The American journal of Chinese medicine最新文献

{"title":"Medicinal and Edible Plants for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Synergistic Modulation of the Microbiota-Metabolite-Immune Axis.","authors":"Qian Yang, Shiqi Wang, Chenyao Huang, Rui Shao, Yu Wang, Xin Zhao","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500291","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition driven by the intertwined interplay of gut dysbiosis, immune perturbation, and metabolic imbalance. Current single-target therapies often fail to durably restore homeostasis in this complex ecosystem, and have thereby increased interest in diet-based holistic interventions. Plants traditionally used as both food and medicine, such as <i>Crataegus pinnatifida</i>, <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, and <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i>, are natural products that possess both nutritional and therapeutic attributes. The use of such plants is commonly referred to as medicinal food homology (MFH) in East Asian literature. Their multi-component nature offers the potential to modulate intestinal homeostasis through multi-target synergy. This review systematically discusses how MFH regulates the \"microbiota-metabolite-immune\" axis via key bioactive constituents like polysaccharides, curcumin, and geniposide. Specifically, these constituents differentially influence short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, oxidative stress, and bile-acid signaling to thereby enable integrated regulation of the gut micro-ecosystem and host immune function. In parallel, we critically address the translational challenges of extrapolating animal-model findings to clinical applications, and propose a precision-intervention framework that integrates chemical standardization, multi-omics, artificial intelligence, and advanced <i>ex vivo</i> validation models to both overcome MFH's intrinsic complexity and facilitate evidence-based, personalized IBD management.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"795-825"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cinnamaldehyde Ameliorates Ischemic Heart Failure by Targeting USP18 to Inhibit [Formula: see text]-Adrenergic Receptor Ubiquitination and Suppress TAK1/NF-[Formula: see text]B Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Zhao Chen, Xiaoyu Tian, Zhongqiu Liu, Yuanyuan Cheng, Min Wu","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500333","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cinnamaldehyde, a bioactive constituent derived from <i>Cinnamomum cassia</i> Presl, exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including vasodilatory and antihypertensive properties. However, its pharmacological impact and underlying mechanism concerning ischemic heart failure (IHF) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of cinnamaldehyde on IHF and thereby elucidate its potential mechanism both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. To do so, a hypoxic injury model was established using AC16 cells, and male C57BL/6J mice underwent left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation for eight weeks before receiving varying doses of cinnamaldehyde from the fourth week onward. Cardiac function and morphology were assessed via M-mode echocardiography, H&E staining, and Masson staining. Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assays, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) analysis, and siRNA transfection were employed to evaluate the mechanism. Cinnamaldehyde significantly improved cardiac function, ameliorated cardiac fibrosis, and reduced myocardial inflammation in LAD-induced IHF mice. Concurrently, it protected cardiomyocytes and inhibited the inflammatory response in oxygen-glucose-deprived (OGD)-treated AC16 cells. Mechanistically, cinnamaldehyde was directly bound to USP18 and thus upregulated its expression. Further investigation revealed that cinnamaldehyde inhibited [Formula: see text]-adrenergic receptor ([Formula: see text]-AR) ubiquitination, thereby increasing its protein level. It also suppressed the TAK1/NF-κB pathway. Crucially, silencing USP18 eliminated both the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamaldehyde while also halting the inhibition of both [Formula: see text]-AR ubiquitination and the TAK1/NF-κB pathway. Cinnamaldehyde thus collectively enhances cardiac function against IHF by upregulating USP18 to thereby subsequently suppress both [Formula: see text]-AR ubiquitination and the activation of the TAK1/NF-κB pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":"54 3","pages":"911-930"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: From Pharmacokinetics to Personalized Therapy.","authors":"Xingju Peng, Suman Zheng, Gege Tian, Shanshan Dai, Yanping Li","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500503","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease driven by immune dysregulation, intestinal microbiota imbalance, and disruption of the mucosal barrier. Current clinical management is challenged by high relapse rates and significant interindividual variability in drug responses. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has shown unique therapeutic advantages in UC treatment through multi-targeted interventions such as the modulation of the immune-microbiota axis, restoration of mucosal integrity, and reduction of oxidative stress. However, two major bottlenecks, the complex pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviors of multi-component systems and the lack of personalized dosing strategies, hinder the optimization of its clinical efficacy. This review emphasizes the PK underpinnings of TCM therapy for UC by integrating current knowledge on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics, both PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) and analytical modeling advances, and PK-informed strategies that facilitate individualized clinical use. By integrating PK profiling with patient-specific variables, this review aims both to provide a theoretical and methodological framework for precision TCM in UC management and to ultimately facilitate a paradigm shift from empirical therapy to quantitatively optimized interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1357-1390"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148427892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Malignancy and Anti-Inflammation Properties of Emodin, an Essential Constituent in Popular Laxative Botanicals.","authors":"Meng Wang, Xiankang Zhang, Yanrong Huang, Hongyi Zhang, Chunping Wan, Richard Sawadogo, Chong-Zhi Wang, Lifei Hou, Chengyuan Lin, Zhao-Xiang Bian, Haiqiang Yao, Jin-Yi Wan, Chun-Su Yuan","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500588","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rhubarb root and the senna leaf are two commonly used laxative herbs for functional constipation, containing dianthrones and free anthraquinones. As a free anthraquinone, emodin is a crucial constituent isolated from laxative botanicals, and it is particularly abundant in the rhubarb root, a key ingredient in the classic Chinese medicine formula MaZiRenWan (or herbal medicine CDD-2101). This study explored emodin's anti-malignancy, anti-inflammation, and underlying mechanisms. We examined emodin and other anthraquinones on human colorectal cancer cell proliferation, then used <i>Apc</i>^<i>Min</i>/[Formula: see text] mice to assess effects on animal lifespan, intestinal tumor multiplicity, inflammatory cytokines, and adaptive immunity. Results showed MaZiRenWan extract inhibited HCT-116/HT-29 human cancer cells. However, two primary dianthrone sennosides, sennoside A and sennoside B, did not demonstrate such pronounced effects. Three free anthraquinones, emodin, aloe-emodin, and rhein, displayed antiproliferative effects on cancer cells, which were observed to be significantly concentration- and time-dependent, with emodin demonstrating the strongest action. Emodin was found to induce cell cycle arrest during the S-G2/M phases and trigger apoptosis. <i>In vivo</i>, emodin extended <i>Apc</i>^{<i>Min</i>/[Formula: see text]} mice lifespan, reduced gut tumors, downregulated gut tissue levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-8, G-CSF, and GM-CSF; this result was supported by the IL-8 secretion test. Emodin had no inhibitory effect on regulatory Treg cell differentiation, yet it effectively suppressed the Th1 and the Th17 cell differentiation. In conclusion, emodin prevents colorectal cancer via inhibiting cell growth, anti-inflammation, and adaptive immunity modulation, highlighting its potential in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1585-1605"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148440598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Icariin from <i>Epimedium</i>: A Multi-Target Natural Flavonoid and Its Multi-Disease Therapeutic Potential.","authors":"Shiyuan Li, Huiyu Wang, Sujuan Ding, Jun Fang, Gang Liu, Shuangshuang Wang","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500448","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Icariin (ICA), an isoprenylated flavonoid glycoside extracted from the traditional Chinese herb <i>Epimedium</i>, is the primary bioactive constituent of that herb. ICA has been documented to have a diverse array of bioactivities which encompass anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, anti-oxidant stress resistance, anti-aging properties, antitumor activity, anti-osteoporotic effects, and reproductive function enhancement. ICA intervenes in basic processes such as cellular stress, inflammation, metabolism and death through multiple targets and pathways, and can restore the body's balance in specific pathological states. Building on these findings, this paper describes ICA's therapeutic efficacy across diverse pathologies, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, gastrointestinal diseases, ischemic stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases, while elucidating its underlying molecular mechanisms. This study also explores new methods of preparing ICA with the goal of both expanding its therapeutic uses and supporting its clinical translation. However, the toxicological profile and clinical evidence for ICA are still not well understood, and thus, more research is needed before ICA can be confirmed as a viable treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1193-1212"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148229877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Berberine from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Liver Diseases: From Steatosis to Fibrosis and Hepatic Malignancies.","authors":"Hongxia He, Shuyun Wu, Jiazhi