International review of neurobiology最新文献

{"title":"Contribution of neurophysiology to the diagnosis and monitoring of ALS.","authors":"Steve Vucic, Mamede de Carvalho, James Bashford, James J P Alix","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter describes the role of neurophysiological techniques in diagnosing and monitoring amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite many advances, electromyography (EMG) remains a keystone investigation from which to build support for a diagnosis of ALS, demonstrating the pathophysiological processes of motor unit hyperexcitability, denervation and reinnervation. We consider development of the different diagnostic criteria and the role of EMG therein. While not formally recognised by established diagnostic criteria, we discuss the pioneering studies that have demonstrated the diagnostic potential of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and highlight the growing evidence for TMS in the diagnostic process. Finally, accurately monitoring disease progression is crucial for the successful implementation of clinical trials. Neurophysiological measures of disease state have been incorporated into clinical trials for over 20 years and we review prominent techniques for assessing disease progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"176 ","pages":"87-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141159321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-coding genome contribution to ALS.","authors":"Tobias Moll, Calum Harvey, Elham Alhathli, Sarah Gornall, David O'Brien, Johnathan Cooper-Knock","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The majority of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by a complex gene-environment interaction. Despite high estimates of heritability, the genetic basis of disease in the majority of ALS patients are unknown. This limits the development of targeted genetic therapies which require an understanding of patient-specific genetic drivers. There is good evidence that the majority of these missing genetic risk factors are likely to be found within the non-coding genome. However, a major challenge in the discovery of non-coding risk variants is determining which variants are functional in which specific CNS cell type. We summarise current discoveries of ALS-associated genetic drivers within the non-coding genome and we make the case that improved cell-specific annotation of genomic function is required to advance this field, particularly via single-cell epigenetic profiling and spatial transcriptomics. We highlight the example of TBK1 where an apparent paradox exists between pathogenic coding variants which cause loss of protein function, and protective non-coding variants which cause reduced gene expression; the paradox is resolved when it is understood that the non-coding variants are acting primarily via change in gene expression within microglia, and the effect of coding variants is most prominent in neurons. We propose that cell-specific functional annotation of ALS-associated genetic variants will accelerate discovery of the genetic architecture underpinning disease in the vast majority of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"176 ","pages":"75-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141159333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabidiol and pain.","authors":"Glauce Crivelaro Nascimento, Daniela Escobar-Espinal, Gabriela Gonçalves Bálico, Nicole Rodrigues Silva, Elaine Del-Bel","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic pain presents significant personal, psychological, and socioeconomic hurdles, impacting over 30% of adults worldwide and substantially contributing to disability. Unfortunately, current pharmacotherapy often proves inadequate, leaving fewer than 70% of patients with relief. This shortfall has sparked a drive to seek alternative treatments offering superior safety and efficacy profiles. Cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals, notably cannabidiol (CBD), hold promise in pain management, driven by their natural origins, versatility, and reduced risk of addiction. As we navigate the opioid crisis, ongoing research plunges into CBD's therapeutic potential, buoyed by animal studies revealing its pain-relieving prowess through various system tweaks. However, the efficacy of cannabis in chronic pain management remains a contentious and stigmatized issue. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) presently refrains from endorsing cannabinoid use for pain relief. Nevertheless, evidence indicates their potential in alleviating cancer-related, neuropathic, arthritis, and musculoskeletal pain, necessitating further investigation. Crucially, our comprehension of CBD's role in pain management is a journey still unfolding, with animal studies illustrating its analgesic effects through interactions with the endocannabinoid, inflammatory, and nociceptive systems. As the plot thickens, it's clear: the saga of chronic pain and CBD's potential offers a compelling narrative ripe for further exploration and understanding.