy at the right wall of the first-stage throttling orifice plate rises from 4039 m²/s² to 31,708 m²/s². The vortex motion of steam between the first- and second-stage throttling orifice plates intensifies, enhancing the mixing of steam and droplets and accelerating droplet evaporation, thereby improving the cooling effect. After passing through the third-stage throttling orifice plate, both the eddy viscosity and turbulent kinetic energy decrease, reducing heat and mass transfer capabilities. At a valve opening of 50%, the droplet evaporation rate reaches its maximum at 90.9%, but the energy loss due to steam work increases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107855"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147278943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization strategy for multi-energy complementary heating system for hospitals in severe cold regions: A case study","authors":"Ziwei Yu ,&nbsp;Jianjian Qi ,&nbsp;Yuwei Ma ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Haipeng Mi ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Massoud Sofi ,&nbsp;Priyan Mendis ,&nbsp;Junfeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread adoption of a multi-energy complementary heating system leveraging excellent energy-saving and low-carbon performance is currently an effective solution to address the high energy consumption issue of hospitals in severe cold regions. However, the neglect of demand response during operation has become a serious obstacle to the sustainable operation of a multi-energy complementary heating system. A multi-energy complementary heating system integrating water-source heat pumps, coal-fired boilers, and gas-fired boilers is constructed, encompassing five energy solutions. The DeST software is used to simulate the energy consumption of the hospital, which provided a foundation for optimizing the operation strategy. Finally, the most effective energy option is suggested using the AHP-EWM-TOPSIS method for comprehensive evaluation. Results indicate that the operation strategy should be dynamically regulated according to the heat load demand. Compared with the traditional heating system, this dynamic regulation strategy can reduce CO₂ emissions and SO₂ emissions by more than 40%. It is noteworthy that WSHP-GB (water source heat pumps-gas boilers) the CO₂ emissions reduced by 70.18%, the energy saving rate reached 53.26%, and the proportion of green energy increased by 61%. Considering the four indicators of economy, technology, energy and environment comprehensively, WSHP-GB has been identified as the optimal heating scheme. Since the high-load heating demand accounts for less than 8% of the total, WSHP-GB can fully meet the basic needs during the heating period. This energy option provides a directly referable basis for the heating work of large public buildings in severe cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107854"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147278944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active condensation in a 3rd generation district heating system","authors":"Rade M. Karamarković ,&nbsp;Miloš V. Nikolić ,&nbsp;Milan S. Marjanović ,&nbsp;Dušan M. Todorović ,&nbsp;Đorđe A. Novčić ,&nbsp;Snežana M. Dragićević","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Third-generation district heating (3GDH) systems, which represent the majority of existing networks, typically use pressurized water at temperatures often below 100 °C. Utilizing the fuel's higher heating value (HHV) in such systems requires additional energy input for active condensation (AC). This study analyzes an AC system capable of operating in both active (with a heat pump (HP)) and passive modes, evaluating the performance of five HP variants. These include three compressor-based (low-lift, high-lift, industrial) and two absorption-based (single-stage H₂O/LiBr, GAX) types, assessed across three design scenarios within a case-study DH system. The case study is a 37 MW system, representative of a 3GDH plant, designed for a rated thermal output with supply/return temperatures of 130/75 °C and annual averages of 69.4/49.5 °C. A simplified model, combining operational measurements with published and industry data, is developed to determine: (i) the optimal compression HP type, (ii) the operational strategy for peak economic and energy efficiency, (iii) when direct flue gas condensation should be prioritized, and (iv) the impact of ancillary electrical consumers. The findings indicate that a permanent operational strategy with the highest possible COP, achieved by minimizing temperature lift and allowing a variable flue gas outlet temperature, is economically optimal. Compressor HPs are best for limited HHV utilization and shorter payback periods, while absorption HPs maximize HHV utilization. Furthermore, compressor HPs have a distinct optimal operation point, whereas absorption HPs perform consistently across a wider range of flue gas outlet temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107880"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity analysis of diesel engine design parameters using zero-dimensional simulations","authors":"Javaid Rafique ,&nbsp;Khalid Saifullah Syed ,&nbsp;M. Rafi Raza ,&nbsp;Saima Zainab","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on a detailed sensitivity analysis of the important design parameters of a low-speed, high-torque, direct-injection diesel engine. Thermodynamic models are employed in this study as they offer valuable insights into diesel engine behavior. Key parameters, such as injection timing, piston bowl geometry and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) are analyzed using the Diesel-RK model. The analysis categorizes critical influencing factors into engine construction, combustion, ecological and environmental parameters. The study finds that a 1.5 bar boost (293K–313K) increases power and torque by over 10% and enhances fuel efficiency by 2.86%, with emissions rising by less than 1%. At 293K and 313K, an optimal Start of Injection (SOI) between 15° and 20° Before Top Dead Centre (BTDC) and a Duration of Injection (DOI) of 12° and 18° increases power by 4.11% and torque by 4.59%, while improving fuel efficiency by 4.16% and 4.92%, respectively and reducing emissions by more than 50%. Additionally, B20 offers an optimal balance between performance and emissions, maintaining diesel-like combustion while significantly lowering