Yi","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500643","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Berberine (BBR), the core alkaloid of the traditional Chinese medicine <i>Coptis chinensis</i> (Huanglian), exhibits a notable pharmacological paradox: it possesses an oral bioavailability of less than 1% yet exerts broad therapeutic effects across the full spectrum of liver diseases, from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) through fibrosis to hepatic malignancies. This review constructs an integrated mechanistic framework to interpret BBR's holistic pharmacological characteristics, which distinguish it from conventional single-target drugs. In MASLD, BBR engages a convergent AMPK-SIRT-Nrf2 network to ameliorate insulin resistance, lipid dysregulation, oxidative stress, and hepatic inflammation. Combined with the complementary actions of its bioactive metabolites, it achieves parent-metabolite coordinated efficacy that embodies the holistic principle of traditional Chinese medicine. In liver fibrosis, BBR may block hepatic stellate cell activation via the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway and eliminate activated HSCs through multiple programmed cell death pathways, particularly ferroptosis, which may overcome apoptosis resistance. In hepatic malignancies, BBR suppresses tumor progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance via apoptotic, ferroptotic, and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Current clinical evidence validates its metabolic benefits in MASLD, whereas clinical data regarding fibrosis and hepatic malignancies remain insufficient. Improving its poor bioavailability through structural modification and nanocarrier delivery is critical for clinical translation. This review provides a modern pharmacological rationale for the clinical application of <i>Coptis chinensis</i>-based formulas against progressive liver diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1721-1748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenosides: Molecular Mechanisms and Network Pharmacology Analysis.","authors":"Baonian Huang, Xin Guo, Yumin Wang, Yanqiu Wang, Xuekun Liu","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X2650062X","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X2650062X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammation is a pathological process central to many chronic diseases. Conventional anti-inflammatories, including NSAIDs and corticosteroids, are limited by adverse effects and suboptimal efficacy with long-term use. Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng have emerged as promising multi-target candidates with favorable safety profiles. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in research on the anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides, with particular emphasis on Rg1, Rb1, Rd, Re, and Rg3. Recent literature was collected and analyzed, and network pharmacology and bioinformatics approaches were employed to predict therapeutic targets and regulatory networks. Core anti-inflammatory mechanisms include suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and NF-κB signaling; modulation of TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activity; regulation of MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38) phosphorylation; activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathways; inhibition of COX-2 and iNOS expression; regulation of macrophage polarization; and modulation of membrane permeability and ion exchange. This study elucidates the association between ginsenosides and various inflammatory diseases, systematically consolidating their diverse molecular mechanisms underlying their treatment of typical inflammatory conditions. By integrating modern techniques such as network pharmacology and molecular docking, this review deepens our understanding of the efficacy of ginsenosides in the management of inflammatory diseases. It provides critical insights for further exploration of ginsenosides' pharmacological actions, the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs, and the interpretation of the modern scientific basis underlying TCM concepts such as ginseng's \"restorative and stabilizing\" properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1671-1693"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148722980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ephedrae Herba and Ephedrine on Nervous System: A Comprehensive Review of Pharmacology and Neurotoxicity.","authors":"Junying Li, Rui Zheng, Xingjiang Xiong, Hongcai Shang, Pengqian Wang","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500412","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since <i>Ephedra Herba</i> (ephedra) and its major alkaloid ephedrine were prohibited as dietary supplements due to their adverse effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS), most studies have focused on their amphetamine-like effects and neurotoxicity. However, ephedra also has a long history of use in the treatment of various CNS diseases (known as \"Zhong Feng\" syndrome) according to two thousand years of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) records. Pharmacokinetic reports have also demonstrated that alkaloids of ephedra can quickly penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) once absorbed into the blood and there are multiple alkaloids derived from ephedra which have been identified as natural sympathomimetic drugs. These drugs are capable of interfering with several types of neurotransmitter, and have an especially potent effect on monoamine neurotransmitters. The effects of ephedra on CNS therefore remain both contradictory and confusing. In this review, we summarized the available evidence of pharmacology and toxicology of ephedra and ephedrine on CNS, and aimed to clarify their effects. Given the unmet need for more efficient treatments of neurological disorders, ephedra is potentially valuable herbal medicine which may provide a promising avenue for development of treatments and encourage further drug research and development (R&D).