Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases最新文献

{"title":"Age-dependence of susceptibility to single and repeated deltamethrin exposure in pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti strains","authors":"Ashwaq M. Al Nazawi ,&nbsp;David Weetman","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monitoring insecticide resistance is crucial in disease-transmitting mosquitoes to allow assessment of viable candidate insecticides to use for control and to provide indication of changes in resistance. Insecticide resistance bioassays are typically performed on young female mosquitoes, yet disease is transmitted by older females, which may also have encountered insecticide multiple times during their adult life. If insecticide mortality rates increase with age directly, or indirectly <em>via</em> cumulative toxicity from repeated exposure, the strategy of testing young mosquitoes as the least susceptible cohort would be supported. We tested three hypotheses <em>via</em> examination of how age and cumulative exposure impact mortality rates to the pyrethroid deltamethrin in strains of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and the Cayman Islands, which show differences in resistance mechanisms. Females of different ages (5, 7, 10 and 14 days-old) were exposed using WHO tube assays to either a single dose of insecticide, or in a second experiment females (initially 5 days-old) were exposed daily over 10 days. Age only increased mortality in the Jeddah strain at 14 days-old and had no impact on the Cayman strain. This is consistent with greater impact linked to metabolic resistance in the Jeddah strain, though results from qPCR of four candidate genes, failed to provide evidence for a candidate underpinning an age-dependent change in resistance. With repeated exposure, mortality rates of surviving females decreased to very low levels, suggesting that surviving older cohorts of females may exhibit substantially lower susceptibility than young females in single exposure assays. Our results indicate that testing young females with a single insecticide exposure should capture minimum susceptibility for the majority of the population, but a small fraction of older females may prove particularly unresponsive to pyrethroid-based control measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49710290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing pyrethroid resistance and mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and Anopheles arabiensis from 11 districts in Uganda","authors":"Henry Ddumba Mawejje ,&nbsp;David Weetman ,&nbsp;Adrienne Epstein ,&nbsp;Amy Lynd ,&nbsp;Jimmy Opigo ,&nbsp;Catherine Maiteki-Sebuguzi ,&nbsp;Jo Lines ,&nbsp;Moses R. Kamya ,&nbsp;Philip J. Rosenthal ,&nbsp;Martin J. Donnelly ,&nbsp;Grant Dorsey ,&nbsp;Sarah G. Staedke","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Insecticide resistance threatens recent progress on malaria control in Africa. To characterize pyrethroid resistance in Uganda, <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) and <em>Anopheles arabiensis</em> were analyzed from 11 sites with varied vector control strategies. Mosquito larvae were collected between May 2018 and December 2020. Sites were categorized as receiving no indoor-residual spraying (‘no IRS’, <em>n</em> ​= ​3); where IRS was delivered from 2009 to 2014 and in 2017 and then discontinued (‘IRS stopped’, <em>n</em> ​= ​4); and where IRS had been sustained since 2014 (‘IRS active’, <em>n</em> ​= ​4). IRS included bendiocarb, pirimiphos methyl and clothianidin. All sites received long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in 2017. Adult mosquitoes were exposed to pyrethroids; with or without piperonyl butoxide (PBO). <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) and <em>An. arabiensis</em> were identified using PCR. <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) were genotyped for <em>Vgsc-995S</em>/<em>F</em>, <em>Cyp6aa1</em>, <em>Cyp6p4-I236M</em>, <em>ZZB-TE</em>, <em>Cyp4j5-L43F</em> and <em>Coeae1d</em>, while <em>An. arabiensis</em> were examined for <em>Vgsc-1014S</em>/<em>F</em>. Overall, 2753 <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.l</em>.), including 1105 <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) and 1648 <em>An. arabiensis</em> were evaluated<em>.