NO_<em>x</em> with minimal efficiency loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107875"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling of solar dryers focusing on heat exchangers and solar collectors – comparing flat and rib designs with varying airflows","authors":"Navaraj Adhikari ,&nbsp;Martin Andersson ,&nbsp;Bivek Baral ,&nbsp;Himani Garg","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar drying is an effective method for food preservation; however, conventional solar dryers often suffer from limited heat transfer and non-uniform airflow, which increases drying time and reduces product quality. These limitations are largely associated with the use of flat absorbers and heat exchangers that restrict turbulence development and weaken thermal performance. To address this issue, the present study optimizes a solar dryer by integrating ribbed surfaces in both the absorber and the heat exchanger to enhance the thermal performance of the dryer. A validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed to investigate four dryer configurations under airflows ranging from 15 l/s to 45 l/s. The numerical analysis evaluated collector outlet temperature, absorber surface temperature, collector thermal efficiency, heat exchanger effectiveness, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate. Among the investigated designs, configuration S, defined as the optimized geometry incorporating ribs in both the collector absorber and heat exchanger, demonstrated the best overall performance. The maximum collector efficiency of 91.74 % was obtained at 35 l/s for configuration S, while the heat exchanger effectiveness reached 35 % at 20 l/s. Airflows below 15 l/s resulted in excessive temperature rise, whereas airflows above 35 l/s reduced the outlet temperature and negatively impacted drying performance. The optimal operating condition was identified at 25 l/s for configuration S, achieving a collector efficiency of 88.63 % and a heat exchanger effectiveness of 33.65 %. Overall, the results confirm that rib integration significantly improves dryers’ thermal performance, providing a promising design approach for developing efficient, practical, and sustainable solar drying systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107874"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the mechanism of mineral effects on coal oxidation and combustion properties in the Dongsheng Coalfield","authors":"Fengwei Dai ,&nbsp;Haotian Yang ,&nbsp;Ge Huang ,&nbsp;Xun Zhang ,&nbsp;Gang Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To elucidate the mechanism by which minerals influence coal spontaneous combustion, coal samples from the Fourth Mining Area of the Dongsheng Coalfield were subjected to acid-base delignification to remove minerals and characterize their types and contents. Combined with in-situ infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), and programmed temperature-gas chromatography techniques, systematically analyzing the evolution of functional groups, oxygen consumption characteristics, gas products, and differences in combustion behavior before and after mineral removal. Experimental results indicate that the initial temperature for alkane oxidation in ash-removed coal samples increased by 30-70 °C, confirming that minerals significantly catalyze low-temperature alkane oxidation. Mineral component correlation analysis indicates that albite, gypsum, and calcite are key catalytic minerals. During the high-temperature combustion stage, the influence of minerals on combustion behavior exhibited distinct differences among coal samples: After ash removal treatment, the ignition temperature of GJL and LJH coal increased by 58 °C and 42 °C, respectively, while the maximum weight loss rate decreased by 54 % and 15 %. In contrast, the combustion characteristics of HQL and MKQ coal showed minimal changes after ash removal treatment, with MKQ coal exhibiting a slight decrease in ignition temperature. Based on XRF and mineral composition analysis, it is inferred that magnesium doping is a key factor influencing the combustion behavior of carbon skeletons, and its catalytic effect is closely related to the type of support: magnesium-doped materials supported on kaolinite/perlite exhibit significantly stronger catalytic activity than those supported on quartz. This study elucidates the role of key minerals and their occurrence forms in the coal spontaneous combustion process through the correlation between mineral composition, oxidation pathways, and combustion behavior. It lays a crucial experimental and theoretical foundation for deepening the understanding of coal spontaneous combustion mechanisms and advancing prevention and control technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107867"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal analysis of a composite wall with reflective materials, phase change materials and autoclaved aerated concrete","authors":"Cairui Yu ,&nbsp;Dongmei Shen ,&nbsp;Jinsong Tu ,&nbsp;Lintao Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to reduce the heat gain of the building envelope in summer, a novel composite wall (ARPCM) incorporating autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), phase change materials (PCMs), and reflective materials is proposed and fabricated, which enables it to reflect solar radiation during the daytime, store heat, and dissipate heat through radiation at night. In this study, the primary experiments were conducted to determine the absorptivity/emissivity of the reflective materials and the DSC of the PCM. Next, a mathematical model of the ARPCM wall was established and validated against field measurements with good agreement. Afterwards, a systematic parametric studies examined key factors including reflectivity of reflective materials, PCM thickness, and placement location. The results illustrated that: (1) ARPCM walls with reflectivity of ρ = 0.7, 0.5, and 0.3 exhibited interior surface temperatures that were 0.31 °C, 1.06 °C, and 1.45 °C higher than those of the reference wall (ρ = 0.8), (2) the temperature oscillation of the ARPCM wall with the PCM installed on the inner side is 0.15 °C, and the decrement factor is 0.9%. In addition, in the design of ARPCM walls, it is essential to enhance the solar radiation reflectivity of surface reflective materials, position the PCM layer on the outer structural layer of the wall, and moderately increase its thickness, to