Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery最新文献

{"title":"Unusual Color Changes of Eyebrow Tattoo after Laser: A Retrospective Case Series.","authors":"Mohammed Ibrahim AlJasser, Yasser A Ghobara, Abdulaziz Madani, Mohammed G Turkmani, Fahad M Alsaif, Ahmed Alissa, Naief Alnomair","doi":"10.1089/photob.2025.0025","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2025.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Paradoxical darkening is a well-known complication with laser therapy for tattoos. However, there are limited reports of other color shifts after treating tattoos with laser. The aim of this study is to characterize cases of unusual eyebrow tattoo color change after laser. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> All cases of eyebrow tattoo color change after laser therapy from two dermatology clinics were reviewed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 10 females with unusual lighter color change after laser were identified. This was noticed by all patients within a few days after the first laser session. The color shift occurred after picosecond (PS) 755 nm (<i>n</i> = 5), PS 1064 nm (<i>n</i> = 4), and Q-switched 1064 nm (<i>n</i> = 1) laser therapy. The initial color shift was red or orange-red in eight patients and yellow in two patients. Treatment of color change was performed in six patients, with significant improvement. Two were treated with PS 755 nm laser and four were treated with PS 532 nm laser. After the first PS 532 nm laser session, the tattoo turned yellow in three patients. None of the patients developed paradoxical darkening of the light-colored tattoo after additional laser treatment. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Some eyebrow tattoos might turn red, orange, or yellow after laser therapy. This color shift usually responds to subsequent therapy with PS 532 nm laser.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"240-244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Intensity Blue Light (450-460 nm) Phototherapy for <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Infected Wounds.","authors":"Andreas Zoric, Mahsa Bagheri, Maria von Kohout, Tara Fardoust, Paul C Fuchs, Jennifer L Schiefer, Christian Opländer","doi":"10.1089/pho.2023.0180","DOIUrl":"10.1089/pho.2023.0180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Nosocomial wound infection with <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (PA) is a serious complication often responsible for septic mortality of burn patients. High-intensity antimicrobial blue light (aBL) treatment may represent an alternative therapy for PA infections. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Antibacterial effects of an light-emitting diode (LED) array (450-460 nm; 300 mW/cm²; 15/30 min; 270/540J/cm²) against PA were determined by suspension assay, biofilm assay, and a human skin wound model and compared with 15-min topically applied 3% citric acid (CA) and wound irrigation solution (Prontosan^®; PRT). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The aBL reduced the bacterial number (2.51-3.56 log₁₀ CFU/mL), whereas PRT or CA treatment achieved a 4.64 or 6.60 log₁₀ CFU/mL reduction in suspension assays. The aBL reduced biofilm formation by 60%-66%. PRT or CA treatment showed reductions by 25% or 13%. In this study, aBL reduced bacterial number in biofilms (1.30-1.64 log₁₀ CFU), but to a lower extent than PRT (2.41 log₁₀ CFU) or CA (2.48 log₁₀ CFU). In the wound skin model, aBL (2.21-2.33 log₁₀ CFU) showed a bacterial reduction of the same magnitude as PRT (2.26 log₁₀ CFU) and CA (2.30 log₁₀ CFU). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The aBL showed a significant antibacterial efficacy against PA and biofilm formation in a short time. However, a clinical application of aBL in wound therapy requires effective active skin cooling and eye protection, which in turn may limit clinical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"252-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Er Laser Treatment on the Surface Roughness of Enamel and Bacterial Adhesion.","authors":"Lu Tang, Xiaoyun Tang, Nan Yang, Miao Li, Ying Zhao","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0145","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> To investigate the effects of laser-treated enamel surface roughness on the adhesion of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 176 premolars extracted for subtractive orthodontic treatment were collected. Samples were randomly divided into four groups: control group, 35% phosphoric acid, Er:YAG laser, Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Surface roughness was detected using three-dimensional white light interferometric surface topography (<i>n</i> = 8/group), and surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope [(SEM), <i>n</i> = 8/group]. Samples were cultured in <i>S. mutans</i> solution for 12 h, 1 day, and 2 days. The colony forming units on the enamel surface were calculated (<i>n</i> = 8 per time point). The biofilm and activity of <i>S. mutans</i> were observed by SEM (<i>n</i> = 2/group) and confocal laser scanning microscope (<i>n</i> = 2/group). Correlation analysis was carried out between bacterial adhesion on the enamel surface at different time points and the surface roughness of the enamel treated by different methods. <b><i>Results:</i></b> After Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG laser etching, the surface roughness of enamel increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but there was no difference in <i>S. mutans</i> adhesion and biofilm morphology after 1 day compared with traditional phosphoric acid etching (<i>p</i> > 0.05). <i>S. mutans</i> adhesion was positively correlated with the enamel roughness in the early stage. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG laser etching may be an alternative to traditional phosphoric acid etching.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"245-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Water Mist Flow Rate in Erbium - Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Ablated Bone.","authors":"Zhengdong Xiong, Hao Wu, Ke Li, Ziran Liu, Jiliang Xu, Guanyu Zhang, Shanshan Tu, Shengjie Ma","doi":"10.1089/photob.2025.0028","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2025.0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of water mist flow rate on the energy stability of Erbium - doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) laser and ablation of bone. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> The pig tibiae surface was ablated with Er:YAG laser (100 mJ, 20 Hz, 100 μs) at the flow rate of water mist of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 mL/min, respectively, for 1 min each. An energy meter was used to record the energy of each laser pulse under different water mist flow rates. A thermocouple was inserted into the bone marrow cavity to record the temperature changes. Infrared thermography, stereomicroscope, and electronic balance were employed to record the surface temperature, morphology, and mass changes, respectively. <b><i>Results:</i></b> As the water mist flow rate escalates, the laser energy experiences a notable attenuation of 27.4%, and the stability parameter Root Mean Square (RMS) escalates by a factor of 30. Despite the relatively minor temperature change within the bone marrow cavity, obviously different surface morphologies are evident. In cases where water mist is less than 3 mL/min, the surface temperature soars, resulting in carbonization. Conversely, when the water mist is greater than 9 mL/min, the ablating mass deteriorates significantly, to merely 25.2% of the value without water mist cooling. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The water mist can affect the laser energy reaching the bone surface and its stability. When the water mist is insufficient, surface temperatures rise, causing carbonization. Conversely, it significantly reduces the ablating mass. Therefore, it is crucial to adjust the amount of water mist appropriately in erbium laser ablated bone. Given such large fluctuations in laser energy, the accuracy of erbium laser bone ablation is dramatically reduced, and the use of water mist cooling should be carefully considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"234-239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Narrative Review on Stress Granules and Ultraviolet Stress Granules.","authors":"Yuru Cheng, Shuzhen Tan, Yi Kong, Zhongrong Liu","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0142","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Stress granules (SGs) are membraneless structures formed through liquid-liquid phase separation in response to cellular stress. These dynamic assemblies play a pivotal role in cellular adaptation and recovery from external stressors by modulating protein synthesis and preserving mRNA integrity, thereby influencing various cellular biological processes. Their significance has been demonstrated in diverse phenomena, including tumorigenesis, drug resistance, cellular senescence, and neurodegenerative disorders. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> This narrative review focuses on SGs and ultraviolet-induced SGs (UV SGs), examining their composition, formation mechanisms, and potential functions in the pathogenesis of various dermatological conditions, and explores the implications of UV SGs in cutaneous inflammation, immune-mediated skin disorders, dermatological malignancies, and pigmentary abnormalities. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We conducted a literature search of relevant publications from the inception of the Web of Science and CNKI databases up to 2024. The search terms included \"Stress Granules,\" \"Ultraviolet Stress Granules,\" \"Phase Separation,\" \"Cellular Stress Response,\" and \"Skin Diseases.\" High-quality articles were included after rigorous screening. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In conclusion, this review aims to provide novel perspectives and targeted strategies for both clinical management and fundamental biological research in the field of dermatology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"228-233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144164080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Successfully Treated by Surgery Combined with Photodynamic Therapy.","authors":"Junyou Zheng, Fang Fang, Wenbo Bu","doi":"10.1089/photob.2025.0013","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2025.0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> To explore an effective treatment for extensive and multiple epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A 30-year-old female with a 10-year history of EV lesions underwent surgery to remove verrucous plaques and residual lesions, followed by photodynamic therapy once a week for three times. <b><i>Results:</i></b> After a one-year follow-up, no recurrence was observed, and the patient was satisfied with the outcome. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Surgery combined with photodynamic therapy seems promising for treating extensive and multiple EV, but more research is needed for verification.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"263-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulsed Radiofrequency Alleviates Acute Soft Tissue Injury in Rats by Regulating the TNF/mTOR Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Jianyun Ma, Xue Xu, Ying Zhang, Xiaoli Guo, Yunzhong Sun, Xiaochuan Wang, Lei Zhao, Qiming Shen","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0113","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> Acute traumatic muscle injuries are common and result in substantial loss of time and risk of recurrence. Pulsed radiofrequency (PR) is a strategy that has been gradually adopted for treating muscle injuries in clinical practice. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effects is currently unclear. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> In this study, we screened the gene expression profiles of rats with muscle contusion obtained from the online dataset GSE162565. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the differentially expressed genes were conducted. Further, we established an acute soft tissue injury (ASTI) rat model and applied PR treatment. Muscle swelling rate analysis, malondialdehyde (MAD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content, inflammatory cytokine release, and hematoxylin and eosin staining of the gastrocnemius muscles of ASTI and ASTI + PR rats were performed, and the results were compared with those of control rats. Further, we evaluated the gene expression of <i>Ccl1</i>, <i>interleukin-6</i> (<i>IL-6</i>), <i>nuclear factor-kappa-B-inhibitor alpha</i> (<i>Nfkbia</i>), <i>Akt1</i>, <i>Jun</i>, <i>Fos</i>, and <i>Caps3</i> in the model and PR-treated groups, all of which are key genes in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway according to the KEGG analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results revealed that 52 genes involved in the TNF/mTOR signaling pathway were closely associated with ASTI progression in rats. PR treatment significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content but increased the SOD content in ASTI model rat muscles, efficiently alleviated muscle contusions and reduced TNF-α and IL-1β production. Moreover, PR treatment significantly decreased <i>Ccl1</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, and <i>Nfkbia</i> expression but increased <i>Akt1</i>, <i>Jun</i>, <i>Fos</i>, and <i>Caps3</i> levels in ASTI models. These data indicate that PR alleviated ASTI in rats by mediating redox homeostasis and the inflammatory response, which might be modulated by the TNF/mTOR signaling pathway. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of ASTI progression and provides more substantial information about the genetic mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of PR on ASTI.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"198-206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Embryonic Epithelium.","authors":"Kelsey Lloyd, Lenore Pitstick, Feng Gao, Maria C Cuevas-Nunez, Rosa Ventrella","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is widely used in clinical settings, particularly for treating oral mucositis. Although PBMT has shown promise in aiding tissue healing, its safety and potential effects on tumorigenesis remain controversial. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (<i>X. laevis</i>) tadpoles have proven to be an effective <i>in vivo</i> model system to study how different therapies affect epithelial biology. Because of this, the goal of this study was to investigate how PBMT influences epithelial tissue in <i>X. laevis</i> tadpoles. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> <i>X. laevis</i> tadpoles were treated with PBMT three times, every 24 h, using a 660 nm low-level laser at a fluence of 2.08 J/cm² and an irradiance of 0.208 W/cm², resulting in a cumulative dose of 2.25 J. Tadpole tails were then fixed, and the abnormal tissue area was analyzed using fluorescent microscopy. <b><i>Results:</i></b> PBMT induced the formation of abnormal tissue structures along the epithelial edges. The altered tissue increased from 0.03% in control tadpoles to 0.37% in PBMT-treated tadpoles (<i>p</i> < 0.0001; Mann-Whitney nonparametric test), and the number of tadpoles displaying this abnormal phenotype increased from 3.8% of control tadpoles to 30.6% of PBMT-treated tadpoles (<i>p</i> < 0.001; chi-squared test). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study demonstrates that PBMT can have significant effects on the epithelial tissue of <i>X. laevis</i>. The PBMT-induced abnormal tissue structures represent a loss of tissue polarization and cellular organization along the tail edge, both of which are essential to maintaining tissue homeostasis. For the first time, we show that <i>X. laevis</i> may provide an <i>in vivo</i> model system for examining the effects and mechanisms of PBMT.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"43 5","pages":"215-218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photobiomodulation and Dentistry: Visualization and Analysis of Knowledge of the Most Cited Articles.","authors":"Ana Paula de Andrade Silva, Zuleni Alexandre da Silva, Wallacy Watson Pereira Melo, Rafael Rodrigues Lima, Renata Duarte de Souza-Rodrigues","doi":"10.1089/photob.2025.0004","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2025.0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim of this study was to map and analyze the 20 most cited articles on the use of photobiomodulation (PBM) in different areas of dentistry. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> To this end, in June 2024, a search was carried out in the main Web of Science Core Collection for the most cited articles in the following areas: implantology, oral surgery, restorative dentistry, temporomandibular dysfunction and orofacial pain, oral pathology and stomatology, orthodontics, and periodontics. There were no restrictions regarding the year, type of study, and language of publication. From the resulting search, the 20 most cited articles were selected in descending order in each of the cited areas. Information such as authors, number of citations, country of origin of the corresponding author, keywords, study design, year of publication, type of laser used, wavelength, power, and total irradiation time were extracted. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results demonstrated that some characteristics were repeated in the various areas analyzed, such as the fact that Brazil was the country with the largest number of publications; the period between 2012 and 2016 presented the largest number of published articles; the type of laser used in the vast majority of studies was gallium-aluminum arsenide, while the most referenced power and wavelength were 0.25-99 mW and infrared (780-980 nm), respectively. The other bibliometric data varied greatly between areas. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Thus, it was observed that PBM is a resource widely used in dentistry and that different protocols are used depending on the specialty, the tissue to be irradiated, and the purpose of the application.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"43 5","pages":"177-189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Ablative Nonfractional CO₂ Laser for the Treatment of Periocular Lesions: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Elena Zappia, Chiara Del Re, Giulia Montuoro, Giovanni Cannarozzo, Luigi Bennardo, Irene Fusco, Tiziano Zingoni, Antonella Tammaro, Steven Paul Nisticò","doi":"10.1089/photob.2025.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2025.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> In the eyelid region numerous lesions can develop, spanning from cosmetic imperfections to benign tumors and extending to inflammatory and precancerous lesions. <b><i>Aim:</i></b> This study aimed to treat benign periocular lesions with a CO₂ laser and assess the effectiveness, the number of sessions required for resolution, and any potential side effects after the procedure. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> All patients were treated with a nonfractional ablative CO₂ laser. The last evaluation and follow-up visit took place 2 months after the previous operation, with the clinical goal being the complete removal of the lesion. Before the first session and immediately afterward, clinical photographic documentation was completed, and it was done again 2 months after the final session. Patients were rated on a 4-point scale: none, mild, moderate, or severe. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 715 patients were registered with different palpebral pathologies, all of whom showed good to excellent results with either no or mild adverse reactions. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> CO₂ laser is effective and well tolerated to treat periocular lesions, despite the sensitivity of this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"43 5","pages":"207-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}