Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery最新文献

{"title":"Thulium Fiber Laser Versus Holmium:YAG for Urological Stone Lithotripsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Nidal Samira, Moh Sanee, Murad Asali","doi":"10.1177/25785478261415810","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478261415810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and procedural outcomes of thulium fiber laser (TFL) compared to Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) in laser lithotripsy for urinary stones, based on a synthesis of randomized and comparative studies.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for studies published between January 2010 and March 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and cohort studies directly comparing TFL and Ho:YAG in ureteroscopy or retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Primary outcomes were stone-free rate (SFR), operative time, complication rate, and retreatment rate. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model; heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-eight studies were included (7 RCTs, 21 cohort studies), encompassing a total of 3672 patients. TFL was associated with a significantly higher SFR (93.5% vs. 87.2%, <i>p</i> < 0.01), shorter operative time (43.2 vs. 52.8 min, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and lower retreatment rates (4.2% vs. 7.6%, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Complication rates were comparable between groups. Heterogeneity among studies was moderate (I² = 62%); subgroup analysis and sensitivity testing were used to explore sources of variability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TFL demonstrates superior procedural outcomes compared to Ho:YAG in endourological management of urinary stones. Further research into next-generation systems-such as the Cyber Ho Magneto, which integrates high-power Ho:YAG output with TFL-like pulse modulation-may provide additional procedural benefits and warrants formal clinical evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"211-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topical and Oral Photoprotection for the Treatment of Photodermatoses. A Survey of 90 Dermatologists.","authors":"Daniel Morgado-Carrasco, Jesús Delgado, Pablo Balado-Simó, Jaime Piquero-Casals","doi":"10.1177/25785478261426182","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478261426182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction and objectives: </strong>Strict photoprotection is essential for the management of photodermatoses. However, we have not found studies on photoprotection (topical and/or oral) prescribed in clinical practice. Our objective was to describe the characteristics of topical and oral photoprotection recommended for photodermatoses, including the prescription of a topical broad-spectrum sunscreen containing ectoin (BSSE).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An anonymous survey carried out (as a pretest) among dermatologists at an online photoprotection event held on May 20, 2023, in Spain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey was answered by 90 dermatologists (45.4% [90/198] of the attendees). Of these, 67.8% (61/90) were women, and 83.3% (75/90) worked in public hospitals; 98.9% (89/90) reported always or almost always prescribing sunscreens in cases of photodermatoses. The most important characteristics of sunscreens were: protection against ultraviolet A (UVA) (95.6%) (86/90), against visible light (76.7%) (69/90), and the cosmetic acceptability of the product (67.8%) (61/90); 90% (81/90) reported regularly prescribing a BSSE for photodermatosis, and 60.7% (54/90) claimed that this product was effective or highly effective in reducing symptoms. Oral photoprotection was recommended by 95.5% (85/89) of respondents, and 97.7% (86/88; 2 nonresponders) reported observing a decrease in symptomatology when oral photoprotection was prescribed together with sunscreens.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Online survey, potential inclusion bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The majority of dermatologists surveyed prescribed sunscreens with high protection against UVA and visible light for photodermatoses, recommended oral photoprotection with <i>Polypodium leucotomos</i> and reported observing a decrease in symptomatology after recommending topical plus oral photoprotection.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"252-257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147329040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localization-Based Surgical Approaches in Pilonidal Sinus Treatment: A Comparative Study of Laser Therapy and Alternative Techniques.","authors":"Enver Tekin, Fulya Yaprak","doi":"10.1177/25785478261428953","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478261428953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is a chronic inflammatory condition most commonly observed in the sacrococcygeal region and predominantly affecting young individuals. Although various treatment modalities are currently employed, none has demonstrated definitive superiority, as recurrence rates-an important indicator of treatment success-remain considerable.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the comparative treatment success of commonly used PSD management strategies based on postoperative recurrence rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with comparable sociodemographic characteristics were allocated into four treatment groups: microsinusectomy, surgical resection followed by phenol application, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and laser therapy. All patients were followed for a minimum of two years. Treatment outcomes were assessed primarily in terms of postoperative recurrence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the evaluated modalities, laser therapy demonstrated the lowest overall recurrence rate (15.6%). However, in cases of mixed-location PSD, laser treatment was associated with the highest recurrence rate (83.3%). These findings suggest that treatment success may vary depending on anatomical localization.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Laser therapy may provide favorable outcomes in selected anatomical locations but appears less effective in mixed-location disease. Detailed anatomical classification should be incorporated into future studies, and outcomes should be reassessed using different laser treatment protocols to optimize patient selection and therapeutic success.