Limarie J Reyes-Torres, Rebeca de Jesús Crespo, Autumn J Oczkowski, Donald A Yee
{"title":"Environmental heterogeneity across an urban gradient influences detritus and nutrients within artificial containers and their associated vector Aedes sp. larvae in San Juan, Puerto Rico.","authors":"Limarie J Reyes-Torres, Rebeca de Jesús Crespo, Autumn J Oczkowski, Donald A Yee","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf058","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Detrital inputs from the surrounding terrestrial environment provide essential nutrients that sustain mosquito populations in aquatic containers. The larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), an anthropophilic invasive vector species, often develop in artificial habitats in urban areas but little is known about how that environment shapes their life history or phenotypic traits. We hypothesized that container detritus, nutrients, and larval interspecific competition with the endemic mosquito, Aedes mediovittatus (Coquillett), would vary along an urban gradient in the San Juan Metropolitan Area in Puerto Rico. We also hypothesized that fine-scale variations within a 200 m buffer of the container environment would alter Ae. aegypti larval nutrients, density, and biomass. We sampled mosquito larvae, container detritus, and suspended particulate organic matter in 44 locations and characterized the surrounding environment in terms of land cover, land use, and vegetation α diversity. We show that container detritus and nutrients are influenced by fine-scale environmental variations environment, affecting Ae. aegypti and Ae. mediovittatus larvae phenotypic traits and nutrient composition. Aedes aegypti was the dominant species in all samples across the urban gradient. We found a negative relationship between Ae. mediovittatus larval % carbon and vegetation cover in the surrounding environment, and a negative correlation between this species' larval C:N and suspended particulate organic matter C:N. These findings suggest a potential disadvantage in nutrient allocation that could affect its competitive ability in urban areas. We found smaller and less nitrogen enriched (δ¹⁵N) Ae. aegypti in containers surrounded by higher impervious cover. The implications of these findings on potential vector disease risk across urban gradients are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"816-827"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144055945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eddyson Montalvo-Sabino, Manuel Ix-Balam, Dennis A Navarro-Mamani, Ricardo Parreira, António Paulo Gouveia de Almeida
{"title":"First record of the genus Shannoniana and Trichoprosopon aff. castroi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peru.","authors":"Eddyson Montalvo-Sabino, Manuel Ix-Balam, Dennis A Navarro-Mamani, Ricardo Parreira, António Paulo Gouveia de Almeida","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf046","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reports the first records of the genus Shannoniana Lane & Cerqueira, 1942 and Trichoprosopon aff. castroi Lane & Cerqueira, 1942 in Peru, both belonging to the Sabethini tribe of mosquitoes. Fieldwork was conducted in the Cerro Adobe conservation center in the Amazonas region, where ovitraps were used to collect mosquito larvae, which were then reared in the laboratory for identification. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the presence of these species, with Shannoniana showing differences from previously described species, and Trichoprosopon aff. castroi being recognized as a new record of this species for Peru. Phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences revealed 3 distinct genetic lineages, supporting the monophyly of Sabethini but indicating inconsistencies in the internal relationships within the genus Trichoprosopon. This work expands the known diversity of Sabethini mosquitoes in Peru and underscores the value of molecular tools in resolving taxonomic challenges in mosquito studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"866-875"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144236301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emmanuel Elirehema Hape, Alex Thadei Ngonyani, Daniel Mathias Mabula, Joel Daniel Nkya, Claus Augustino Thomas, Mohamed Jumanne Omari, Doreen Josen Siria, Halfan Said Ngowo, Lizette Leonie Koekemoer, Fredros Oketch Okumu
