Cancer reports最新文献

{"title":"Integrated Network Analysis Suggests an miR-21/MMP/VEGF-Associated Regulatory Axis in Gastric Cancer","authors":"Fatemeh Babajani,&nbsp;Hadi Mozafari","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.70634","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background, Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gastric cancer (GC) pathogenesis involves complex molecular interactions that remain incompletely understood at a biological systems level. While microRNA-21 (miR-21), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been individually implicated in GC, their integrated role as a coordinated regulatory network remains uncharacterized. And we aim to reveal novel biology systems level insights into the miR-21/MMP/VEGF regulatory axis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, 27 tumor and matched adjacent noncancerous tissues in GC patients were analyzed. Expression of miR-21, MMP-2/9, and VEGF was analyzed using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and zymography (for MMP-2/9 activity). Computational analyses integrated KEGG pathway enrichment (clusterProfiler), random forest machine learning, structural equation modeling (lavaan), and protein–protein interaction network analysis (igraph) to decipher system-level organization. All statistical analyses and computational modeling were performed using RStudio version 4.4.2.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in cancer-related pathways, including MicroRNAs in cancer (<i>p</i> = 8.66 × 10⁻¹⁰, FDR = 2.09 × 10⁻⁷). Random forest classification achieved a mean cross-validated accuracy of 85.0% (±14.8%) in discriminating tumor from normal tissues, identifying miR-21 as the most potent predictor. Structural equation modeling demonstrated a significant direct effect of miR-21 on tumor size (β = 0.576, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and an indirect effect mediated through MMP-9 (β = 0.194, <i>p</i> = 0.047). Network topology analysis confirmed miR-21 as the central hub (degree = 5).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our integrated biology systems analysis suggests that the miR-21/MMP-9/VEGF axis may represent a candidate regulatory network in GC, with miR-21 appearing to play a central role in tumor progression. These findings offer preliminary insights and highlight molecules of interest for further studies for intervention in GC pathogenesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnr2.70634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148647761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Chronic Leukemia in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review","authors":"Allwell A. Ayirebi,&nbsp;Stephen Twumasi,&nbsp;Linda K. Olaga,&nbsp;Benedict Sackey,&nbsp;Daniel N. M. Antonio,&nbsp;Richard O. Ansah,&nbsp;Eugene A. Ansah,&nbsp;John A. Sah,&nbsp;Enoch O. Anto,&nbsp;Yvonne Anang-Quartey,&nbsp;Antoinette Koomson,&nbsp;Angela Opoku,&nbsp;Godfred A. Donkor,&nbsp;Paulina Duah,&nbsp;Ama G. Boadu,&nbsp;Samuel Essien-Baidoo,&nbsp;Wina I. O. Boadu,&nbsp;Lilian A. Boateng","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70635","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cnr2.70635","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The four primary subgroups of leukemia include chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Very little is known about the regional variation of leukemia and subtypes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This systematic review focused on the prevalent cases reported in sub-Saharan Africa, throwing more emphasis on treatment outcomes, follow up time and survival rates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review of studies on acute and chronic leukemia in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was conducted using articles retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase and African-specific databases such as African Journals Online (AJOL), covering publications from 1975 to July 15, 2025.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 94 studies were subjected to initial screening from study titles. Thirty-two (32) articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected for inclusion in this systematic review. Out of 2537 leukemia cases reported in the 32 studies, 1644 (64.80%) were acute and 893 (35.20%) were chronic. AML accounted for 947 (37.33%), 450 (17.74%) were ALL, 720 (28.38%) were CML, 173 (6.82%) were CLL, 2 (0.08%) were acute undifferentiated leukemia, 1 (0.04%) was mixed phenotype acute leukemia and 244 (9.62%) unclassified leukemias. Survival rates ranged from 2 weeks to 5 years. Fifty-nine patients were lost to follow up and follow up time ranged from 11 months to 7 years. 273 (10.76%) leukemia related deaths were reported.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review found that acute leukemias were more prevalent than chronic leukemias, with AML emerging as the most frequently reported subtype. Survival durations ranged from a few weeks to five years; however, overall outcomes remained poor, characterized by high mortality rates and substantial loss to follow-up. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved diagnostic capacity, standardized treatment protocols, and strengthened patient monitoring and follow-up systems to enhance leukemia care and outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnr2.70635","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival Impact of Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 Expression in Patients With Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma","authors":"Achjima Tankul,&nbsp;Suchanan Hanamornroongruang,&nbsp;Naravat Poungvarin,&nbsp;Rachawalan Suriyasaengsri,&nbsp;Sompop Kuljarusnont,&nbsp;Pornprom Ittiamornlert,&nbsp;Wathirada Karnchanabanyong,&nbsp;Irene Ruengkhachorn,&nbsp;Saowalak Hunnangkul","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.70636","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the proportion of expressed programmed cell death ligands-1 (PD-L1) in epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients, and the association with the clinicopathological, surgical outcomes, and oncologic outcomes. To compare PD-L1 protein expression with messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The patients who had pathology of epithelial ovarian/tubal/peritoneal carcinoma were enrolled. The demographic data, tumor characteristics, surgical outcomes, treatment details, and treatment response were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test was used to determine the correlation between protein expression and mRNA expression. The survival curve was developed utilizing the Kaplan-Meier method, the log-rank test was used to compare survival distributions of patients according to the PD-L1 protein expression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 100 patients, with high-grade serous carcinoma being the most common subtype (42%). Advanced-stage disease was present in 49% of patients, and 65% achieved optimal cytoreduction. PD-L1 protein expression was detected in 23% of tumors, while the median normalized mRNA expression was 0.015 (IQR 0.004–0.037). A moderate positive correlation was observed between PD-L1 protein and mRNA expression (Spearman's rho = 0.407, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The mean progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 44.32 ± 4.04 months and 74.19 ± 3.33 months, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PD-L1 protein expression was observed in a minority of patients and was not significantly associated with survival outcomes. There was a moderate correlation between PD-L1 protein and mRNA expressions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnr2.70636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Metformin Use on Clinical and Pathological Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","authors":"Ensiyeh Bahadoran,&nbsp;Monir Mirzadeh,&nbsp;Mohsen Jafari,&nbsp;Yazdan Zafari,&nbsp;Sahar Moghbelinejad","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.70631","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant comorbidity in patients with breast cancer that negatively affects prognosis. Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug, has been suggested to possess antineoplastic properties. This study investigated the effects of metformin on the demographic characteristics, pathological parameters, treatment response, and prognosis of breast cancer patients with T2DM in an Iranian population.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 104 patients with breast cancer and T2DM at the Velayat Educational and Therapeutic Center, Qazvin, Iran, from 2019 to 2023. The patients were categorized into two groups: metformin users (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 46) and non-users (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 58). Data on demographic characteristics, disease stage, lymph node involvement, hormone receptor status, treatment response, prognosis, recurrence, and metastasis were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25, with significance set at &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of prognosis.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The mean disease duration was significantly shorter in the metformin group than in the non-metformin group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.036). A significant difference was observed in the stage of disease (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.003), with metformin users more frequently presenting at earlier stages. Lymph node involvement was significantly lower in the metformin group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.008). Patients using metformin showed significantly better treatment response (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.028) and prognosis (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.009). However, no significant differences were observed in the estrogen receptor (ER) status (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.293), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.762), metastasis (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.249), or recurrence rates (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.770). After adjustment, disease duration, HER2 status, and metformin use remained independently associated with prognosis.