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"177 ","pages":"29-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A journey through cannabidiol in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Elaine Del-Bel, Nubia Barros-Pereira, Rafaela Ponciano de Moraes, Bianca Andretto de Mattos, Thaís Antonia Alves-Fernandes, Lorena Borges de Abreu, Glauce Crivelaro Nascimento, Daniela Escobar-Espinal, João Francisco Cordeiro Pedrazzi, Gabrielle Jacob, Bruna A Milan, Gabriela Gonçalves Bálico, Livia Rodrigues Antonieto","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with no known cure characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms like cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and sleep disorders often accompany the disease. Pharmacological treatments for these symptoms are limited and frequently induce significant adverse reactions, underscoring the necessity for appropriate treatment options. Cannabidiol is a phytocannabinoid devoid of the euphoric and cognitive effects of tetrahydrocannabinol. The study of cannabidiol's pharmacological effects has increased exponentially in recent years. Preclinical and preliminary clinical studies suggest that cannabidiol holds therapeutic potential for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson's disease, offering neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, knowledge of cannabidiol neuromolecular mechanisms is limited, and its pharmacology, which appears complex, has not yet been fully elucidated. By examining the evidence, this review aims to provide and synthesize scientifically proven evidence for the potential use of cannabidiol as a novel treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We focus on studies that administrated cannabidiol alone. The results of preclinical trials using cannabidiol in models of Parkinson's disease are encouraging. Nevertheless, drawing firm conclusions on the therapeutic efficacy of cannabidiol for patients is challenging. Cannabidiol doses, formulations, outcome measures, and methodologies vary considerably across studies. Though, cannabidiol holds promise as a novel therapeutic option for managing both motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, offering hope for improved quality of life for affected individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"177 ","pages":"65-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in depression.","authors":"Matti Bock Guldager, Adriano Maia Chaves Filho, Caroline Biojone, Sâmia Joca","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a widespread and debilitating condition affecting a significant portion of the global population. Traditional treatment for MDD has primarily involved drugs that increase brain monoamines by inhibiting their uptake or metabolism, which is the basis for the monoaminergic hypothesis of depression. However, these treatments are only partially effective, with many patients experiencing delayed responses, residual symptoms, or complete non-response, rendering the current view of the hypothesis as reductionist. Cannabidiol (CBD) has shown promising results in preclinical models and human studies. Its mechanism is not well-understood, but may involve monoamine and endocannabinoid signaling, control of neuroinflammation and enhanced neuroplasticity. This chapter will explore CBD's effects in preclinical and clinical studies, its molecular mechanisms, and its potential as a treatment for MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"177 ","pages":"251-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal models of neuropathic pain.","authors":"Angela M Casaril, Caitlyn M Gaffney, Andrew J Shepherd","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal models continue to be crucial to developing our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and neurophysiological mechanisms that lead to neuropathic pain. The overwhelming majority of animal studies use rodent models, ranging from surgical and trauma-induced models to those induced by metabolic diseases, genetic mutations, viruses, neurotoxic drugs, and cancer. We discuss the clinical relevance of the available models and the pain behavior tests commonly used as outcome measures. Finally, we summarize the refinements that have been proposed to improve the ability of animal model studies to predict clinical efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"179 ","pages":"339-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142696259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Sensory Testing - From bench to bedside.","authors":"Sam Hughes, Jan Vollert, Roy Freeman, Julia Forstenpointner","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The methodology of Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) comprises standardized testing procedures, which provide information of the integrity of the somatosensory nervous system. Over the years, different protocols have been established, which utilize similar but distinct testing procedures. They pursue the same overall objective to identify loss or gain of function of the respective sensory parameter to better understand the degree of abnormal nervous function and thereby improve patient care in the long-term. Laboratory-based QST protocols, which apply highly standardized testing procedures in pre-defined order and body regions, are considered as the gold standard in sensory testing. However, those protocols often require specifically trained personal, high equipment investment, and are time consuming. Thus, in recent years several attempts have been made to simplify testing protocols as well as reduce high costs of testing equipment such as thermal probe systems. These attempts have culminated in an array of sensory bedside testing protocols subserving the need for protocols that are easy to implement in and provide a standardized assessment within clinical trials. While laboratory and bedside QST that focus on static responses of single stimuli, protocols for testing dynamic QST focus on the functional response to pain also exist. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is often applied, which offers the ability to study endogenous inhibition of pain. All of these mentioned methodologies are considered as psychophysical measures and thus rely heavily on the cooperation of the patient or participant. In this chapter we provide an overview of QST along three main lines: (i) laboratory QST, (ii) bedside QST and (iii) dynamic QST. In addition, we discuss advantages and pitfalls of each modality. While we discuss along these lines, it should be noted that methodologies are overlapping: some bedside tests are similar or identical to lab-QST, many lab-QST protocols include a dynamic component, and assessment of dynamic QST requires to start with static assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"179 ","pages":"67-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142696224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabidiol and Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Bruno L Marques, Alline C Campos","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as the most prevalent form of neuropsychiatric disorder among the elderly population, impacting a minimum of 50 million individuals worldwide. Current pharmacological treatments rely on the prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. However,recently anecdotal findings based on low-quality real-world data had prompted physicians, patients, and their relatives to consider the use of cannabinoids, especially Cannabidiol (CBD), for alleviating of AD symptoms. CBD the primary non-psychotomimetic compound found in the Cannabis sp. plant, exhibits promising therapeutic potential across various clinical contexts. Pre-clinical and in vitro studies indicate that CBD could mitigate cognitive decline and amyloid-beta-induced neurodegeneration by modulating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In addition, CBD demonstrates significant effects in promoting neuroplasticity, particularly in brain regions such as the hippocampus. However, the available clinical evidence presents conflicting results, and no randomized placebo-controlled trials have been published to date. In conclusion, although pre-clinical and in vitro studies offer encouraging insights into the potential benefits of CBD in AD models, new and well-designed clinical trials are imperative to ascertain the clinical relevance of CBD use in the management of AD symptoms, especially in comparison to conventional treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"177 ","pages":"121-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabidiol as an antipsychotic drug.","authors":"Débora Fabris, João Roberto Lisboa, Francisco Silveira Guimarães, Felipe V Gomes","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid in the Cannabis sativa plant. In contrast to Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not produce the typical psychotomimetic effects of the plant. In addition, CBD has attracted increased interest due to its potential therapeutic effects in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Several studies have proposed that CBD has pharmacological properties similar to atypical antipsychotics. Despite accumulating evidence supporting the antipsychotic potential of CBD, the mechanisms of action in which this phytocannabinoid produces antipsychotic effects are still not fully elucidated. Here, we focused on the antipsychotic properties of CBD indicated by a series of preclinical and clinical studies and the evidence currently available about its possible mechanisms. Findings from preclinical studies suggest that CBD effects may depend on the animal model (pharmacological, neurodevelopmental, or genetic models for schizophrenia), dose, treatment schedule (acute vs. repeated) and route of administration (intraperitoneal vs local injection into specific brain regions). Clinical studies suggest a potential role for CBD in the treatment of psychotic disorders. However, future studies with more robust sample sizes are needed to confirm these positive findings. Overall, although more studies are needed, current evidence indicates that CBD may be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"177 ","pages":"295-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GABAergic mechanisms in alcohol dependence.","authors":"Mikko Uusi-Oukari, Esa R Korpi","doi":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.irn.2024.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The target of alcohol's effect on the central nervous system has been sought for more than 50 years in the brain's GABA system. The behavioral and emotional effects of alcohol in humans and rodents are very similar to those of barbiturates and benzodiazepines, and GABA_A receptors have been shown to be one of the sites of alcohol action. The mechanisms of GABAergic inhibition have been a hotspot of research but have turned out to be complex and controversial. Genetics support the involvement of some GABA_A receptor subunits in the development of alcohol dependence and in alcohol use disorders (AUD). Since the effect of alcohol on the GABA_A system resembles that of a GABAergic positive modulator, it may be possible to develop GABAergic drug treatments that could substitute for alcohol. The adaptation mechanisms of the GABA system and the plasticity of the brain are a big challenge for drug development: the drugs that act on GABA_A receptors developed so far also may cause adaptation and development of additional addiction. Human polymorphisms should be studied further to get insight about how they affect receptor function, expression or other factors to make reasonable predictions/hypotheses about what non-addictive interventions would help in alcohol dependence and AUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":94058,"journal":{"name":"International review of neurobiology","volume":"175 ","pages":"75-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140330369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}