{"title":"Delayed mating in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus compared to Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae).","authors":"Emmanuel Elirehema Hape, Alex Thadei Ngonyani, Daniel Mathias Mabula, Joel Daniel Nkya, Claus Augustino Thomas, Mohamed Jumanne Omari, Doreen Josen Siria, Halfan Said Ngowo, Lizette Leonie Koekemoer, Fredros Oketch Okumu","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf059","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mating is a vital behavior for mosquito reproduction, yet it remains poorly understood under captive conditions. We examined the copulation dynamics of 2 key malaria vectors, Anopheles funestus sensu stricto Giles and Anopheles arabiensis Patton, under laboratory settings in Tanzania. We conducted observations in 24-h cycles and monitored copulation events and insemination of females, initially using flashlights for nighttime visibility, followed by red lights in subsequent experiments. We observed how variations in mosquito age and artificial lighting influenced mating success for these 2 mosquito species within cages under controlled conditions. We found that An. arabiensis copulated relatively soon after emergence, with 32.4% of individuals mating by day 3 postemergence, whereas An. funestus showed delayed activity, reaching a similar mating frequency by day 8. The introduction of artificial red light significantly accelerated copulation in An. funestus but did not affect An. arabiensis. Sperm transfer and mating plug delivery in over 92% of copulating pairs of both species was confirmed by dissection. Mating occurred primarily at night, with distinct peaks at 10 PM for An. arabiensis and 11 PM for An. funestus. In conclusion, our findings revealed species-specific differences in reproductive behavior, which could improve the colonization of An. funestus, a species historically challenging to rear in captivity. These insights also may facilitate the development of new vector control technologies, such as sterile insect techniques and genetic-based approaches, that exploit mosquito mating behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"921-929"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144061134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behavioral responses of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to host-derived semiochemicals.","authors":"Mert Okbay, Ozge Erisoz Kasap","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf065","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertebrate and plant hosts provide arthropods with a range of stimuli to aid in their localization, among which semiochemicals, volatile cues enabling hosts to be located through their odours, stand out as particularly important. Recognizing their potential in vector control, this study investigates semiochemicals as viable alternatives for effective vector management strategies. In this study, behavioral responses of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) adults to 11 semiochemicals, derived from plant and vertebrate hosts and previously tested on various vector species, across 3 concentrations (10-2%, 10-3%, and 10-4%) were evaluated using a dual-choice olfactometer. A total of 1,110 females and 1,110 males were individually assayed, with behavioral responses quantified through trap selection and response times. Notably, 1-octanol (10-2%) consistently exhibited the lowest attractiveness, whereas octanal, decanal, 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, ocimene, linalool oxide, and sulcatone elicited significant attractive effects, with pronounced sex-specific and concentration-based differences. Mixtures, formulated from the most attractive individual concentrations, revealed both synergistic and antagonistic interactions, underscoring the complexity of chemical interplay in mediating host-seeking behavior. Statistical models demonstrated significant interactions among semiochemical type, concentration, and sex, influencing both behavior and decision latency. This study marks the first investigation into the attractant effects of plant- and animal-derived semiochemicals on Ph. papatasi adults within an olfactometer system. The results are expected to provide critical insights into sand fly ecology and the epidemiology of sand fly-borne diseases while contributing to the development of integrated vector management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"768-781"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144512981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffrey R Powell, Andrea Gloria-Soria, John Soghigian
{"title":"Recognition of mosquito subspecies: the case for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).","authors":"Jeffrey R Powell, Andrea Gloria-Soria, John Soghigian","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf067","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We address the recent proposal by Harbach and Wilkerson to eliminate all Culicidae (mosquito) subspecies names. We defend and promote the use of subspecies for the important vector Aedes aegypti (L.): Aedes aegypti aegypti and Ades aegypti formosus. Harbach and Wilkerson would raise the latter to Aedes formosus. We briefly review evidence on this group with relation to various species concepts and find little or no support for this species designation. The 2 forms fit most concepts of subspecies and we advocate continued use of subspecies. Workers on other culicid groups may wish to retain subspecies when accurate, useful, and stable (historical continuity).</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"1042-1045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271726/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley C Kennedy, Sierra Redus, Wil S Winter, Jeffrey R Newcomer, Andrea M Egizi, Dina M Fonseca, James L Occi, Richard G Robbins
