Thermal management of nano-encapsulated PCMs inside a porous wavy U-shaped energy storage system subject to Boussinesq approximation and fusion temperature

Many devices require precise temperature control within a constrained temperature range because they are susceptible to irregular temperature increases or gradients. Indeed, because different building materials have differing coefficients of thermal expansion, a device's sensitive structures may experience internal thermal stress due to temperature variations. Consequently, nano-encapsulated PCMs show promise in terms of their ability to ameliorate working fluid performance while maintaining the devices at a certain cooling temperature. The present article, therefore, numerically investigates the behavior of NC and entropy generation of NEPCM suspension inside a U-shaped thermal energy storage system with a wavy-shaped heater. Modeled governing equations were solved numerically by FEM. The behavior of heat capacity ratios, temperature distributions, fluid structure, entropy generation, and heat transfer efficiency were explored via graphical presentations. It is noticed that augmentation of horizontal displacement of the wavy heater $\left(HD\right)$, Rayleigh number $\left(Ra\right)$, porosity of the medium $\left(\epsilon \right)$, and Darcy number $\left(Da\right)$ upsurges the stream function, isotherms, and heat capacity ratio, velocities, and entropy generation. It is also visualized that $N{u}_{ave}$ increases by 85.72 %, 25.51 %, 49.16 %, 0.75 %, 0.49 % respectively due to the enhancement of $Ra$ from ${10}^5\text{to}{10}^6$, $\epsilon$ from 0.1 to 0.9, $Da$ from ${10}^{-4}\text{to}{10}^{-2}$, Stefan number from 0.5 to 0.7, fusion temperature from 0.1 to 0.5.