effectively reduce the wall's heat gain in summer. Overall, the ARPCM wall exhibited good potential in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107900"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of lead oxide particulate formation and dissolution in lead-bismuth eutectic rod-bundle flow channels","authors":"Maoran Zhao ,&nbsp;Dawei Cui ,&nbsp;Renwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Huanpeng Liu ,&nbsp;Svetlana Ponomareva ,&nbsp;Guodong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise oxygen control in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic is essential for the safe and efficient operation of lead-cooled fast reactors. Insufficient oxygen accelerates the corrosion of structural materials, while excessive oxygen leads to the formation of solid PbO particles, which pose risks of flow blockages and degraded heat transfer. This study employs a coupled computational fluid dynamic–population balance model to simulate the nucleation, growth, and dissolution of PbO particles within a wire-wrapped fuel assembly during heating. The impact of key operational and geometric parameters—including Reynolds number, heat flux, and sub-channel position—on the spatiotemporal evolution of oxygen concentration and PbO particle characteristics are systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that lower Reynolds numbers and higher heat fluxes substantially accelerate the onset and progression of PbO nucleation and dissolution. Simulated oxide particles predominantly fall within the range of 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁸ m. These findings offer new insights for optimizing oxygen control strategies and mitigating impurity-driven risks in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic cooled reactor systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107893"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of a latent heat thermal energy storage device for waste heat recovery in data center campus","authors":"Pin Li ,&nbsp;Miaopeng Chen ,&nbsp;Sumei Liu ,&nbsp;Shanran Wang ,&nbsp;Junjie Liu ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste heat recovery is critical for improving data center (DC) energy efficiency, particularly in high-altitude regions such as the Qinghai Plateau. Here, the intermittency of solar energy disrupts thermal stability, while winter electric heating elevates carbon emissions. To address these challenges, a latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system integrated with photovoltaic (PV) power and waste heat was designed specifically for DCs on the Qinghai Plateau. To enhance heat storage efficiency, a validated 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the enthalpy-porosity method was established to simulate the phase-change heat transfer process. Multi-parameter optimization of heat transfer fluid (HTF) tube diameter, eccentricity, and layout was then conducted using a robust orthogonal design. Economic viability was evaluated by comparing the investment payback periods of different design configurations. Key findings indicate that eccentricity exerts the most significant influence on heat storage efficiency. The case with a 30 mm eccentricity cuts melting time by 27% and increases heat storage efficiency by 44% via natural convection compared to the baseline. Notably, variations in tube diameter have negligible impact on heat storage capacity. The optimal HTF tube configuration was identified as 30 mm eccentricity, 15 mm diameter, and uniform layout. This configuration reduces melting time by 34.5%, increases storage efficiency by 62%, and improves total thermal capacity by 6%. Economically, the optimized system lowers the levelized heat cost by 27% with a short payback period of 1.3 years. These results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating LHTES systems with PV power and waste heat for DCs on the Qinghai Plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107898"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on operational performance and multi-objective optimization of a solar-wind- heat storage coupled medium-depth ground source heat pump","authors":"Linlin Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Chen ,&nbsp;Yanbin Li ,&nbsp;Tianhao Yuan ,&nbsp;Kun Li ,&nbsp;Manfeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2026.107887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low-carbon transition of building energy systems is essential for achieving carbon neutrality in the construction sector. The long-term operational safety and environmental sustainability of Medium-Depth Ground Source Heat Pump are critically challenged by soil thermal imbalance. To enhance the penetration of renewable energy and reduce associated emissions, this study proposes a solar-wind-heat storage coupled medium-depth ground source heat pump system. A dynamic simulation model was developed in TRNSYS, and multi-objective optimization was performed using response surface methodology to respond dynamic load profiles of the targeted building. A comprehensive 3E (energy, economic, and environmental) assessment is conducted to assess the operative character and performance of the proposed system during the 20-year operation. The results indicate that this proposed system maintained stable soil temperature over the operational lifecycle, while the conventional medium-depth ground source heat pump system result in a 13.1% decline. Sensitivity analysis revealed that Photovoltaic thermal area, wind turbine number have the dominant influence on system performance. Multi-objective optimization identified the optimal configuration (1600 m² Photovoltaic thermal, 8 wind turbines, 152 m³ heat storage tank, and 186 m³·h⁻¹ pump flow rate), yielding a minimum levelized cost of electricity of 0.085 $·(kWh)⁻¹, a carbon emission reduction of 1965 tons, and an annual net electricity generation of 404 MWh. Overall, the integration of solar, wind, and heat storage coupled medium-depth ground source heat pump can fundamentally mitigate soil thermal imbalance while enhancing energy efficiency and economic viability. This work provides a proven engineering blueprint for deploying safe, sustainable, and economically viable heating systems in cold regions, fundamentally turning a major process safety risk into a controllable design parameter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 107887"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}