International journal of medicinal mushrooms最新文献

{"title":"The Tiger Milk Medicinal Mushroom TM02®, Lignosus rhinocerus (Agaricomycetes), Water-Soluble Sclerotial Extract (xLr®) Induces Vasorelaxation in Rat Isolated Aortae.","authors":"Mei-Kee Lee, Kayatri Govindaraju, Shin Yee Fung, Yvonne Mbaki, Szu-Ting Ng, Chon-Seng Tan, Hwei-San Loh, Suresh Kumar Mohankumar, Kang-Nee Ting","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden, a traditional medicinal mushroom in Southeast Asia, is utilized for various health conditions. Although there is evidence that L. rhinocerus sclerotia supplementation had decreased systolic blood pressure and improved acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the vasorelaxant effect and possible mechanism of action of L. rhinocerus TM02® sclerotial cold water extract (xLr®) on rat-isolated aortae using an organ bath technique. Aortic rings removed from Sprague Dawley rats were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE) prior to the construction of the cumulative concentration-response curve to xLr®. Exposure to increasing concentrations of xLr® significantly relaxed the pre-contracted aorta [maximum tissue contraction or relaxation response (Emax): 97.70 ± 5.21%; P = 0.0005]. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the xLr®-induced vasorelaxation is independent of endothelium and muscarinic receptor-mediated pathways. The attenuation of PE-induced contractions by SKF96365 and nifedipine suggests the possible effect of xLr®-induced vasorelaxation on the inhibition of external calcium influx through membrane calcium channels. This is the first study detailing the endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effects of xLr® in isolated blood vessels. These findings have enhanced our understanding of the pharmacological effects of xLr® on vasculature.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 11","pages":"89-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities and Elemental Profile of Hymenochaetoid Mushroom Trichaptum abietinum (Agaricomycetes) Collected in Turkey.","authors":"Celal Bal, Emre Cem Eraslan, Tetiana A Krupodorova, Mustafa Sevindik","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mushrooms are organisms containing bioactive compounds that are widely used in food, medicine and ecological applications. In this study, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and antiproliferative activities, total phenolic content of Trichaptum abietinum, a saprotrophic fungus growing on coniferous trees, were investigated. Total phenolic content was determined as 19.773 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was measured as 75.680 mg trolox equivalents (TE)/g, FRAP reducing power as 92.880 mg TE/g. Total antioxidant status (TAS) was 3.811 mmol/L, TAS 7.459 μmol/L, and oxidative stress index 0.196. α-Amylase inhibition was determined as 0.67 mmol acarbose equivalent (ACE)/g, while α-glucosidase inhibition as 0.98 mmol ACE/g. Anti-cholinesterase activity was found as 94.58 μg/mL for acetylcholinesterase, 117.42 μg/mL for butyrylcholinesterase. Chemical analysis revealed Fe (625.60 mg/kg), Mn (43.84 mg/kg), Ni (1.31 mg/kg), Cr (20.38 mg/kg), Cd (6.53 mg/kg), Cu (119.72 mg/ kg), Pb (24.66 mg/kg), and Pb (4.27 mg/kg) levels. It was suggested that this mushroom could be a bioindicator for environmental monitoring. In cytotoxicity tests performed on A549 lung cancer cell line, it was determined that T. abietinum extracts showed dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity. The results obtained show that T. abietinum is a promising natural source in terms of antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and potential anticancer properties and reveal that further research is needed in terms of pharmacological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 10","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mushrooms: Potential Agents for the Prevention and Slowdown of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review.","authors":"Milica Galić, Jasmina Ćilerdžić, Mirjana Stajic","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease as a neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities that makes it difficult or impossible to perform ordinary tasks. It is the most common form of dementia and its exact causes are still unknown. Approximately 45.0 million people are affected by this disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although numerous commercial drugs are available on the world market, many of them have mutagenic, toxic, carcinogenic and other side effects. Therefore, today the world's trend is use of natural products without any harmful effects. Edible and medicinal mushrooms as producers of numerous biologically active compounds, such as polysaccharides, proteins, sterols, terpenoids, etc., could be a safe and effective neuroprotective agents and a promising therapy for patients with Alzheimer's disease. Mushrooms are highly valued functional foods and diet supplementation with them could significantly reduce the risk of apparence of Alzheimer's disease or slow down its development. The results of numerous studies have shown that the addition of mushrooms to the diet not only increases the effectiveness of conventional drugs but also reduces their harmful effects. However, despite numerous studies on mushrooms' medicinal properties, much more in vivo research and clinical trials are still needed to fully understand the potential of mushrooms for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, as well as to determine their optimal administration. Reviewing all the results so far and considering future necessary studies were the main aims of this review article.