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Metformin use in breast cancer patients with T2DM is associated with lower disease stage, fewer involved lymph nodes, improved treatment response, and better prognosis. These findings suggest that metformin may play a beneficial role in breast cancer progression and treatment outcomes. Further prospective studies are warranted to conf","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnr2.70631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer Biology: Exploring the Mechanistic Links","authors":"Andrea Orue,&nbsp;Alejandro Cornejo,&nbsp;Héctor Rafael Rangel","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70629","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cnr2.70629","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Five years after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the long-term implications of COVID-19 for cancer biology remain incompletely understood. Beyond the major disruptions in cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment observed worldwide, increasing attention has focused on whether SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (Long COVID) may induce persistent biological alterations relevant to tumor progression or recurrence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Recent Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current evidence does not support SARS-CoV-2 as a classical oncogenic virus or demonstrate direct viral carcinogenesis. However, experimental, transcriptomic, and clinical studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce persistent inflammatory and immune alterations that overlap with pathways implicated in cancer biology. Among the most consistently reported findings are chronic activation of IL-6/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling, immune dysregulation, T-cell exhaustion, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and senescence-associated inflammatory programs. Additional proposed mechanisms include perturbation of tumor suppressor pathways, epigenetic remodeling, and microRNA alterations involving the let-7/LIN28B/STAT3 axis. Experimental models have further suggested that inflammatory remodeling induced by respiratory viral infection may influence dormant tumor cell behavior and tissue microenvironments under defined conditions. However, many of these observations derive from in vitro systems, animal models, or association studies, and their long-term relevance to human oncogenesis remains uncertain.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Collectively, current evidence supports the existence of convergent biological mechanisms between SARS-CoV-2–induced inflammatory stress responses and pathways involved in cancer progression, rather than direct oncogenic transformation. Future longitudinal studies integrating immune profiling, inflammatory biomarkers, transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses, and clinical cancer outcomes will be essential to determine whether persistent post-infectious alterations contribute to tumor progression, recurrence, or susceptibility in selected patient populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13401066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148583497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ribociclib and Palbociclib Are Safe and Effective for Treating Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study","authors":"Cheng-Wei Chou,&nbsp;Yi-Hung Lo,&nbsp;Chia-I. Wei,&nbsp;Chiann-Yi Hsu,&nbsp;Chih-Chiang Hung,&nbsp;Yen-Dun Tzeng,&nbsp;Chia-Hua Liu","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70630","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cnr2.70630","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors are standard for treating hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer when combined with endocrine therapy. However, comparisons of first-line treatments are scarce.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this retrospective study, we aimed to determine the effects and safety of ribociclib and palbociclib as first-line treatments for metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in real-world settings at two tertiary medical centers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This retrospective observational study, conducted in two tertiary medical centers, included patients receiving palbociclib or ribociclib in combination with endocrine therapy. Treatment responses were assessed by imaging studies according to RECIST 1.1 criteria. The primary endpoint was 24-month progression-free survival (PFS). Safety outcomes were also recorded and compared between the treatment groups. The median follow-up times for the ribociclib and palbociclib groups were 19.7 and 24.6 months, respectively. The 24-month PFS rates were comparable between the ribociclib and palbociclib cohorts (55.4% vs. 55.2%, respectively; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.110, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.605–2.035; <i>p</i> = 0.736), but the objective response rate was significantly higher in the palbociclib group than in the ribociclib group (43.2% vs. 30.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.035). A high rate of dose reduction was observed in both cohorts due to treatment-related toxicities (41.2% in the palbociclib group vs. 47.2% in the ribociclib group). The adverse effect profiles were comparable, although the incidence of grade 1 fatigue was slightly higher in the ribociclib group than in the palbociclib group (<i>p</i> = 0.043).