Ibrain Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12090

Mai M. Anwar

{"title":"The emerging mechanism behind viral infections and extracellular vesicles hypotheses leading to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology","authors":"Mai M. Anwar","doi":"10.1002/ibra.12090","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ibra.12090","url":null,"abstract":"Despite decades of repeated and intense research, the etiology of sudden Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms is still unclear. AD progressive pathology mainly involves neuron damage, depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. All these defects are manifested by exaggerated cytokine storm and neuroinflammation leading to irreversible brain damage in the long term. Despite the numerous risks and drawbacks associated with AD, it is believed that there is a hidden unknown causative and predisposing factors for AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells as a type of intercellular communication. Several pieces of evidence support the inclusion of viral components within EVs facilitating their penetration into the blood–brain barrier leading to neuroinflammation. In light of the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic and its related neurological complications, it is mandatory to highlight the possibility and viability of viral infections such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) on the onset of AD. Herein, the author is investigating the potential role of VZV and HSV along with highlighting the suggested route of pathogenesis entry resulting in AD manifestations. Additionally, this review aims to summarize the role of EVs in mediating the central nervous system viral infections leading to AD.","PeriodicalId":94030,"journal":{"name":"Ibrain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ibra.12090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41160725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Nanoparticle delivery through the BBB in central nervous system tuberculosis 通过血脑屏障输送纳米颗粒治疗中枢神经系统结核。

Ibrain Pub Date : 2023-01-29 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12087

Anna Griego, Edoardo Scarpa, Valeria De Matteis, Loris Rizzello

{"title":"Nanoparticle delivery through the BBB in central nervous system tuberculosis","authors":"Anna Griego, Edoardo Scarpa, Valeria De Matteis, Loris Rizzello","doi":"10.1002/ibra.12087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ibra.12087","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in Nanotechnology have revolutionized the production of materials for biomedical applications. Nowadays, there is a plethora of nanomaterials with potential for use towards improvement of human health. On the other hand, very little is known about how these materials interact with biological systems, especially at the nanoscale level, mainly because of the lack of specific methods to probe these interactions. In this review, we will analytically describe the journey of nanoparticles (NPs) through the brain, starting from the very first moment upon injection. We will preliminarily provide a brief overlook of the physicochemical properties of NPs. Then, we will discuss how these NPs interact with the body compartments and biological barriers, before reaching the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the last gate guarding the brain. Particular attention will be paid to the interaction with the biomolecular, the bio-mesoscopic, the (blood) cellular, and the tissue barriers, with a focus on the BBB. This will be framed in the context of brain infections, especially considering central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB), which is one of the most devastating forms of human mycobacterial infections. The final aim of this review is not a collection, nor a list, of current literature data, as it provides the readers with the analytical tools and guidelines for the design of effective and rational NPs for delivery in the infected brain.","PeriodicalId":94030,"journal":{"name":"Ibrain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ibra.12087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41173023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Progesterone receptor membrane component 2 regulates the neuronal activity and participates in epileptic seizures in experimental mice 黄体酮受体膜组分2调节神经元活动并参与实验性小鼠癫痫发作

Ibrain Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12088

Xiaoyan Yang, Wenbo Lv, Yong Yang, Juan Yang, Hai‐Qing Zhang, Zucai Xu

引用次数: 0

Study of the method of spinal cord neuron culture in Sprague–Dawley rats Sprague-Dawley大鼠脊髓神经元培养方法的研究。

Ibrain Pub Date : 2022-12-25 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12085

Yi-Fei Sun, Quan-Yuan Chang, Narima Eerqing, Chang-Yan Hu

{"title":"Study of the method of spinal cord neuron culture in Sprague–Dawley rats","authors":"Yi-Fei Sun, Quan-Yuan Chang, Narima Eerqing, Chang-Yan Hu","doi":"10.1002/ibra.12085","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ibra.12085","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to explore the method of culture of spinal cord neurons (SPNs) in vitro and to provide prerequisites for studying the molecular mechanism and pharmacological mechanism of spinal cord injury and repair. The spinal cord tissues of neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats were taken and digested by trypsin, followed by cytarabine (Ara-C) to inhibit the proliferation of heterogeneous cells, differential velocity adhesion, and natural growth in neuron-specific medium. Then, the morphology of SPNs was observed. Ara-C treatment inhibited the growth of heterogeneous cells and the growth of spinal neurons. Using the differential velocity adhesion method, it was found that the adhesion time of heterogeneous cells and SPNs was not significantly different, and it could not separate neurons and heterogeneous cells well. A large number of mixed cells gathered and floated, and died on the 18th day. Compared with the 20th day, the cell viability of the 18th day was better (p < 0.001). The natural growth and culture of SPNs in Neurobasal-A medium can yield neurons of higher purity and SPNs from the 12th day to the 18th day can be selected for related in vitro cell experiments.","PeriodicalId":94030,"journal":{"name":"Ibrain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ibra.12085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41170912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Animal models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy for hematological malignancies: A review 血液系统恶性肿瘤化疗诱导的周围神经病变动物模型：综述。