{"title":"Ticks of Delaware revisited: an updated checklist of hard ticks (Ixodidae) and first records of soft ticks (Argasidae) in the First State.","authors":"Ashley C Kennedy, Sierra Redus, Wil S Winter, Jeffrey R Newcomer, Andrea M Egizi, Dina M Fonseca, James L Occi, Richard G Robbins","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf029","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has been more than three-quarters of a century since the inaugural report of Delaware's ticks was published. To provide an updated checklist of tick species currently known to occur in Delaware, we reviewed the scientific literature, examined tick collections, accessed archived tick specimen data, and analyzed findings from the state's ongoing tick surveillance program, initiated in 2019. We report here a total of 15 established hard tick species (Ixodidae), as well as additional Ixodidae and 2 soft tick species (Argasidae) that are not yet confirmed as established. We summarize the phenology of each species and its known distribution in Delaware and public health importance. We also provide a table of known tick-host associations for Delaware.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"851-865"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Donna B McIntyre, Kalyan Pantha, Philip S Barton, Benjamin M Long
{"title":"Effect of trimethoprim on Calliphora stygia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae growth and detection via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Donna B McIntyre, Kalyan Pantha, Philip S Barton, Benjamin M Long","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf066","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insects are crucial in the estimation of time-since-death of remains due to their predictable growth. Pharmaceuticals present in decomposing remains may alter insect growth and could affect postmortem interval calculations. Here we report on an investigation into the effects of trimethoprim, on the growth of Calliphora stygia (Fabricius, 1781) (Diptera; Calliphoridae) larvae, a common species of blow fly in Australia. We asked: (i) does trimethoprim influence larval growth, and (ii) can trimethoprim be detected in C. stygia larvae reared on trimethoprim? We found a significant increase in larval length in the trimethoprim-exposed group relative to the control group as accumulated degree hours increased. By mid-late experiment (~3,000 accumulative degree hours), larvae exposed to trimethoprim measured significantly longer than the control larvae; 15 to 18 mm (SD = 2.5 mm), representing a 164% increase compared to the control, which measured 11 to 13 mm (SD = 3.0 mm). We also observed a significant effect of trimethoprim on larval instar development and larval mass, however the latter was accompanied by higher variability. Additionally, trimethoprim was detected in all larvae (analyzed via HPLC-MS/MS) reared on antibiotic-treated substrates, indicating choice of growth models can be important when using larval length to estimate postmortem interval. Our findings highlight the potential for trimethoprim to affect larval growth of C. stygia, and likely other blow flies. This has implications for interpreting growth models used in postmortem interval estimations, and the need to expand knowledge of entomotoxicology into forensic investigations where data on the effects of pharmaceuticals on local insect species remains limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"782-788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144512984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco Espinoza-Gomez, Iram P Rodríguez-Sánchez, Gustavo A Hernández-Fuentes, María de Lourdes Ramírez-Ahuja, Adriana E Flores-Suárez, Fabian Rojas-Larios, Miriam De la Cruz-Ruiz, Janet Diaz-Martinez, Iván Delgado-Enciso
{"title":"Hemorrhagic gingival and tracheopulmonary myiasis: literature review and case report of Chrysomya megacephala in a patient with HIV/AIDS and likely histoplasmosis.","authors":"Francisco Espinoza-Gomez, Iram P Rodríguez-Sánchez, Gustavo A Hernández-Fuentes, María de Lourdes Ramírez-Ahuja, Adriana E Flores-Suárez, Fabian Rojas-Larios, Miriam De la Cruz-Ruiz, Janet Diaz-Martinez, Iván Delgado-Enciso","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf064","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myiasis is a rare parasitic infestation caused by dipteran larvae, primarily from the Calliphoridae, Oestridae, and Sarcophagidae families. Though often benign, myiasis can lead to severe secondary infections. In this case report, we describe the first fatal case of gingival and tracheopulmonary myiasis caused by Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in an HIV/AIDS patient with probable histoplasmosis. The patient, a 47-yr-old male from Manzanillo, Mexico, presented with systemic infection, pancytopenia, and multiple organ failure. Upon admission, oral larval infestation and severe gingival bleeding were evident, progressing to tracheal invasion. Despite treatment, the patient succumbed to shock and respiratory failure. Larvae identification was confirmed through morphological analysis and molecular techniques, revealing C. megacephala. This report underscores the need for rapid diagnosis and intervention in myiasis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, and highlights the importance of awareness in endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"1037-1041"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144512985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria Pickens, Brandon Hall, Kathleen Yeater, Tanya Purvis, Edward Bird, Grant Brooke, Cassandra Olds, Dana Nayduch