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147391899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy Irradiation Intensity, Frequency, and Duration on Pain, and Functional Improvements in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorder.","authors":"Soo-Min Ok, Hye-Mi Jeon, Yong-Woo Ahn, Sung-Hee Jeong, Hye-Min Ju, Mi Soon Lee","doi":"10.1177/25785478251398315","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478251398315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To systematically review and meta-analyze the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), focusing on the influence of intensity, frequency, and duration on pain reduction and functional improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Through a systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE, we identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults with TMD who were treated with PBMT. Ultimately, 40 RCTs were included, and a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4. The primary outcomes included pain, pain-free opening (PFO), maximum-unassisted opening, and maximum-assisted opening (MAO).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PBMT significantly reduced pain at the third assessment (T2). The optimal parameters included wavelengths (951-1070 nm) and output power (below 100 mW). Additionally, PFO and MAO significantly improved at T2. Treatment durations exceeding 10 weeks were most effective for articular-muscular TMDs, whereas shorter durations were more beneficial for purely articular or muscular TMDs. Three to four sessions per week yielded the best outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Effective pain reduction was achieved with high wavelengths (951-1070 nm), low power (<100 mW), and frequent, long-term treatment (3-4 times per week over 10 weeks). Avoiding high energy consumption over a short period was crucial. This approach is more effective for articular-muscular TMDs than for purely articular or muscular conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"138-156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145795784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser Hemorrhoidoplasty for Grade III Hemorrhoidal Disease: Safety and Efficacy in a Brazilian Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Fabrício Doin Paz de Oliveira, Bruno Lorenzo Scolaro, Ana Carolina Buffara Blitzkow, Sonia Cristina Cordero Time, Alline Maciel Pinheiro Borges, Thais Alencar Pinto Dos Santos, Alfadl Abdulfattah, Elisa Treptow Marques Lemos, Glicia Estevam de Abreu","doi":"10.1177/25785478251386982","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478251386982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Laser hemorrhoidoplasty (LHP) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to excisional hemorrhoidectomy, but data remain heterogeneous, particularly regarding energy settings and safety outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This multicenter retrospective cohort included 100 patients with symptomatic grade III hemorrhoids treated with LHP across six Brazilian centers between January 2021 and August 2023. Primary outcomes were postoperative pain (Visual Analog Scale-VAS), proctological symptoms (Proctological Symptoms Scale-PSS), and complications. Associations between total laser energy and complications were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median VAS peaked at 3.0 on day 7 and declined to near-complete remission by day 14, remaining minimal up to 1 year. PSS scores improved in parallel, reaching zero from day 30. The 30-day complication rate averaged 19.7%, peaking at 27% on day 14, with a cumulative per-patient rate of 44%. Most complications were mild (edema, skin tags), and only four patients required reintervention. Higher total energy was associated with increased complications from day 14 onwards, although the clinical effect was modest. Adjunctive CO₂ laser excision of skin tags (<i>n</i> = 49) did not increase morbidity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LHP proved safe and effective for grade III hemorrhoids, ensuring early pain relief and symptom resolution with high satisfaction. Energy standardization may help minimize risks, and adjunctive CO₂ skin-tag excision appears feasible without added morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"184-192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145305189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light, Laser, and Fractals: A Necessary Dialogue.","authors":"Aldo Brugnera, Ana Paula Brugnera, Fatima Zanin, Samir Nammour","doi":"10.1177/25785478261434414","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478261434414","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"135-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Photobiomodulation Therapy of Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for Implants as Measured by Reconstructed Three-Dimensional Analysis of Micro-computed tomography Images.","authors":"Yuichi Hemmi, Kei Wada, Munemitsu Kawano, Satoshi Yokose","doi":"10.1177/25785478251415102","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478251415102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated how photobiomodulation caused by laser irradiation influences the osseointegration of titanium dental implants installed in rat tibiae.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A titanium implant was inserted after a bone defect was created in each tibia of 18 rats. The right tibia was treated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) using a Nd:YAG laser (LT group) every other day until sacrifice, with the opposite side serving as a control (Control group). At 2, 3, and 4 weeks after implantation, tibiae were collected, and a torque test was performed. After performing X-ray and micro-computed tomography, bone volume (BV) and bone mineral density (BMD) of new bone formation in the defects after implant removal were calculated from three-dimensional images, and all tibiae were analyzed histologically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BV and BMD were highest in the LT group at 2 weeks and decreased at 3 and 4 weeks. Removal torque values in both groups were lowest at 2 weeks and increased at 3 and 4 weeks. There were significantly higher removal torque values of the LT group than in the Control group at 2 and 3 weeks, whereas no significant differences between groups were evident at 4 weeks. This suggested that LLLT using a Nd:YAG laser significantly accelerated bone formation during the healing process at 2 weeks, and osseointegration between bone and the implant body may have been enhanced at 2 and 3 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nd:YAG laser therapy appears effective for promoting bone formation and osseointegration of implants in rat tibiae.