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Taiwanese real-world practice, ribociclib and palbociclib demonstrated comparable 24-month efficacy. Our findings show that dose reductions do not compromise targeted treatment efficacy, supporting proactive toxicity-guided dose to optimize patient tolerability without sacrificing oncological outcomes in Asian populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13393296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148560571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Canakinumab Compared With Standard Therapy for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Systematic Review","authors":"Kamiar Izadpanah,&nbsp;Masoud Rezaei,&nbsp;Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi,&nbsp;Hamid Sharifi","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70627","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cnr2.70627","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with few effective treatment options available for advanced stages. Canakinumab, an IL-1β inhibitor, has been investigated as a potential therapeutic agent due to its role in modulating tumor-promoting inflammation. However, its clinical efficacy and safety in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) continue to be uncertain.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of canakinumab compared with other standard therapies in NSCLC treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) were searched for clinical trials assessing canakinumab for NSCLC. Eligible studies included phase I–III clinical trials. The Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines were followed due to substantial heterogeneity in studies. Outcomes evaluated included objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), major pathologic response (MPR), and treatment-related adverse events.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Five clinical trials (three phase III, one phase II, and one phase IB) met the inclusion criteria, with sample sizes ranging from 88 to 1382 patients. The included studies evaluated canakinumab in four distinct clinical settings: adjuvant therapy after complete resection (CANOPY-A), first-line treatment in combination with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (CANOPY-1) or spartalizumab plus chemotherapy, second-line treatment in combination with docetaxel (CANOPY-2), and neoadjuvant therapy with or without pembrolizumab (CANOPY-N). Compared to standard therapies, canakinumab did not significantly improve ORR, PFS, OS, or MPR across any clinical setting. Safety analysis showed comparable adverse event rates between intervention and control groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite its promising mechanistic rationale, Canakinumab did not show significant clinical benefits in NSCLC. Although it is generally well tolerated, its role in NSCLC treatment remains uncertain. Future research should concentrate on identifying predictive biomarkers and optimizing combination strategies to enhance its therapeutic potential.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13391215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148560591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregnancy-Associated Small Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary, Hypercalcaemic Type Initially Misdiagnosed as Granulosa Cell Tumour: Diagnostic Pitfalls, Treatment Challenges, and Molecular Confirmation by Next-Generation Sequencing","authors":"Mahendra Kumar,&nbsp;Lopamundra Kakoti,&nbsp;Debabrata Barmon,&nbsp;Upasana Baruah,&nbsp;Dimpy Begum,&nbsp;P. S. Roy,&nbsp;Karthik Chandra Bassetty,&nbsp;Deepali Mittal,&nbsp;Bharati Seth","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.70628","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type (SCCOHT), is an exceptionally rare and highly aggressive ovarian malignancy affecting predominantly young women. Its overlapping morphology with other poorly differentiated ovarian tumours and lack of specific early markers frequently lead to diagnostic delay. Universal loss of SMARCA4 expression defines the disease and has critical diagnostic and therapeutic implications.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Presentation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We describe a young woman diagnosed with an ovarian malignancy during pregnancy (12.6 weeks), initially interpreted as a granulosa cell tumour based on histomorphology. She underwent surgical management (initial surgery during pregnancy at 16.2 weeks, hysterectomy at 39 weeks) followed by platinum-based chemotherapy and achieved an initial complete radiologic response. However, the disease recurred rapidly with extensive peritoneal, visceral, skeletal, and cutaneous metastases, including scar-site involvement. Recurrent tumour histology showed an undifferentiated phenotype with a non-contributory immunohistochemical profile, resulting in significant diagnostic ambiguity. A definitive diagnosis was established by next-generation sequencing, which identified a pathogenic SMARCA4 alteration, confirming SCCOHT. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, the disease progressed relentlessly with rapid clinical deterioration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This case underscores the profound diagnostic challenges posed by SCCOHT, particularly when presenting during pregnancy and mimicking sex cord–stromal tumours. It highlights the limitations of morphology and immunohistochemistry alone in poorly differentiated ovarian neoplasms and reinforces the indispensable role of SMARCA4 testing and molecular profiling for accurate diagnosis. Early recognition is essential to guide aggressive multimodal therapy, genetic counselling, and consideration of emerging targeted strategies. This report adds to the limited literature on SCCOHT and emphasises the need for heightened clinical suspicion and precision diagnostics in young women with rapidly progressive ovarian malignancies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnr2.70628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Brain Metastasis at Initial Diagnosis in Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Model Development and SHAP Interpretation Study","authors":"Yu-Long He,&nbsp;Qin-Ling Jiang,&nbsp;Yong Zhai,&nbsp;Xian-Ling Zhao,&nbsp;Zi-Kun Huang","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.70625","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Brain metastasis (BM) in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is typically associated with poor survival rates and quality of life, making the timely identification of patients with a high likelihood of BM at diagnosis crucial.