Current drug delivery最新文献

{"title":"Recent Developments in Oral Drug Delivery of Prokinetic Agents: Nanoparticles and Beyond.","authors":"Rameshwar Dass, Meenakshi Bhatia, Goutam Rath, Ashwani K Dhingra","doi":"10.2174/0115672018296163240910111938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018296163240910111938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prokinetic agents are drugs used to enhance gastrointestinal motility and treat disorders such as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and gastroparesis. pH-dependent release systems offer targeted drug delivery, allowing prokinetic agents to be released specifically in desired regions of the gastrointestinal tract. This optimizes drug efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Gastroretentive formulations enable sustained drug release, which is particularly beneficial in conditions requiring prolonged gastric residence time, such as gastroparesis. Nanoparticles have emerged as promising carriers for improving prokinetic agent delivery and enhancing drug stability, solubility, and absorption. These nano-systems protect drugs from degradation, leading to improved bioavailability and controlled drug release. Furthermore, incorporating mucoadhesive technologies promotes prolonged drug-mucosa interactions, facilitating enhanced drug absorption and reducing dosing frequency. These recent advancements have the potential to revolutionize the oral drug delivery of prokinetic agents, offering improved therapeutic outcomes, enhanced patient compliance, and reduced side effects. However, scalability, biocompatibility, and safety challenges warrant further investigation and validation through preclinical and clinical studies. This review highlights recent advances in oral drug delivery systems for prokinetic agents, focusing on innovative approaches such as pH-dependent release, gastroretentive formulations, nanoparticles, and mucoadhesive technologies. In conclusion, integrating advanced oral drug delivery systems for prokinetic agents presents a promising avenue for managing gastrointestinal disorders. Continued research and collaboration among academia, industry, and healthcare professionals are crucial to unlocking the full potential of these innovations and ultimately translating them into clinically effective treatments for patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanosystems for Intranasal Delivery of Therapeutics in Psychiatric Disorders.","authors":"Samin Hamidi, Ali Reza Shafiee-Kandjani, Sara Salatin","doi":"10.2174/0115672018336704241128101556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018336704241128101556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and issues with oral and other traditional routes of administration, psychiatric disorders present significant challenges in getting therapeutics into the brain. The nose-to-brain pathway, also known as intranasal delivery, has shown promise in overcoming these barriers since it targets the brain directly and bypasses the BBB. This review explores nanocarriers' potential for intranasal delivery of therapeutics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Nanocarriers, such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanoemulsions, offer unique advantages for enhancing the delivery of various therapeutic agents to the brain via the intranasal route. The methodology involved conducting preliminary searches on databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using keywords related to \"psychiatric disorders, intranasal delivery, nose-to-brain drug delivery, and nano formulations for intranasal delivery.\" This review highlights the advantages of the intranasal drug delivery pathway as a non-invasive, reliable, and efficient method for targeting the brain by bypassing the BBB. Furthermore, it discusses the application of various novel nanocarrier-based formulations, including nanoparticles, in-situ gels, nanoemulsions, hydrogels, and liposomes, for the effective intranasal delivery of therapeutics in the treatment of psychiatric conditions such as mood and anxiety disorders schizophrenia, and other illnesses.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of Rutin-Loaded Liposomes in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Gunjan Nautiyal, Shiv Kant Sharma, Dhirender Kaushik, Parijat Pandey","doi":"10.2174/0115672018321817241120075724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018321817241120075724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease, progressively distinctive via cartilage destruction, auto-antibody production, severe joint pain, and synovial inflammation. Nanotechnology represents one of the utmost promising scientific technologies of the 21st century. Nanocarriers could be the key to unlocking its potential by encapsulating Rutin in targeted drug delivery systems, potentially for targeted Rheumatoid arthritis therapy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The rationale of current research is to prepare liposomes loaded with a bioflavonoid drug rutin for effective management of rheumatoid arthritis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study investigated the formulation of rutin liposomes using the thinfilm hydration technique, also known as the Bangham method. A Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the formulation parameters. The LP2 batch was then characterized for its mean particle size, zeta potential, shape, diffraction pattern, and thermal properties. Finally, the in-vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the rutin liposomes were evaluated using appropriate assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of thirteen batches, LP2 was found to be an optimized batch with a mean particle size of 167.1 nm, zeta potential -13.50 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 61.22%. The above results showed higher stability of rutin liposomes. Further characterization of LP2 for morphological assessment, XRD analysis, and DSC revealed its spherical shape less than 1 μm, polycrystalline nature, and thermographic peak at 139°C, respectively. Evaluation of the antioxidant properties and antiinflammatory potential of LP2 revealed its maximum therapeutic potential in the reduction of inflammation and protein denaturation when evaluated via in-vitro assays.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Rutin liposomal formulation has tremendous potential for the management of Rheumatoid arthritis due to its enhanced bioavailability, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties when compared to free rutin.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse Gold Nanorods, Gold Nanobipyramids and Gold Nanocups with Different Coatings and Evaluation of Their Cellular Cytotoxicity.","authors":"Fanjiao Zuo, Shuting Zhou, Xiwei Wu, Boyao Wang, Jun He, Xilong Qiu","doi":"10.2174/0115672018337291241118045126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018337291241118045126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Assessing the cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) has gained importance due to their development in the biomedical field.