</em> Species composition varied by site; only nine <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) were collected from ‘IRS active’ sites, precluding species-specific comparisons. Overall, mortality following exposure to permethrin and deltamethrin was 18.8% (148/788) in <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) and 74.6% (912/1222) in <em>An. arabiensis</em>. Mortality was significantly lower in <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) than in <em>An. arabiensis</em> in ‘no IRS’ sites (permethrin: 16.1 <em>vs</em> 67.7%, <em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.001; deltamethrin: 24.6 <em>vs</em> 83.7%, <em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.001) and in ‘IRS stopped’ sites (permethrin: 11.3 <em>vs</em> 63.6%, <em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.001; deltamethrin: 25.6 <em>vs</em> 88.9%, <em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.001). When PBO was added, mortality increased for <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) and <em>An. arabiensis</em>. Most <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.) had the <em>Vgsc-995S/F</em> mutation (95% frequency) and the <em>Cyp6p4-I236M</em> resistance allele (87%), while the frequency of <em>Cyp4j5</em> and <em>Coeae1d</em> were lower (52% and 55%, respectively). Resistance to pyrethroids was widespread and higher in <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.s</em>.). Where IRS was active, <em>An. arabiensis</em> dominated. Addition of PBO to pyrethroids increased mortality, supporting deployment of PBO LLINs. Further surveillance of insecticide resistance and assessment of associations between genotypic markers and phenotypic outcomes are needed to better understand mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance and to guide vector control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49722650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in virulence and oocyst shedding profiles in lambs experimentally infected with different isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum","authors":"Paul M. Bartley ,&nbsp;Sarah Thomson ,&nbsp;Nicholas N. Jonsson ,&nbsp;Alessandra Taroda ,&nbsp;A. Innes Elisabeth ,&nbsp;Frank Katzer","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A wide spectrum of disease severity associated with cryptosporidiosis has been described, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal in both human and animal hosts. The reasons for the variations in severity are likely to be multifactorial, involving environmental, host and parasite factors. This paper describes two experimental infection trials in lambs, a symptomatic host for the parasite, to investigate variation in the clinical manifestations following infection with two distinct isolates of <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em>. In the first experiment, groups of naïve lambs were challenged with one of two isolates (<em>CP1</em> or <em>CP2</em>) at ​&lt; ​1 week of age, to test the effect of the isolates on disease outcome. In a second experiment one group of lambs challenged at &lt; 1 week of age (<em>CP1</em>) was then re-challenged with the same isolate at 6 weeks of age (<em>CP1</em>), while a second group was challenged for the first time at 6 weeks of age (<em>CP1</em>). This experiment examined age-related disease symptoms, oocyst shedding and the effect of prior exposure to the parasite on a subsequent homologous challenge. The two isolates were associated with significant differences in the demeanour of the animals and in the numbers of oocysts shed in the faeces. There were also differences in the duration and severity of diarrhoea, though these were not significant. The age of the lamb, at the time of a primary challenge (&lt;1 week or 6 weeks), also resulted in differences in clinical outcomes, with younger lambs showing more severe clinical disease than the older lambs (feeding profiles and presentation of diarrhoea), while older lambs showed virtually no signs of infection but still produced large numbers of oocysts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49778381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma pharmacokinetics of tigolaner, emodepside, and praziquantel following topical administration of a combination product (Felpreva®) and of intravenous administration of the individual active ingredients in cats","authors":"Norbert Mencke ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Bäumer ,&nbsp;Kristine Fraatz ,&nbsp;Ralph Krebber ,&nbsp;Marc Schneider ,&nbsp;Katrin Blazejak","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Felpreva® for cats contains the new acaricidal/insecticidal active ingredient tigolaner in a fixed combination with the nematocidal and cestocidal compounds emodepside and praziquantel, respectively. The plasma pharmacokinetics of tigolaner, emodepside, and praziquantel were evaluated in clinically healthy cats following topical (spot-on) treatment as fixed combination Felpreva®. For the determination of bioavailability intravenous administration of single active ingredients was also performed. After a single topical administration of Felpreva® using the target dose volume of 0.148 ​ml/kg to cats, tigolaner reached mean peak concentrations of 1352 ​μg/l with a T_max of 12 days and a mean half-life of 24 days. Simulation of repetitive topical administration every 91 days indicates only a low risk of accumulation after reaching steady state within two to three administrations. The volume of distribution calculated after intravenous dosing was 4 ​l/kg and plasma clearance was low with 0.005 ​l/h/kg. Overall plasma exposure was 1566 ​mg∗h/l after topical administration, providing an absolute bioavailability of 57%. Tigolaner was mainly cleared <em>via</em> the faeces (54% within 28 days), renal