{"title":"Bacterial abundance and antimicrobial resistance prevalence carried by adult house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) at Kansas dairy and beef cattle operations.","authors":"Victoria Pickens, Brandon Hall, Kathleen Yeater, Tanya Purvis, Edward Bird, Grant Brooke, Cassandra Olds, Dana Nayduch","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf052","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>House flies (Musca domestica L.) are filth-breeding pests of urban and rural environments around the world. Frequenting microbe-rich substrates for nutritional and reproductive needs, house flies pose a risk to human and animal health through their carriage and transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant bacteria (AMR). Adult house flies were collected from Kansas beef and dairy cattle operations to assess factors influencing bacterial abundance and AMR incidence flies. Aerobic culturable bacteria and suspected coliforms (SC) were enumerated from fly homogenate cultured on nonselective (tryptic soy agar) and selective (violet-red bile agar VRBA) media, respectively. Unique morphotypes of SC isolates were screened for tetracycline resistance and tested for resistance to 4 additional antibiotics to identify multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates. Female house flies carried greater abundances of both culturable bacteria and SC than male flies. Abiotic factors such as ambient and soil temperatures correlated with culturable bacteria and SC abundances in flies, but farm type correlated only with SC abundance and trends of resistance phenotypes observed in SC isolates. Male and female flies from both farm types carried one or more AMR and MDR SC isolates (73.02% AMR and 31.09% MDR). The majority of AMR and MDR bacteria were Escherichia/Shigella sp., which possessed the widest range of phenotypic resistance variability found in our study. Our results further emphasize the role house flies play in harboring bacteria of risk to human and animal health and identified factors of potential use for the development of strategies to mitigate house fly transmission of bacterial pathogens and AMR within confined cattle operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"984-994"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franklin Ayisi, Dziedzom Komi de Souza, Naniogué Sedou, Jamie Tallant, Eric Bertrand Fokam, Daniel Adjei Boakye
{"title":"Changes in cytoforms of Simulium damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) and onchocerciasis transmission zones in northern Cameroon with possible implications for onchocerciasis transmission elimination.","authors":"Franklin Ayisi, Dziedzom Komi de Souza, Naniogué Sedou, Jamie Tallant, Eric Bertrand Fokam, Daniel Adjei Boakye","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjaf049","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjaf049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytoforms (cytospecies and cytotypes) of the Simulium damnosum complex are the major onchocerciasis vectors in Africa; but they differ in vectorial efficiency. Transmission elimination of onchocerciasis requires understanding the vector dynamics and delineation of transmission zones, for monitoring and evaluation, and for stop-treatment decisions. This study sought to understand the vector population dynamics and to delineate Operational Transmission Zones in the 3 administrative regions (Far North, North, and Adamawa) of northern Cameroon. Using precontrol and relief maps, larvae were sampled in both rainy and dry seasons (July 2021 to February 2023) and fixed in Carnoy's solution. Chromosomal inversions were identified by cytotaxonomy. Karyotypes and inversion frequencies were compared between larval populations. Preimaginal stages were strictly seasonal in Far North, mostly seasonal in North, and mostly perennial in Adamawa. Five cytoforms (4 cytospecies and 1 cytotype) were recorded with 2 of them being reported for the first time (including S. yahense Vajime & Dunbar, an efficient forest zone vector), while 2 previously reported cytoforms were absent in all samples. These cytoform changes may impact the duration to transmission elimination. Also, there was redistribution of inversions in some populations and occurrence of new inversions at very high frequencies, suggesting genetic shifts probably caused by climate change. The 3 regions were distinct based on their vector phenology, cytoform composition, inversions and inversion frequencies, thereby enabling their delineation as separate Operational Transmission Zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":94091,"journal":{"name":"Journal of medical entomology","volume":" ","pages":"948-960"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144096464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}