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this study, we systematically synthesized gold nanorods (GNRs), gold nanobipyramids (GNBPs), and gold nanocups (GNCs) using a seed-mediated method, with an average length of 32.53 ± 4.67 nm, 72.90 ± 7.54 nm and 118.01 ± 11.02 nm, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Furthermore, using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, we assessed the cellular cytotoxicity of three different types of GNPs with various different surface coatings, such as organic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The results showed that the cytotoxic behavior of GNPs was shape-dependent in the concentration range of 3.125 -100 μg/mL. The types of GNPs and their surface coating had a significant impact on how the GNPs behaved in cells. Compared to PEG-coated GNPs, which do not induce cell injury, CTAB-coated GNPs show more noticeable cytotoxicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Furthermore, compared to GNCs, the toxicity of GNRs and GNBPs against GES-1 cells, RAW 264.7 cells and LX-2 cells was greater. Our research provides an important new understanding of the effects of surface modification on the biocompatibility and the shape of GNPs in the biomedical field.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142980791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Hydrogel-based Drug Delivery System: A Global Scenario, Current Development, and Future Prospective.","authors":"Momin Firdose Abdul Shukur, Shivani Makhijani, Rahul Ingle, Maria Saifee","doi":"10.2174/0115672018320746241101052039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018320746241101052039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmaceutical giants (e.g., Ashland, Bausch & Lomb, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, Neurelis, etc.) promote the growth of hydrogels globally. Hydrogel-based drug delivery system (DDS) market size accounted for USD 6415 million in 2021 and is estimated to reach USD 12,357 million by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.6% from 2022 to 2030. Hydrogels, characterized by their unique three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers, have emerged as a keystone in the advancement of biomaterial science. Existing trends in the advancement of hydrogel drug delivery systems (DDS) involve the release of drugs in response to specific triggers such as pH, temperature, or enzymes for targeted drug delivery and to reduce the potential for systemic toxicity. They excel in their ability to achieve high drug loading capacities, their ease of manufacturing, and their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability. These attributes not only promise crucial mechanistic features but also offer robust protection for labile drugs and enable the encapsulation of multiple therapeutic agents. Thus, hydrogels stand as promising candidates in various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, ensuring controlled release and compatibility essential for therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, hydrogels have massive applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, cosmetics, and biomaterials (e.g., contact lenses and implantable devices). Furthermore, hydrogels possess the capability to release active drug(s) under sustained conditions as recommended. Their exceptional qualities position hydrogels as a preferred choice on a global scale. Moreover, they enhance bioavailability, optimize dosage regimens, promote patient compliance, and minimize adverse effects. Furthermore, hydrogels are recommended for use in clinical trials to enhance therapeutic drug delivery outcomes. Despite their remarkable properties, hydrogels do have certain disadvantages, including expensive manufacturing costs and incompatibility with certain drugs. The author has highlighted the fundamental ideas about hydrogels, their classification, global scenario, current developments in the field, and their potential applications. Overall, hydrogel application is progressing rapidly, toward more proficient and effective DDS in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142960940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"pH-sensitive Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles Encapsulating Β-Hydroxyisovalerylshikonin for Targeted Pancreatic Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Haifeng Zhang, Qiuhui Wang, Shangdong Wang, Ruiyao Zhou, Jianwu Cai, Xiao Hu","doi":"10.2174/0115672018342718241030070142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018342718241030070142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor with a poor prognosis, and current treatment methods have limited effectiveness. Therefore, developing new and more effective therapeutic strategies is crucial. This study aims to establish pH-responsive silk fibroin (SF) nanoparticles encapsulating β-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin (SF@β-HIVS) to enhance the therapeutic effects against pancreatic cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SF@β-HIVS nanoparticles were prepared using a self-assembly technique and characterized under different pH conditions using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effects of SF@β-HIVS on the viability, apoptosis, and migration of PANC-1 cells were assessed through in vitro experiments. Additionally, in vivo experiments using a PANC-1 xenograft mouse model evaluated the antitumor activity and biosafety of SF@β-HIVS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SF@β-HIVS nanoparticles exhibited a uniformly distributed spherical structure under pH 7.4 conditions and rapidly disintegrated in acidic environments, releasing the drug. In vitro experiments demonstrated that SF@β-HIVS significantly inhibited PANC-1 cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and suppressed cell migration. In vivo, experiments confirmed the significant antitumor activity and good biosafety of SF@β-HIVS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study successfully developed pH-responsive SF@β-HIVS nanoparticles and validated their potential in treating pancreatic cancer. These findings provided a foundation for the clinical application of SF@β-HIVS in pancreatic cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142960942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DSPE-mPEG2000-Modified Podophyllotoxin Long-Circulating Liposomes for Targeted Delivery: Their Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation.","authors":"Langlang Zhang, Rongyu Li, Han Zhang, Xubin Suo, Bohong Guo","doi":"10.2174/0115672018356666241224052638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018356666241224052638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>DSPE-mPEG2000 is a phospholipid and polyethylene glycol conjugate used in various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, gene transfection, and vaccine delivery. Due to the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of DSPE-mPEG2000, it can serve as a drug carrier, encapsulating drugs in liposomes to enhance stability and efficacy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this study, long-circulating podophyllotoxin liposomes (Lc-PTOX-Lps) were prepared using DSPE-mPEG2000 as a modifying material and evaluated for their pharmacokinetics and anticancer activity.