</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1115-1140"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148229958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polygonati Rhizoma: Geographic Distribution, Traditional Use, Component Transformation, Pharmacological Activity, and Clinical Application.","authors":"Hong Guo, Rui Yao, Xiaohan Guo, Wenguang Jing, Chong Hu, Baozhong Duan, Jingzhe Pu, Yazhong Zhang, Jia Chen, Jianbo Yang, Xianlong Cheng, Feng Wei","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500084","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Polygonati Rhizoma</i> (PR), a plant with dual medicinal and edible properties, has been utilized for over two millennia, and is widely distributed across temperate to frigid zones in the Northern Hemisphere. In ancient China, it was revered as the \"immortals' surplus grain,\" and the classical medical text \"<i>Ming Yi Bie Lu</i>\" documents its health benefits. These benefits include \"tonifying the middle jiao, replenishing qi, dispelling rheumatism, and harmonizing the five viscera,\" which particularly emphasizes the efficacy of PR in both nourishing the liver and kidneys and prolonging lifespan. Modern studies reveal that PR rhizomes are rich in fructans, non-starch polysaccharides, amino acids, and other nutritional components, and their primary active constituents include polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds exhibit anti-aging, antidepressant, anti-osteoporotic, and neuroprotective activities. Notably, raw PR contains calcium oxalate raphides, which induce an irritating sensation in the throat. However, processing can not only mitigate this irritation but also enhance its anti-oxidant and anti-aging capacities. Although progress has been made toward understanding its polysaccharides and saponins, the mechanisms underlying its other critical components, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and oligosaccharides, remain underexplored. This review systematically examines the geographic distribution, traditional and modern applications, and pharmacological activities of PR, and the transformation patterns of key bioactive constituents that occur during its processing. Furthermore, it critically addresses research gaps, and particularly addresses both the relative lack of mechanistic studies on functional components and the lack of correlation between processing-induced compositional changes, pharmacological efficacy, and quality control. These insights contribute to advancing PR exploration, promoting sustainable utilization, and establishing scientific evidence-based quality standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"229-261"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146047701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Quercetin and Luteolin on Colon Cancer Metastasis: Network Pharmacological Study and Experimental Validation.","authors":"Shi-Wei Wu, Jin-Fang Chen, Zi-Man Shi, Min-Rui Ding, Bing Hu","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X26500357","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0192415X26500357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quercetin (QCT) and luteolin (LTL) are anticancer herbal compounds. However, their combined effects on colon cancer metastasis remain unknown. This study explored the effects and mechanisms of QCT and LTL against colon cancer metastasis using network pharmacology and experimental validation. We systematically screened 74 QCT and LTL targets from the TCMSP, HERB, SwissTargetPrediction, TCGA, and GeneCards databases, which intersected with colon cancer metastasis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed to investigate the biological processes and pathways of QCT and LTL. These analyses revealed that QCT and LTL modulate 119 pathways, and that of these, the PTK2/PI3K/Akt pathway was associated with resistance to colorectal cancer metastasis. Experimental validation demonstrated that the combination of QCT and LTL inhibited the anchorage-independent growth, adhesion, migration, and invasion of CT26 cells. The combined treatment also induced caspase-dependent anoikis in CT26 cells. In addition, QCT and LTL synergistically inhibited the lung metastasis of CT26 colon cancer <i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical detection identified that QCT and LTL inhibited the phosphorylation of PTK2/PI3K/Akt. These findings provide a basis for the application of QCT and LTL for the treatment of colon cancer metastasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94221,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of Chinese medicine","volume":" ","pages":"955-974"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}