Ibrain Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12086

Xiaoli Lv, Yingwei Mao, Song Cao, Yonghuai Feng

引用次数: 1

The role of the basal forebrain in general anesthesia 基底前脑在全身麻醉中的作用。

Ibrain Pub Date : 2022-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12082

Yi-Ting Peng, Cheng-Dong Yuan, Yi Zhang

引用次数: 0

Protective effect of isoflurane preconditioning on neurological function in rats with HIE 异氟醚预处理对HIE大鼠神经功能的保护作用

Ibrain Pub Date : 2022-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12081

Yi Fei-Sun, Miao Huang, Hao-Yue Qin, Senio Campos de SouzaHan, Han Xue, Yu-Ying Wang, Yi-Bo Wang

{"title":"Protective effect of isoflurane preconditioning on neurological function in rats with HIE","authors":"Yi Fei-Sun, Miao Huang, Hao-Yue Qin, Senio Campos de SouzaHan, Han Xue, Yu-Ying Wang, Yi-Bo Wang","doi":"10.1002/ibra.12081","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ibra.12081","url":null,"abstract":"Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of neonatal death and disability, which can lead to long-term neurological and motor dysfunction. Currently, inhalation anesthetics are widely used in surgery, and some studies have found that isoflurane (ISO) may have a positive effect on neuroprotection. In this paper, we investigated whether ISO pretreatment has a neuroprotective effect on the neurological function of HIE rats. Here, 7-day-old neonatal rats were randomly divided into a sham group, a hypoxic–ischemic (HI) group, and an ISO pretreatment (pretreatment) group. The pretreatment group was pretreated with 2% ISO for 1 h, followed by the HI group to establish an HI animal model. The HI‑induced neurological injury was evaluated by Zea‑Longa scores and triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining. Neuronal number and histomorphological changes were observed with Nissl staining and Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining. In addition, motor learning memory function was evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM), the Y-maze, and the rotarod tests. HI induced severe neurological dysfunction, brain infarction, and cell apoptosis as well as obvious neuron loss in neonatal rats. In the MWM, the rats in the pretreatment group showed a decrease in escape latency (p = 0.042), indicating that pretreatment with ISO could improve the learning ability of HI rats. The results of Nissl staining showed that in the HI group, there was an irregular arrangement of neurons and nuclear fixation; however, the cell damage was significantly reduced and the total number of neurons was increased after ISO pretreatment (p < 0.001). In conclusion, ISO pretreatment improved cognitive function and attenuated HI-induced reduction of Nissl-positive cells and spatial memory impairment, suggesting that pretreatment with ISO before HI modeling could reduce neuronal cell death in the hippocampus after HI.","PeriodicalId":94030,"journal":{"name":"Ibrain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10528772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41165719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dyslexia with and without Irlen syndrome: A study of influence on abilities and brain-derived neurotrophic factor level 伴有和不伴有Irlen综合征的诵读困难：对能力和脑源性神经营养因子水平影响的研究。

Ibrain Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12080

Ehab R. Abdelraouf, Ayman Kilany, Mohamed E. Elhadidy, Hala M. Zeidan, Amal Elsaied, Ola M. Eid, Mostafa M. El-Saied, Rasha Anwar, Neveen H. Nashaat

{"title":"Dyslexia with and without Irlen syndrome: A study of influence on abilities and brain-derived neurotrophic factor level","authors":"Ehab R. Abdelraouf, Ayman Kilany, Mohamed E. Elhadidy, Hala M. Zeidan, Amal Elsaied, Ola M. Eid, Mostafa M. El-Saied, Rasha Anwar, Neveen H. Nashaat","doi":"10.1002/ibra.12080","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ibra.12080","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of comorbid Irlen syndrome (IS) in children with developmental dyslexia (DD) may have an impact on their reading and cognitive abilities. Furthermore, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was reported to be expressed in brain areas involved in cognitive and visual processing. The aim of this study was to evaluate some cognitive abilities of a group of dyslexic children with IS and to measure and compare the plasma BDNF level to dyslexic children without IS and neurotypical (NT) children. The participants were 60 children with DD (30 in the DD + IS group; 30 in the DD group) and 30 NT children. The Irlen reading perceptual scale, the Stanford Binet intelligence scale, 4th ed, the dyslexia assessment test, and the Illinois test of psycholinguistic abilities were used. The BDNF level was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One-minute writing and visual closure deficits were more prevalent, while phonemic segmentation deficits were less prevalent in the DD + IS group compared to the DD group. The BDNF level in the DD groups was lower than that in NT children (p < 0.001). Some reading and non-reading tasks were influenced by the presence of a coexisting IS. The reduced BDNF level could play a role in the deficits noticed in the abilities of children with DD.","PeriodicalId":94030,"journal":{"name":"Ibrain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ibra.12080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41170991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study of different dehydration methods in the process of preparing frozen brain sections 制备冷冻脑切片过程中不同脱水方法的实验研究