clearance was neglectable (&lt; 0.5% within 28 days). Emodepside and praziquantel showed mean peak concentrations of 44 ​μg/l and 48 ​μg/l (reached after 1.5 days and 5 ​h, respectively). Overall plasma exposures were 20.6 and 3.69 ​mg∗h/l, respectively. The elimination half-life was 14.5 days for emodepside and 10 days for praziquantel after topical administration. After topical administration of Felpreva® using 2.5× and 5× dose multiples an almost proportional increase of plasma exposure was observed for all three active ingredients. With the addition of tigolaner, Felpreva® combines the established pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of emodepside and praziquantel contained in Profender® spot-on for cats with the favourable PK of tigolaner suitable for a 3-months protection against fleas and ticks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10344656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9828408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between the incidence of Lyme disease in the USA and indicators of greenness and land cover","authors":"Sydney Westra ,&nbsp;Mark S. Goldberg ,&nbsp;Kamel Didan","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lyme disease (LD) is the most common vector-borne illness in the USA. Incidence is related to specific environmental conditions such as temperature, metrics of land cover, and vertebrate species diversity. To determine whether greenness, as measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and other selected indices of land cover were associated with the incidence of LD in the northeastern USA for the years 2000–2018, we conducted an ecological analysis of incidence rates of LD in counties of 15 “high” incidence states and the District of Columbia for 2000–2018. Annual counts of LD by county were obtained from the US Centers for Disease Control and values of NDVI were acquired from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer instrument aboard Terra and Aqua Satellites. County-specific values of human population density, area of land and water were obtained from the US Census. Using quasi-Poisson regression, multivariable associations were estimated between the incidence of LD, NDVI, land cover variables, human population density, and calendar year. We found that LD incidence increased by 7.1% per year (95% confidence interval: 6.8–8.2%). Land cover variables showed complex non-linear associations with incidence: average county-specific NDVI showed a “u-shaped” association, the standard deviation of NDVI showed a monotonic upward relationship, population density showed a decreasing trend, areas of land and water showed “n-shaped” relationships. We found an interaction between average and standard deviation of NDVI, with the highest average NDVI category; increased standard deviation of NDVI showed the greatest increase in rates. These associations cannot be interpreted as causal but indicate that certain patterns of land cover may have the potential to increase exposure to infected ticks and thereby may contribute indirectly to increased rates of LD. Public health interventions could make use of these results in informing people where risks may be high.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d5/cd/main.PMC10373656.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10285304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of a new multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) scheme for the seasonal investigation of Cryptosporidium parvum cases in Wales and the northwest of England, spring 2022","authors":"Harriet Risby ,&nbsp;Guy Robinson ,&nbsp;Nastassya Chandra ,&nbsp;Grace King ,&nbsp;Roberto Vivancos ,&nbsp;Robert Smith ,&nbsp;Daniel Thomas ,&nbsp;Andrew Fox ,&nbsp;Noel McCarthy ,&nbsp;Rachel M. Chalmers","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The protozoan <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> is an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans and livestock, and cryptosporidiosis outbreaks are common. However, a multi-locus genotyping scheme is not widely adopted. We describe the further development and application of a seven-locus multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) scheme. From 28th March to 31st July 2022, confirmed <em>C. parvum</em> stools (<em>n</em> = 213) from cryptosporidiosis patients (cases) in Wales (<em>n</em> = 95) and the north west of England (<em>n</em> = 118) were tested by MLVA. Typability (defined as alleles identified at all seven loci in a sample) was 81.2% and discriminatory power estimated by Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index was 0.99. A MLVA profile was constructed from the alleles, expressed in chromosomal order. Profiles were defined as simple (single allele at each locus) or mixed (more than one allele at any locus). A total of 161 MLVA profiles were identified; 13 were mixed, an additional 38 simple profiles contained null records, and 110 were complete simple profiles. A minimum spanning tree was constructed of simple MLVA profiles and those identical at all seven loci