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 10","pages":"7-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Growth and Production of the Milky White Medicinal Mushroom Calocybe indica (Agaricomycetes) through Varying Ratios of Organic Waste Substrates for Medicinal Applications.","authors":"V Priscilla Pushparani, T P Rajarajan, Gurunathan Baskar","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calocybe indica, commonly known for its milky white nature is an edible mushroom with promising nutrition and therapeutic potential. It has gained attention due to its white sporocarps, longer shelf life, a distinct flavor, nutrient composition, medicinal and health benefits. The type of cultivation, humidity and temperature conditions and substrate usage directly influence the growth of mushrooms. Performance of cocopeat, corn waste, sugarcane waste, teak sawdust, and rice straw (control) is evaluated in different combinations to assess their suitability on mushroom growth, yield, antioxidant and antibacterial potential. The cocopeat - rice straw substrate combination emerged as the best substrate in terms of bud formation, stalk and pilei length. Corn waste also produced a notable yield 406.1 g/500 g substrate with optimal growth and biological efficiency for combination B3 which comprises of rice straw and corn waste in the ratio 2:8, while sugarcane waste and teak sawdust had resulted in less growth. The presence of secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolics were confirmed from phytochemical analysis of the cold percolation ethanol extract. The extract exhibited 74.46% DPPH inhibition for 10 mg/mL concentration and contained high levels of phenolic (15.90 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (52.62 mg QE/g) compounds. However, the extract did not demonstrate significant anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacterial strains, showing a maximum zone of 2.5 mm for Bacillus subtilis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 10","pages":"75-91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricomycetes) Extract in Rats with Postnatal Sucrose Consumption Whose Mothers Also Consumed Sucrose.","authors":"Itzel Daysi Gutiérrez-Hernández, Jorge Rodríguez-Antolín, Margarita Cervantes-Rodríguez, Rubén Díaz, Gerardo Díaz-Godínez","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057783","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Male offspring of rats whose mothers consumed sucrose (5% solution) during gestation and lactation were also given the sucrose solution instead of drinking water for 3 months, and subsequently, for 1 month, they were given an aqueous extract obtained from dehydrated fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus. The offspring that consumed sucrose (experimental group) did not show differences in body weight compared with those that did not consume sucrose (control group), however, total adiposity was higher in the experimental group. In rats that consumed the aqueous extract, a decrease in the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood plasma was observed, total adiposity also decreased and the average size of adipocytes in the visceral area was reduced. Consumption of the aqueous extract of P. ostreatus showed an antihyperlipidemic effect when triglyceride, cholesterol and adipose tissue levels were increased by the consumption of sucrose in rats descended from mothers who also consumed sucrose.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 4","pages":"39-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Fermentation Conditions in Ergothioneine Biosynthesis from Ganoderma resinaceum (Agaricomycetes) and an Evaluation of Their Inhibitory Activity on Xanthine Oxidase.","authors":"Ying-Hao Yu, Zhi-Wei Ye, Ying-Min Huang, Na Wang, Qian-Wang Zheng, Jing-Ru Zhong, Bai-Xiong Chen, Jun-Fang Lin, Li-Qiong Guo","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057485","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ganoderma resinaceum is a traditional mushroom that contains natural products, including ergothioneine (EGT), which has powerful antioxidant properties in the human body. To increase EGT yield from G. resinaceum, the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources in the culture medium were determined as 20 g/L sucrose and 4 g/L NH4Cl, respectively. The fermentation conditions were then optimized using response surface methodology, with the highest EGT yield of approximately 4.10 mg/L achieved at an initial pH of 5.19, a culture medium volume of 118 mL, and a fermentation temperature of 26.90°C. After extraction, EGT was purified using Sephadex G-10, resulting in a purity of 43.72%. Both the crude and purified EGT extracts were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase in vitro, with positive results. These findings suggest the potential for developing edible fungi-derived medicines to treat gout, which could alleviate the side effects of traditional medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 3","pages":"71-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143019481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 12th International Medicinal Mushrooms Conference (IMMC12), September 24-27, 2024, Bari, Italy.","authors":"Maria Letizia Gargano, Giuseppe Venturella","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057063","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In September 2024, 230 delegates from 40 different countries (Fig. 1) gathered at The Nicolaus Hotel Bari - HO Collection (Bari, Italy), for the 12th International Medicinal Mushrooms Conference (IMMC12), the second to be held in Italy after the Palermo Conference in 2017. The theme of the conference was \"medicinal mushrooms: the bet for the future of humanity.\" IMMC12 participants had the opportunity to discuss and share scientific innovations in the medicinal mushroom sector and to become aware of current research results.