Ibrain Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12075

Hong-Su Zhou, Jing Li, Yi-Huan Guan, Hua He, Li-Ren Huang Fu

{"title":"Experimental study of different dehydration methods in the process of preparing frozen brain sections","authors":"Hong-Su Zhou, Jing Li, Yi-Huan Guan, Hua He, Li-Ren Huang Fu","doi":"10.1002/ibra.12075","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ibra.12075","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to provide a recommendable protocol for the preparation of brain cryosections of rats to reduce and avoid ice crystals. We have designed five different dewatering solutions (Scheme 1: dehydrate with 15%, 20%, and 30% sucrose–phosphate-buffered saline solution; Scheme 2: 20% sucrose and 30% sucrose; Scheme 3: 30% sucrose; Scheme 4: 10%, 20%, and 30% sucrose; and Scheme 5: the tissue was dehydrated with 15% and 30% sucrose polyacetate I until it sank to the bottom, followed by placement in 30% sucrose polyacetate II) to minimize the formation of ice crystals. Cryosections from different protocols were stained with Nissl staining and compared with each other by density between cells and the distance of intertissue spaces. The time required for the dehydration process from Scheme 1 to Scheme 5 was 24, 23, 24, 24, and 33 h, respectively. Density between cells gradually decreased from Scheme 1 to Scheme 5, and the distance of intertissue spaces was differentiated and irregular in different schemes according to the images of Nissl staining. We recommend the dewatering method of Scheme 4 (the brain tissues were dehydrated in 10%, 20% and 30% sucrose solution in turn until the tissue samples were completely immersed in the solution and then immersed in the next concentration solution for dehydration).","PeriodicalId":94030,"journal":{"name":"Ibrain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ibra.12075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86912704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Feasibility study of use of desflurane combined with dexmedetomidine in inhibiting postoperative neurocognitive disorders in elderly patients under general anesthesia: A perspective study 使用地氟醚联合右美托咪定抑制全身麻醉下老年患者术后神经认知障碍的可行性研究：透视研究

Ibrain Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12073

Yue Hu, Yong Ye, Hui Lin, Jun-Jie Chen, Ting-Ting Sun, Gong-Wei Zhang, Na Wang, Yuan-Hang Shu, Xue Gong, Fei-Fei Ran, Jia-Li Zhang, Yong Tao

{"title":"Feasibility study of use of desflurane combined with dexmedetomidine in inhibiting postoperative neurocognitive disorders in elderly patients under general anesthesia: A perspective study","authors":"Yue Hu, Yong Ye, Hui Lin, Jun-Jie Chen, Ting-Ting Sun, Gong-Wei Zhang, Na Wang, Yuan-Hang Shu, Xue Gong, Fei-Fei Ran, Jia-Li Zhang, Yong Tao","doi":"10.1002/ibra.12073","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ibra.12073","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to explore whether the combined application of desflurane and dexmedetomidine (Dex) reduces the occurrence of postoperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) in patients. We selected patients in our hospital who underwent surgery under general anesthesia, and divided them into two groups: Dex and desflurane (Dex + Des) and desflurane (Des) groups. The data of patients were collected and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was used to assess cognitive status. The blood cell counts were determined preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 6, and the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes were also recorded. The statistical methods used were the independent-samples t-test and the χ2 test. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between PND and inflammation. The incidence of PND in the Dex + Des group was lower than that in the Des group. The postoperative MMSE scores in the Dex + Des group were higher than those in the Des group (p = 0.032). The percentage of neutrophils in the Dex + Des group was significantly lower than that in the Des group on the first and third days after surgery (p = 0.007; p = 0.028). The MMSE scores on the first day after surgery were negatively correlated with the multiple changes in white blood counts and the percentage of neutrophils (r = −0.3038 and −0.3330). Dex combined with Des reduced the incidence of PND and reduced the postoperative inflammatory cell counts.","PeriodicalId":94030,"journal":{"name":"Ibrain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ibra.12073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84034053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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