defined genetic clusters of cases (here, null records were considered as an allele); 77 cases formed 25 clusters, ranging from two to nine (mode = two) cases. The largest cluster, following epidemiological investigation, signalled a newly-identified outbreak. Two other cases with mixed profiles that contained the outbreak alleles were included in the outbreak investigation. In another epidemiologically-identified outbreak of six initial cases, MLVA detected two additional cases. In a third, small outbreak of three cases, identical MLVA profiles strengthened the microbiological evidence. Review of the performance characteristics of the individual loci and of the seven-locus scheme suggested that two loci might be candidates for review, but a larger dataset over a wider geographical area and longer timeframe will help inform decision-making about the scheme by user laboratories and stakeholders (such as public health agencies). This MLVA scheme is straightforward in use, fast and cheap compared to sequence-based methods, identifies mixed infections, provides an important tool for <em>C. parvum</em> surveillance, and can enhance outbreak investigations and public health action.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667114X23000390/pdfft?md5=4434a17c591dcde16d072e2f284155e9&pid=1-s2.0-S2667114X23000390-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91985845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of schistosome cercariae and their Bulinus snail hosts from Niakhar, a seasonal transmission focus in central Senegal","authors":"Bruno Senghor ,&nbsp;Bonnie Webster ,&nbsp;Tom Pennance ,&nbsp;Mariama Sène ,&nbsp;Souleymane Doucouré ,&nbsp;Doudou Sow ,&nbsp;Cheikh Sokhna","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Bulinus senegalensis</em> and <em>Bulinus umbilicatus</em>, two sympatric freshwater snails found in temporal ponds in Senegal, were thought to be involved in the transmission of <em>Schistosoma haematobium</em> and/or <em>Schistosoma curassoni</em>. To better understand the role of these <em>Bulinus</em> species in the transmission of human and animal <em>Schistosoma</em> species, <em>B. senegalensis</em> and <em>B. umbilicatus</em> were collected in 2015, during a malacological survey, from a temporal pond in Niakhar, central Senegal. Snails were induced to shed cercariae on two consecutive days. Individual cercariae from each snail were collected and preserved for molecular identification. Infected snails were identified by analysis of a partial region of the cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase subunit 1 (<em>cox</em>1) gene. Six individual cercariae shed from each infected snail were identified by analyses of the <em>cox</em>1, nuclear ITS and partial 18S rDNA regions. Of the 98 snails collected, one <em>B. senegalensis</em> had a mixed infection shedding <em>S. haematobium</em>, <em>S. bovis</em> and <em>S. haematobium</em>-<em>S. bovis</em> hybrid cercariae and one <em>B. umbilicatus</em> was found to be shedding only <em>S. haematobium</em>. These data provide molecular confirmation for <em>B. senegalensis</em> transmitting <em>S. bovis</em> and <em>S. haematobium-S. bovis</em> hybrids in Senegal. The multiple <em>Bulinus</em> species involved in the human urogenital schistosomiasis in Senegal provides a high force of transmission warranting detailed mapping, surveillance and regular treatment of at-risk populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49761335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The “southeastern Europe” lineage of the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) identified as Rhipicephalus rutilus Koch, 1844: Comparison with holotype and generation of mitogenome reference from Israel","authors":"Jan Šlapeta ,&nbsp;Bruce Halliday ,&nbsp;Jason A. Dunlop ,&nbsp;Yaarit Nachum-Biala ,&nbsp;Harold Salant ,&nbsp;Sajjad Ghodrati ,&nbsp;David Modrý ,&nbsp;Shimon Harrus","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The brown dog tick <em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</em> (<em>sensu lato</em>) in the southeastern Mediterranean region and the Middle East is difficult to identify due to the presence of multiple mitochondrial DNA haplogroup lineages. The purpose of this study was to clarify the identity of the “southeastern Europe” lineage of this tick species complex. Our research shows that female ticks of the “southeastern Europe” lineage correspond to the morphology of <em>R. rutilus</em> Koch, 1844 as found in type-material at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin in Germany. We characterised the complete mitogenomes of <em>R. rutilus</em>, <em>R. turanicus</em> Pomerantsev, 1940 and <em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</em> (Latreille, 1806) in order to improve our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among species within the <em>R. sanguineus</em> (<em>sensu lato</em>) complex. The material associated with the morphology of <em>R. rutilus</em> was previously labelled as the “southeastern Europe” lineage and found in Israel and Egypt, including Lower Egypt and the Nile Delta, where the original type-material was collected. Based on the morphology, genetic identity, and geographical distribution of the species, we conclude that the name <em>R. rutilus</em> is correctly linked to the “southeastern Europe” lineage of <em>R. sanguineus</em> (<em>sensu lato</em>).