International journal of medicinal mushrooms最新文献

{"title":"Phellinus linteus (Agaricomycetes) Polysaccharides Ameliorate Inflammatory Injury in H2O2-Induced Caco-2 Cells and DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Mice.","authors":"Jun Lin, Meng Yuan, Hong-Yu Shi, Qiang Liu, Shuai Du, Mei-Xia Zhang, Qu-Quan Li, Zhen-Bang Yang, Pei Lin","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phellinus linteus (Agaricomycetes) is a valuable medicinal mushroom traditionally used as a food supplement and medicinal ingredient. Polysaccharides of Ph. linteus (PLP) possess strong anti-inflammatory effects and gut microbiota modulating properties. However, the mechanism of its efficacy in ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. This study utilized 1mM H2O2 to induce an in vitro model of UC in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, a 3% solution of dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) was employed to establish an in vivo UC model in mice. After treating the cells with PLP at various concentrations, there was a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway was also inhibited. Concurrently, symptoms such as colon shortening, weight loss, and a decrease in disease activity index (DAI) scores were significantly improved in UC mice. Additionally, the treatment led to downregulated expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA in colon tissues. PLP had shown potential in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells, demonstrating therapeutic effects in treating UC-like inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κ signaling pathway and activating the nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-like 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) signaling pathway. These findings suggest that PLP has great potential for further investigation and development in UC treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 5","pages":"17-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143653093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Induction on a Cervical Cancer Cell Line by Crude Extracellular Product of Omphalotus nidiformis (Agaricomycetes) Mycelium.","authors":"Isaac Tello-Salgado, Alexzandra Torres-Obando, Marisol Mir-Garcia, Vanessa Guzmán-Razón, Veronica-Nuñez Urquiza, Elizabeth Nava-García, Elizur Montiel-Arcos, María T Díaz-Hernández, Carlos Mojica-Cardoso, Carla O Contreras Ochoa","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungi have proved to be useful sources of compounds with antineoplastic properties. Although several metabolites isolated from species of the genus Omphalotus have shown cytotoxic effects on tumor cell lines. Few works have studied Omphalotus nidiformis. The activity of a whole crude extracellular product of a O. nidiformis micelyum strain is reported herein; this crude extract was able to reduce viability of cervical cancer HeLa cells (78% to 29%) after 24 h of exposure. Upon fractionation with dichloromethane, the fraction F1 was also capable of inhibiting cell viability, but the fraction F2 showed no effect. Both the crude extracellular product and F1 induced time- and concentration-dependent cell death by apoptosis through activation of caspase-3/7; in addition, both products induced a 3.5- to 5-fold increase in autophagy. The major components identified in both extracts by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were 9-octadecenamide, tetradecanamide, hexadecanamide, and squalene, which could be responsible for the cytotoxic effect. Fungal metabolites with cytotoxic activity could be used in the future in combination with antineoplastic drugs for cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 3","pages":"35-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143019475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Spent Pleurotus eryngii (Agaricomycetes) Substrate to Cultivate Pleurotus florida with Enhanced Productivity, Nutritional Profile, and Therapeutic Potential.","authors":"Preeti Thakur, Savita Jandaik, Shikha Guleria, Annu Sharma, Ranjana Sharma, Rajender Singh","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024056896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024056896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Every year, several mushroom farms create a significant volume of discarded mushroom substrate. To make use of spent mushroom substrate, Pleurotus florida was grown on wheat straw that had been supplemented in varying amounts with one year old spent substrate of Pleurotus eryngii, wheat bran, and CaCo3. Physico-chemical parameters of the substrates (pH, C, and N) were higher prior to cultivation and reduced following cultivation except electrical conductivity, that displayed the opposite trend. The wheat straw used as the control showed the highest yield, approximate composition, myco-chemicals, and antioxidant activity of P. florida sporophores. According to the data, the optimal ratio for P florida production following control, was for a combination of P. eryngii spent substrate (PESS) + wheat straw + wheat bran + CaCO3 (50:40:9.5:0.5). The results imply that adding a suitable quantity of wheat straw, wheat bran and CaCo3 to discarded mushroom substrate can enable its reuse, offering a practical method for preserving the environment, cutting expenses, and producing high-quality mushrooms.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 2","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143653085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Different Collections of Medicinal Polypore Fungus Fomitopsis pinicola (Agaricomycetes).","authors":"Susanna M Badalyan, Alla V Shnyreva, Anush Barkhudaryan","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024055590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024055590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of antimicrobial activity (AMA) of 14 genetically identified dikaryotic strains of red belted medicinal polypore Fomitopsis pinicola isolated from Betula sp. and other deciduous trees, as well as conifers Picea sp. and Abies alba in Russia, France and Italy against test fungi and bacteria is discussed. The results of this study have shown that F. pinicola strains possess significant antimicrobial potential against dermatophytes (Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton terrestre) and Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. sp.) isolated from soil samples in Armenia, as well as Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria received from different culture collections. In dual culture experiments, F. pinicola showed high antagonistic/antifungal activity toward test fungi by suppressing their average growth rate (GRavr) and sporulation causing morphological changes of colonies. The cultural broth (CB) samples obtained from 21-d static culture of F. pinicola demonstrated higher antifungal activity (AFA) with fungicidic (FC) and fungistatic (FS) effects against dermatophytes and more than 50% GRavr inhibitory effect for Penicillium spp. compared with mycelial extracts (ME) samples. Tested CB and ME samples of F. pinicola showed also antibacterial activity (ABA) against test bacteria. The AMA of CB samples was higher than the activity of ME samples. The mycelium of F. pinicola may be considered a potential source of extra- and intracellular antimicrobial compounds. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism of antimicrobial effect of F. pinicola for developing mushroom-derived biotech products are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"26 12","pages":"33-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142866730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Agaricomycetes) and Soybean Oil on Storage Characteristics of Chicken Sausage.","authors":"Haijuan Nan,&nbsp;Tetiana Stepanova,&nbsp;Bo Li","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023049470","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023049470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the effect of Agaricus bisporus and soybean oil as complex fat substitutes on the storage characteristics of chicken sausages, a pre-mixture of A. bisporus and soybean oil (1:2) was used to replace 0% (CK), 30% (T30), 60% (T60), and 90% (T90) of pork back fat in chicken sausages. The changes in color (brightness value, L*; redness value, a*; and yellowness value, b*), texture, pH, and total viable count of the sausages were examined at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 d of storage at 4°C, respectively. The results showed that A. bisporus and soybean oil altered the color of the sausages. At the same storage time, compared with CK, L* values of fat-reduced chicken sausages decreased significantly, while a* values increased significantly (P < 0.05), b* values increased significantly (P < 0.05) at the 10 d of storage. During storage, L* and a* values of CK gradually decreased and b* values gradually increased, fat-reduced sausages exhibited opposite trends in a* values and b* values compared with CK. The hardness and chewiness of fat-reduced sausages increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with CK at the same storage time. During storage, the overall hardness of fat-reduced sausages increased, and the springiness and chewiness fluctuated. T60 did not change significantly in cohesiveness throughout the storage period (P < 0.05). The pH of fat-reduced sausage was relatively stable during storage. The higher the amount of A. bisporus added, the greater the pH. The pH of T60 did not change throughout the storage period. A. bisporus and soybean oil showed some antibacterial effect on sausage and the minimum shelf life of chicken sausage with A. bisporus was 25 d. In conclusion, A. bisporus and soybean oil increased the redness and hardness of the sausages during storage, but the pH and total viable bacteria count remained relatively stable. T60 displayed the most stable storage properties among them, making it the optimum method for the manufacturing of fat-reduced chicken sausages.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"25 9","pages":"73-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41224766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apoptosis-Mediated Anticancer Activity of Ganoderma colossus (Agaricomycetes) Extracts in Breast Cancer Cells.","authors":"Riji E,&nbsp;Prashantha Naik,&nbsp;Katheeja Muhseena N,&nbsp;Suparna Laha","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023049907","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023049907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. The current cancer treatments including chemo-, radio- and immuno-therapies pose various side effects, and chances of recurrence that demand for new therapeutics to overcome the issues with existing ones. Mushrooms are considered a potential source of novel therapeutic agents. Ganoderma colossus, a non-edible wood-inhabiting mushroom, is known for certain medical properties. The present study aimed to investigate the possible anticancer activity of methanolic, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of G. colossus, against MCF-7 cells and the mechanism of action(s). MTT assay and gene expression studies were carried out by following the standard protocols. The results demonstrated that among the three solvents, the ethyl acetate crude extract of the mushroom exhibited potential cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 (IC50, 17.2 ± 2.7). The DNA damage induced by the solvent extracts of G. colossus was observed by H2AX foci formation. The TP53 over-expression and flow cytometry analysis indicated that checkpoint activation followed by cell cycle arrest occurred at G1/G0 phase in response to the extract treatment. The dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining revealed apoptosis-associated changes in the cells. Analysis of caspase 3 activations by immunophenotyping confirmed the apoptotic process in the extract-treated cells. Bcl-2 and TP53 mRNA expression data by RT-PCR disclosed the apoptosis pathway. The GC- MS spectral data of the ethyl acetate crude extract of the mushroom indicated the presence of molecules capable of inducing apoptosis. The present study warrants further studies to isolate the molecule(s) from G. colossus which may be a potential drug candidate for breast cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"25 10","pages":"23-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41224778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Biological Studies of the Terpenoids from Ganoderma resinaceum and Serpula similis (Agaricomycetes).","authors":"Tejal N Rikame, Preeti S Ranawade, Smriti P K Mittal, Vitthal T Barvkar, Mahesh Y Borde, Rajesh D Tak","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023050771","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023050771","url":null,"abstract":"Mycochemical properties and bioactivities of Ganoderma resinaceum and Serpula similis remain unexplored. The present study assessed antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and cell migration abilities of Ganoderma and Serpula extracts, followed by their phytochemical analyses. The MTT assay was conducted to determine the cytotoxicity along with the cell migration studies in human cancer cell lines. The antioxidant profiles were evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to elucidate the phytochemicals responsible for anticancer and antioxidant activities. Significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicities of 12.7% and 13.7% were observed against HCT 116 cell lines at 1% and 5% concentrations of the G. resinaceum extract, respectively. Similarly, significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicities of 6.7% and 25.5% were observed at 1% and 5% concentrations of the S. similis extract, respectively. The extracts of G. resinaceum and S. similis both shows better anti-migration potential in lung cancer cells. Both extracts demonstrated good scavenging activity on DPPH and ferric ion free radicals. LC-MS analysis revealed 11 compounds from S. similis and 15 compounds from G. resinaceum fruiting bodies. Compounds such as terpenoids, alkaloids, cytotoxic peptides, and other metabolites were identified as major components in both extracts. These extracts exhibited cytotoxic activity against HCT 116 cancer cells, along with moderate antioxidant activity. This implies that the extracts might be used as bioactive natural sources in the pharmaceutical and food industries.","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"25 12","pages":"15-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72016571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPLORING THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS FROM DARMA VALLEY, PITHORAGARH, KUMAUN HIMALAYA, INDIA","authors":"Priya Bisht, Basant Singh, Pardeep Sharma, Narendra Lotani, Chandra Negi, Indra Bhatt","doi":"10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023051350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023051350","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the methanolic extracts of nine species of wild edible mushrooms (WEM) native to the Darma Valley in the Kumaun Himalaya region. The investigation encompasses the assessment of various biochemical attributes, including Total Phenolics (TP), Total Flavonoids (TF), Total Tannins (TT) contents, the ABTS assay, and the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Among the nine WEM species examined, C. craniiformis stands out for displaying the highest antioxidant capacities, indicated by exceptional TP (54.94 ± 0.54 mg GAE/g dw) and TT (4.23 ± 0.17 mg TAE/g dw) contents, along with noteworthy ABTS (10.44 ± 0.34 mg AAE/g dw) and DPPH activity (0.335 ± 0.001 mg AAE/g dw). Subsequent in antioxidant potential are R. fennica, G. clavatus, R. sanguinea, R. flava, C. zollingeri, P. ostreatus, R. botrytis, and K. mutabilis. Variations in antioxidant capacities align with distinct phenolic content. This study underscores Clavatia craniiformis as a remarkable source of antioxidants, suggesting its potential suitability for nutraceutical applications. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the antioxidant properties inherent in wild edible mushrooms, particularly emphasizing the prominence of C. craniiformis.","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135106794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of the Solid-State Culture Conditions and Chemical Component Analysis of Poria cocos (Agaricomycetes).","authors":"Xin Zhou, Can Zhong, Jing Xie, Jian Jin, Bingbing Shen, Lin Chen, Hao Liu, Shuihan Zhang","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023050574","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023050574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The optimal cultivation conditions and chemical components of Poria cocos fruiting bodies were examined by employing the single factor and response surface methods to screen for optimal conditions for artificial cultivation. The differences in chemical composition among the fruiting bodies, fermented mycelium, and sclerotia of P. cocos were compared using UV spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimal growth conditions for P. cocos fruiting bodies were 28.5°C temperature, 60% light intensity, and 2.5 g pine sawdust, which resulted in the production of numerous basidiocarps and basidiospores under microscopic examination. Polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and other main active components of P. cocos were found in the fruiting bodies, sclerotia, and fermented mycelium. The triterpenoid components of the fruiting bodies were consistent with those of the sclerotia. The content of pachymic acid in the fruiting bodies was significantly higher than that in the sclerotia, with a value of 33.37 ± 0.1902 mg/g. These findings provide novel insights into the sexual breeding and comprehensive development and utilization of P. cocos.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"25 12","pages":"65-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72016573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant Potential of Several Polypores Mushrooms from the South of France.","authors":"Aya Maaloul,&nbsp;Luis Portillo-Lemus,&nbsp;Manon Vitou,&nbsp;Sylvie Rapior,&nbsp;Sylvie Morel,&nbsp;Françoise Fons","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023050126","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023050126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We selected polypore mushrooms growing in the Mediterranean area of France to screen their antioxidant activity: Ganoderma applanatum, G. lucidum, Inonotus cuticularis, I. hispidus, Trametes hirsuta, and T. versicolor. Our work also evaluated antioxidant capacity from wild and cultivated G. lucidum fruiting bodies to optimize this biological property on human health. Dried fungal materials were sequentially extracted using cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. Folin-Ciocalteu assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity using DPPH and ORAC tests of the polypore extracts were assessed and compared. Among the 28 mushroom extracts tested, four exhibited significant antioxidant activity as ethanol extracts of I. cuticularis, T. hirsuta and wild and cultivated G. lucidum. The ethanol extracts of I. cuticularis and T. hirsuta revealed the highest values for the ORAC test, while the highest values for the Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH tests were found for the ethanol extracts of cultivated G. lucidum and I. cuticularis. Further studies are needed to identify potential bioactive compounds, especially from I. cuticularis and G. lucidum grown under selected conditions and explore their benefits in the pharmaceutical and food industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"25 11","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41224772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}