Casopis lekaru ceskych最新文献_第6页

Harm reduction and tobacco smoking. 减少危害和吸烟。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Viktor Mravčík

{"title":"Harm reduction and tobacco smoking.","authors":"Viktor Mravčík","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides a narrative review of the rationale, arguments and evidence for the effectiveness of harm reduction strategies in reducing tobacco smoking and its consequences and offers a summary for health policy and clinical practice. Tobacco smoking is a critical health determinant in developed countries, including the Czech Republic, reducing adult life expectancy by 1-2 years and draining about 10% of health spending. Alternative products, i.e. products delivering nicotine other than in tobacco smoke, represent an opportunity to complement already implemented tobacco control measures. Their main benefit is the diversion of smokers away from conventional cigarettes towards less harmful forms of nicotine use. E-cigarettes, heated tobacco products or low-nitrosamine oral tobacco are approximately twenty times less harmful than conventional cigarettes and the risk of nicotine pouches is two to three orders of magnitude lower and reach the risk of nicotine replacement therapy or non-smokers. Nicotine contributes to the risks of alternative products, but its harmfulness is much lower compared to the other constituents of tobacco smoke. Nicotine dependence remains its major risk, and the increasing use of alternative products is of particular concern in adolescent non-smokers. However, the best available evidence suggests that alternative products do not represent a gateway to smoking and that they are replacing smoking even in the part of the adolescent population that is vulnerable to experiments with nicotine. Alternative products are also proving effective in smoking cessation and can be offered during counselling in clinical practice as an alternative to smoking for those who are not ready to quit completely. A balanced harm reduction strategy, including the supply and use of alternative products, represents an opportunity that can be a critical factor in curbing the tobacco epidemic.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"163 7-8","pages":"282-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mental health of healthcare professionals in Czechia during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19大流行期间和之后捷克卫生保健专业人员的心理健康状况

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Jaroslav Pekara-, Pavla Brennan Kearns, Miroslava Janoušková, Jana Šeblová, Marie Kuklová, Matej Kučera, Katrin Wolfová, Dominika Šeblová

引用次数: 0

Nutrition and physical activity policies in population-based prevention of non-communicable diseases and their evaluation. 以人口为基础的非传染性疾病预防中的营养和体育活动政策及其评价。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Jindřich Fiala

{"title":"Nutrition and physical activity policies in population-based prevention of non-communicable diseases and their evaluation.","authors":"Jindřich Fiala","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The unsuccessful fight against the obesity pandemic has shown that the situation cannot be solved by education and interventions aimed at individual behaviour change alone. An environment that facilitates healthy choices and discourages unhealthy ones needs to be created through policy measures. The NOURISHING and MOVING tools have been developed in the context of addressing obesity, allowing for the evaluation of government policies on nutrition and physical activity. 10 key areas of action have been defined for nutrition and 6 for physical activity. In a comparison of 30 European countries, the biggest nutrition policy gaps were in limiting food advertising (29 out of 30 countries with poor ratings), harnessing supply chain and actions across sectors to ensure coherence with health (29/30), providing nutrition education and skills (28/30), and setting incentives and rules to create a healthy retail and food service environment (27/30). In the area of physical activity policies, the greatest gaps were in structures and surroundings which promote physical activity (29/30), physical activity training, assessment and counselling in healthcare settings (29/30), and transport infrastructure and active societies (26/30). The Czech Republic ranks among the four worst countries in nutrition policy, having introduced measures in only six areas, with the highest rating of \"average\" and only 10 out of 41 measures introduced. In physical activity, the Czech Republic also ranks among the 7 countries that have introduced measures in only four areas, with the highest rating of \"adequate\" and only 6 out of 23 measures introduced. Prevention in the form of government policy measures is crucial and without it, the rise in obesity and the risk of major non-communicable diseases will not be halted.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"163 7-8","pages":"317-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Young adult cancer patients in the Czech Republic: Is there a need for national guidelines? 捷克共和国的年轻成年癌症患者：是否需要制定国家指南？

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Tomáš Sokop, David Dufek, Kristýna Polášková, Klára Nováková, Radek Lakomý, Katarína Petráková, Radka Lordick Obermannová

引用次数: 0

Portraits of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in the collections of the National Museum in Prague and two previously unknown artifacts. 布拉格国家博物馆收藏的 Jan Evangelista Purkyně 肖像和两件以前未知的文物。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Petr Sucharda, Štěpán Svačina

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An international comparison and development of health system efficiency in the Czech Republic. 捷克共和国卫生系统效率的国际比较与发展。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Martin Dlouhý, Pavel Havlík

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Geriatric patient at emergency department. 急诊科的老年病人。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Jana Šeblová

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Diabetic foot attack. 糖尿病足发作

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Milan Flekač

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Roma people in the Czech Republic and cultural differences in health and health care. 捷克共和国的罗姆人与健康和医疗保健方面的文化差异。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Helena Hnilicová

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Renal impairment in monoclonal gammopathies and multiple myeloma. 单克隆丙种球蛋白病和多发性骨髓瘤的肾功能损害。

Casopis lekaru ceskych Pub Date : 2024-01-01

Romana Ryšavá

{"title":"Renal impairment in monoclonal gammopathies and multiple myeloma.","authors":"Romana Ryšavá","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of monoclonal gammopathy (MG) increases with age. In individuals over 80 years of age, we can diagnose the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin (MIg) in up to 10 % of cases. Not only malignant diseases such as multiple myeloma (MM), but also benign forms such as MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) can lead to renal involvement. The light chains of immunoglobulins (LC) are the most damaging to the kidneys, as they are freely filtered into the urine due to their molecular weight. Detection of MIg relies mainly on a combination of immunofixation electrophoresis of serum (IELFO) and urine and determination of free light chains (FLC) of kappa and lambda and their ratio (κ/λ) in serum. The combination of these tests will detect the presence of MIg with 99 % sensitivity. Renal damage in MG may be caused by direct deposition of MIg in the glomeruli (e.g. AL amyloidosis, LC deposition disease) or tubules (in the distal tubule as a myeloma kidney or in the proximal tubule as Fanconi syndrome or proximal tubulopathy). Typical urinary findings in these diseases are moderate or severe proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome. Acute kidney injury (AKI) can be expected especially when serum FLC is >500 mg/l. Renal biopsy is crucial to establish an accurate diagnosis and thus initiate the correct treatment. Treatment of these types of renal damage involves the same treatment regimens used in the treatment of MM, including proteasome inhibitors or daratumumab.","PeriodicalId":9645,"journal":{"name":"Casopis lekaru ceskych","volume":"163 3","pages":"98-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141562767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0