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49710361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated pest management strategies targeting the Florida kissing bug, Triatoma sanguisuga: Preventing this vector of Chagas disease from invading your home","authors":"Norman L. Beatty ,&nbsp;Chanakya R. Bhosale ,&nbsp;Carson W. Torhorst ,&nbsp;Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena ,&nbsp;Faith M. Oi ,&nbsp;Colin J. Forsyth ,&nbsp;Samantha M. Wisely","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), commonly called “kissing bugs”, are blood-sucking pests and vectors of the protozoan parasite <em>Trypanosoma cruzi</em>, the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD). Eleven species of kissing bugs occur throughout the southern half of the USA, four of which are well known to invade human dwellings. Certain kissing bugs in the USA are known to transmit <em>T. cruzi</em> to humans and other animals and their bites can also lead to serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. In Florida, the kissing bug <em>Triatoma sanguisuga</em> frequently invades homes, bites residents, and has been found infected with <em>T. cruzi</em>, placing humans and companion animals at risk for CD. This review outlines integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for minimizing human exposure to <em>T. sanguisuga</em> and CD. A comprehensive IPM plan for kissing bugs includes detailed inspections, removal of vertebrate host nesting areas, and kissing bug harborage, home improvements to exclude kissing bugs from entering structures, pest removal, and judicious use of pesticides. This approach can limit or eliminate kissing bug entry into residential structures, thereby preventing kissing bug bites, and CD infections in humans and companion animals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49791526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of neonatal cryptosporidiosis in calves: The Argentine perspective","authors":"Paloma de Alba ,&nbsp;Carlos Garro ,&nbsp;Monica Florin-Christensen ,&nbsp;Leonhard Schnittger","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. are enteroparasitic protozoans that cause cryptosporidiosis in newborn calves. Clinical signs of the infection are diarrhoea and dehydration leading to decreased productivity and economic losses in cattle farms around the world. Additionally, cryptosporidiosis is a relevant zoonotic disease since the ingestion of oocysts can be fatal for children under five years of age, the elderly, and/or immunocompromised adults. This review aims to integrate existing knowledge on the epidemiological situation of calf cryptosporidiosis and associated risk factors in Argentina. In addition, the GP60 subtype diversity of the pathogen was analysed and related with the global distribution of corresponding GP60 subtypes. Depending on the study region and applied diagnostics, prevalence among calves up to 20 days of age varied between 25.2% and 42.5%, while a prevalence of 16.3–25.5% was observed at the age of 1–90 days. So far, molecular studies have determined exclusively <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> in preweaned calves. In addition, <em>C. parvum</em> infection was reported as the major cause of calf diarrhoea, followed by rotavirus A (RVA), while enteropathogens such as coronavirus, <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em>, and <em>Salmonella</em> sp. played a negligible role. Calf age of 20 days or less, incidence of diarrhoea, poorly drained soils, and large farm size were identified as risk factors for <em>C. parvum-</em>infection in Argentina. A total of nine GP60 subtypes (IIaAxxG1R1, xx = 16 to 24) were identified, showing a stepwise increase of the trinucleotide motif TCA, and including the zoonotic subtypes IIaA16G1R1, IIaA17G1R1, IIaA18G1R1, IIaA19G1R1, and IIaA20G1R1. We found that an increase in the A16→A24 trinucleotide repeat was accompanied by a gradual decrease in the global distribution of GP60 alleles, strongly suggesting that IIaA16G1R1 represents the primordial allelic variant of this group. Since identified GP60 alleles have a similar genetic background, we hypothesize that the continuous trinucleotide repeat array has been generated by stepwise repeat expansion of A16. The information gathered and integrated in this study contributes to an improved understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of bovine cryptosporidiosis in and beyond Argentina, which in turn can help to develop control strategies for this parasitosis of veterinary and medical relevance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10628544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71524002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}