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To develop and validate a machine learning (ML) prediction model for BM in the overall SCLC population and provide an interpretable and clinically accessible risk assessment tool.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify BM-associated factors. Eight ML algorithms were applied to build the model. The model performance was quantified using the area under the curve (AUC), area under the precision–recall curve (AUPRC), and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was used to interpret the best-performing model. A web calculator was developed to facilitate individualized BM risk estimation. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that age, T stage, tumor size, bone metastasis, lung metastasis, and distant lymph node metastasis were independently associated with BM. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) achieved the best discrimination in the validation cohort, with an AUC of 0.8762, AUPRC of 0.9025, accuracy of 0.7974, precision of 0.8009, recall of 0.7974, specificity of 0.8516, MCC of 0.5983, F1-score of 0.7968, and Brier score of 0.1377. Cross-validation demonstrated similarly strong performance. SHAP analysis identified age, tumor size, T stage, distant lymph node metastasis, bone metastasis, and lung metastasis as the strongest contributors to BM risk. A web-based risk calculator was developed to facilitate exploratory risk stratification and individualized BM risk estimation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We created and internally validated an interpretable ML model to identify brain metastasis at diagnosis in SCLC, with XGB showing the best performance. Its web-based tool may assist in identifying patients with a higher likelihood of brain metastasis at diagnosis and provide supplementary risk stratification information for exploratory clinical assessment. Further prospective validation is required before routine clinical implementation of this model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnr2.70625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Incidence, Risk Factors, and Trends of Pharyngeal Cancer by Anatomical Sites: A Systematic Analysis of Cancer Registries","authors":"Junjie Huang,&nbsp;Sze Chai Chan,&nbsp;Wing Sze Pang,&nbsp;Yat Ching Fung,&nbsp;Shui Hang Chow,&nbsp;Veeleah Lok,&nbsp;Lin Zhang,&nbsp;Xu Lin,&nbsp;Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III,&nbsp;Wanghong Xu,&nbsp;Zhi-Jie Zheng,&nbsp;Edmar Elcarte,&nbsp;Mellissa Withers,&nbsp;Claire Chenwen Zhong,&nbsp;Martin C. S. Wong,&nbsp;NCD Global Health Research Group, Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU)","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.70590","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cnr2.70590","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancers are the three types of pharyngeal malignancies that vary in prognosis. This study aims to evaluate the global disease incidence, risk factors, and trends of pharyngeal cancer by anatomical sites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The <i>Global Cancer Observatory, Global Burden of Disease, and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus</i>, were accessed to investigate the disease burden and related risk factors by anatomical site. Average Annual Percentage Changes were computed using Joinpoint regression to assess trends in age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence of pharyngeal cancer.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An estimated total of 316,020 (ASR=3.5) pharyngeal cancer cases were reported in 2020, with nasopharyngeal cancer being the most prevalent subtype (1.7), followed by oropharyngeal (1.1) and hypopharyngeal cancer (0.91). Nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancers were most common in South-Eastern Asia (ASR = 5.0), Western Europe (ASR = 2.8), and South-Central Asia (ASR = 2.1), respectively. Higher Human Development Index (HDI), smoking, alcohol drinking, unhealthy dietary habits, hypertension, and lipid disorders were associated with higher pharyngeal cancer incidence. The results indicated a declining or constant trend in hypopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancers and a notable rise in oropharyngeal cancer.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The incidence of pharyngeal cancer subtypes demonstrates significant geographical heterogeneity. While hypopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancers are declining or stable, oropharyngeal cancer is on a clear upward trajectory. Given the prolonged latency between risk factor exposure and clinical onset, the oropharyngeal cancer burden is projected to rise further.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9440,"journal":{"name":"Cancer reports","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnr2.70590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148444619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}