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"177-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147328995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial Photobiomodulation in Rett Syndrome: A Mechanistic Review and Therapeutic Hypothesis.","authors":"Fabio Luchese, Carlos Lohmann, Borja Ignacio Ferreras, Paolo Cassano","doi":"10.1177/25785478251415480","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478251415480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To propose a mechanistic framework for the use of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) as an adjunctive treatment in Rett syndrome (RTT).</p><p><strong>Background data: </strong>RTT is a severe X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused mainly by MECP2 variants, with limited disease-modifying therapies. tPBM delivers red-to-near-infrared light to the brain and shows promising effects in several neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed key cellular mechanisms of RTT, namely mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and impaired synaptic plasticity, and summarized established bioenergetic, redox, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic actions of tPBM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The convergence between these pathways suggests that tPBM could partially compensate for bioenergetic and signaling abnormalities in RTT, acting as a multi-target, pathophysiology-informed neuromodulation strategy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although speculative, this mechanistic convergence supports prioritizing preclinical studies in Mecp2-deficient models and early-phase feasibility trials of tPBM in individuals with RTT.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"157-167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Loaded with Toluidine Blue as Cavity Disinfectant Activated via Light-Emitting Diode on the Shear Bond Strength and Resin Tag Length of Universal Adhesive: A Scanning Electron Microscope-EDX Study.","authors":"Amer M Alanazi, Syed Hussain Askary, Ibrahim Warsi, Aamir Afzal, Muhammad Omar Niaz, Ambrina Qureshi","doi":"10.1177/25785478251411131","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478251411131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), toluidine blue (TB) photosensitizer (PS), and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂NPs) loaded with TBPS (TB-CeO₂NPs) activated via light-emitting diode (LED) on the shear bond strength (SBS) and resin tag length (RTL) of universal adhesive (UA) bonded using self-etch (SE) and etch-and-rinse (ER) approaches to the carious affected dentin (CAD).</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A total of 66 mandibular molars were collected, and CAD was identified after the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criterion 4 or 5. Subsequently, the specimens were allocated into three cohorts based on CAD disinfection protocol (<i>n</i> = 22): Group 1: CHX, Group 2: TBPS, and Group 3: TB-CeO₂NPs. Each group was further distributed into two subgroups based on the mode of application of UA, used (<i>n</i> = 11) in each: ER technique (A) and SE technique (B). Composite restorations were built, and all teeth were subjected to artificial aging. One pair of teeth from each cohort underwent RTL assessment via scanning electron microscope. Nine samples were used for SBS and fracture pattern examination via a universal testing machine and a stereomicroscope. One-way ANOVA and <i>post hoc</i> Tukey test were used to compare the means among the different investigated groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The longest RTL (97.59 ± 1.96 μm) and highest bond strength (11.79 <i>±</i> 0.83 MPa) were observed in Group 3B (TB-CeO₂NPs-SE-UA) samples. Whereas the shortest resin tags (59.70 ± 1.01 μm) and lowest bond integrity (8.56 <i>±</i> 0.45 MPa) were identified in Group 2A (TBPS-ER-UA).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TB-CeO₂NPs activated via LED can be used as a suitable alternative for CAD disinfection. UA bonded using ER and SE techniques displayed no significant difference in the RTL and bond strength outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"44 3","pages":"201-209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147694481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Target Aesthetic Enhancement with 1064 nm Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser: Face and Body Hair Lightening, Pigment Clearance, and Skin Rejuvenation in Indian Dermatology.","authors":"Deepti Rana, Alessandra Zevini, Daniela Martinelli, Riccardo Barini","doi":"10.1177/25785478251406478","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785478251406478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cultural beauty ideals in South Asia favor both lighter skin and hair pigmentation, creating demand for various lightening procedures. The skin- and hair-lightening products currently on the market carry substantial health risks, including cutaneous adverse effects and systemic toxicity. Given these safety concerns, there's a critical need for safer alternatives.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study sought to explore the deliberate application of the Q-switched 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (QS 1064-nm Nd:YAG) laser for hair bleaching and to evaluate its concurrent effects on pigmentary clearance and skin rejuvenation in Indian subjects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed 25 Indian subjects treated with a 1064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser for purposes including hair bleaching, lentigo removal, and skin toning. Participants received 1-3 monthly sessions, with efficacy assessed via clinical photography and a five-point hair lightening scale. Adverse events were documented to monitor safety.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort was predominantly female (96%) with higher skin phototypes. \"Significant\" hair lightening was achieved in 68% of cases, with \"maximum\" lightening in 8%. Larger spot sizes correlated with greater hair lightening. Beyond hair bleaching, 84% achieved \"good\" or \"excellent\" pigmentary clearance, and all saw at least \"good\" skin rejuvenation. Adverse events were mild and transient, with no significant hypo- or hyperpigmentation. Retinol/tretinoin use was linked to increased post-treatment erythema. All participants reported treatment satisfaction, with 69% achieving moderate to excellent satisfaction levels and no subjects reporting dissatisfaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that 1064 nm QS laser treatment effectively bleaches hair with an acceptable safety profile, offering a medically supervised alternative to hazardous chemical products. Its additional benefits for pigmentary clearance and skin rejuvenation position it as a promising aesthetic therapeutic modality.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"193-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}