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Lc-PTOX-Lps had an encapsulation rate of 87.11±1.77%, an average particle size of 168.91±7.07 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.19±0.04, and a zeta potential of -24.37±0.36 mV. In vitro release studies showed that Lc-PTOX-Lps exhibited a significant slow-release effect. The long-circulating liposomes demonstrated better stability compared to normal liposomes and exhibited a significant slow-release profile. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that Lc-PTOX-Lps had a prolonged half-life, reduced in vivo clearance, and improved bioavailability. Additionally, Lc-PTOX-Lps exhibited better anticancer effects on MCF-7 cells and lower toxicity to normal cells compared to PTOX.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lc-PTOX-Lps were synthesized using a simple and effective method, and Lc-PTOXLps are promising anticancer agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142934284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Products as Promising Therapeutic Agents for Angiogenesis Inhibition.","authors":"Shaheen Sultana, Shahnaz Sultana, Shehla Nasar Mir Najib Ullah, Ameeduzzafar Zafar","doi":"10.2174/0115672018277869231217165048","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018277869231217165048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels and occurs during development, wound healing, and tumor growth. In this review, we aimed to present a comprehensive view of various factors contributing to angiogenesis during carcinogenesis. Anti-angiogenesis agents prevent or slow down cancer growth by interrupting the nutrients and blood supply to the tumor cells, and thus can prove beneficial for treatment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The discovery of several novel angiogenic inhibitors has helped to reduce both morbidity and mortality from several life-threatening diseases, such as carcinomas. There is an urgent need for a new comprehensive treatment strategy combining novel anti-angiogenic agents for the control of cancer. The article contains details of various angiogenic inhibitors that have been adopted by scientists to formulate and optimize such systems in order to make them suitable for cancer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of several researches have been summarized in the article and all of the data support the claim that anti-angiogenic agent is beneficial for cancer treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review focuses on novel antiangiogenic agents that play a crucial role in controlling carcinogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"181-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139418908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing, Optimising, and Assessing a Novel Emulgel Containing Minoxidil for Controlled Drug Release, Incorporating Marine-based Polymers.","authors":"Flowerlet Mathew, A Mary Saral","doi":"10.2174/0115672018271502231226113423","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018271502231226113423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to develop an emulgel containing minoxidil as a drug for hair growth promotion in diseases, such as androgenetic alopecia, using gelling agents, such as chitosan and fucoidan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, gelling agents were selected for the emulgel formulation. By various evaluation tests and through optimization, the chitosan-fucoidan combination was selected as the gelling agent for the preparation of emulgel using various evaluation parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>X2, the best emulgel formulation, contained 2.54 % chitosan and 0.896 % fucoidan. Chitosan prolonged the duration of drug release, and controlled release was obtained. Fucoidan increased the gelling activity, water absorption rate, and stability of the formulation. In this study, the X2 formulation showed the highest percentage of drug release at the 12th hour. It was found to be 99.7%, which followed the zero-order release model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Owing to the wide range of biological activities of fucoidan, the loaded active substance can be protected, and at the same time, its potency can be improved, resulting in effective treatment. Because fucoidan has diverse properties and potential, it will be widely used in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"231-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139743092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent Drug Delivery: Pioneering Stimuli-Responsive Systems to Revolutionize Disease Management- An In-depth Exploration.","authors":"Badarinadh Kallepalli, Unnati Garg, Neha Jain, Rohan Nagpal, Sakshi Malhotra, Triveni Tiwari, Shreya Kaul, Upendra Nagaich","doi":"10.2174/0115672018278641231221051359","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018278641231221051359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, there has been an escalating interest in stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (SRDDS) due to their ability to revolutionize the delivery of therapeutics. SRDDSs offer a multitude of benefits in comparison to conventional drug delivery systems (DDS), including spatiotemporal control of drug release, targeted delivery, and improved therapeutic efficacy. The development of various classes of stimuli-responsive DDS, such as pH-responsive, temperature-responsive, photo-responsive, redox responsive systems, has been propelled by advances in materials science, nanotechnology, and biotechnology. These systems exploit specific environmental or physiological cues to trigger drug release in a precisely controlled manner, making them highly promising for the treatment of various diseases. In this review article, an in-depth exploration of the principles, mechanisms, and applications of SRDDS in the context of diverse pathologies such as cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and tissue engineering has been provided. Furthermore, this article delves into the discussion of recent patents, market overview and the progress of research in clinical trials. Overall, this article underscores the transformative potential of SRDDS in enabling personalized, precise, and effective drug delivery for the treatment of the above-mentioned diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"195-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139682291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}