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 2","pages":"75-81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143653088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomy and Biopharmaceutical Properties of a Newly Discovered Variety of Lentinus squarrosulus (Agaricomycetes) from West Bengal, India.","authors":"Arghya Naskar, Pinaki Chattopadhyay, Arun Kumar Dutta, Krishnendu Acharya","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058024","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study, a unique mushroom belonging to the genus Lentinus was collected from the Lateritic region of West Bengal, India. The purpose of our investigation is to determine its taxonomic identity and evaluate its therapeutic properties, with a particular emphasis on its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. A thorough morpho-molecular investigation revealed that the collected mushroom is a novel variety that has been named Lentinus squarrosulus var. odoratus in recognition of its potent, rotting banana-like aroma. The methanolic extract of the desiccated basidiocarps exhibits potent antioxidant properties, as evidenced by the EC50 values that range from 314.201 ± 3.12 to 933.48 ± 3.58 μg/mL, contingent upon the type of free radicals employed. The extracted fraction was also discovered to be effective in inhibiting the growth of human-pathogenic bacterial strains in a dose-responsive manner, as evidenced by the low MIC50 values, which varied from 281.61 ± 1.64 to 680.31 ± 4.12 μg/mL depending on the strains under investigation. The inhibitory effect was shown to be potentially caused by an increase in membrane porosity and damage to the cell wall, resulting in the leaking of intracellular components. The findings of this research indicate that there is a significant therapeutic potential encased in this mushroom, necessitating further comprehensive investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 5","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143653096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant Activity and Total Terpenoid Content of Tropicoporus linteus Cultivar (Agaricomycetes) Cold Water Extract and In Silico Assessment of Potential Neuroprotective Compounds.","authors":"Kwang-Yui Liew, Mohammad Saad Umar Ibne Zaaki Aumeeruddy, Neng-Yao Goh, Boon Hong Kong, Yin-Quan Tang, Szu-Ting Ng, Chon-Seng Tan, Shin Yee Fung","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025059827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropicoporus linteus (formerly Phellinus linteus) is a medicinal fungus used in China, Korea and Japan for its therapeutic properties. This study assessed the antioxidant capabilities of cold-water extract (xSHTM) from a T. linteus cultivar (SH02), and its terpenoid content. The potential of bioactive compounds in T. linteus as treatment against Alzheimer's disease (AD) was also explored with pharmacokinetic prediction via SwissADME and molecular docking. xSHTM is found to have high superoxide anion scavenging capability (expressed as trolox equivalents (35.10 ± 2.58) mmol/g), and its terpenoid content is expressed as 490.12 ± 31.51 mg LE/g of extract. SwissADME was used to screen all 68 of the compounds contained in T. linteus according to PubChem to identify their pharmacokinetic properties. Nine bioactive compounds are selected based on their gastrointestinal absorption, lipophilicity, water solubility, violation of Lipinski's rule, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to proceed with molecular docking against common AD treatment targets, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE1), which revealed 4 compounds with high binding affinity (expressed as Kcal/mol). Phellilin B and phellilane L showed binding affinities of -8.8 and -8.0, respectively, when docked against AChE, while phellinulin L, phellinulin K and phellilin B showed binding affinities of -7.4, -7.3 and -7.1 respectively when docked against BACE1.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 11","pages":"51-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactivity of the Gray Knight Mushroom Tricholoma terreum (Agaricomycetes): Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Enzyme Inhibition Potential.","authors":"Mustafa Sevindik, Celal Bal, Orhan Unal, Emre Cem Eraslan","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the antioxidant, antiproliferative activities and enzyme inhibition potential of Tricholoma terreum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm., a common mushroom species. T. terreum extracts were obtained using ethanol and methanol solvents and tested for their bioactivity. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays with moderate activity observed. The ethanol extract showed values of 46.637 ± 2.146 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g for DPPH and 60.683 ± 1.530 mg TE/g for FRAP, and the methanol extract showed values of 30.987 ± 1.298 mg TE/g for DPPH and 149.153 ± 1.290 mg TE/g for FRAP. Additionally, total antioxidant status of both extracts was measured and values were determined as 2.696 ± 0.032 mmoL/L for ethanol extract and 2.302 ± 0.040 mmoL/L for methanol extract. Total oxidant status was also evaluated and values were 10.995 ± 0.170 μmoL/L for ethanol extract and 12.483 ± 0.213 μmoL/L for methanol extract. Anticholinesterase activity was evaluated by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes and IC50 values were obtained as 58.06 ± 1.21 μg/mL and 77.68 ± 1.23 μg/mL for ethanol extract and 67.97 ± 1.04 μg/mL and 84.85 ± 0.88 μg/mL for methanol extract, respectively. In addition, inhibition of amylase and α-glucosidase was determined as ethanol extract showed 0.88 ± 0.05 mmol acarbose equivalents (ACAE)/g for α-amylase and 1.39 ± 0.02 mmol ACAE/g for α-glucosidase, while methanol extract showed 0.36 ± 0.02 mmol ACAE/g and 0.75 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g, respectively. Furthermore, antiproliferative activity was evaluated using MTT assay on cancer cell lines and ethanol extract showed significant inhibition indicating potential anticancer properties. These results suggest that T. terreum contains bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant, enzyme inhibition potential and antiproliferative activities and understanding its oxidative stress potential suggests its therapeutic applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and oxidative stress-related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 9","pages":"75-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}