European journal of microbiology & immunology最新文献

{"title":"Preclinical assessment of a recombinant RBD-Fc fusion protein as SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine.","authors":"Navid Dashti, F. Golsaz-Shirazi, Haleh Soltanghoraee, A. Zarnani, Mehdi Mohammadi, D. Imani, M. Jeddi-Tehrani, M. M. Amiri, F. Shokri","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2024.00045","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Waning immunity and emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlight the need for further research in vaccine development.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000A recombinant fusion protein containing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) fused to the human IgG1 Fc (RBD-Fc) was produced in CHO-K1 cells. RBD-Fc was emulsified with four adjuvants to evaluate its immunogenicity. The RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed by ELISA. The virus neutralizing potency of the vaccine was investigated using four neutralization methods. Safety was studied in mice and rabbits, and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) effects were investigated by flow cytometry.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000RBD-Fc emulsified in Alum induced a high titer of anti-RBD antibodies with remarkable efficacy in neutralizing both pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. The neutralization potency dropped significantly in response to the Omicron variant. RBD-Fc induced both TH2 and particularly TH1 immune responses. Histopathologic examinations demonstrated no substantial pathologic changes in different organs. No changes in serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were observed. ADE effect was not observed following immunization with RBD-Fc.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000RBD-Fc elicits highly robust neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses, with no adverse effects. Therefore, it could be considered a promising and safe subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":"60 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140970847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical assessment of a recombinant RBD-Fc fusion protein as SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine.","authors":"Navid Dashti, Forough Golsaz-Shirazi, Haleh Soltanghoraee, Amir-Hassan Zarnani, Mehdi Mohammadi, Danyal Imani, Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani, Mohammad Mehdi Amiri, Fazel Shokri","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00045","DOIUrl":"10.1556/1886.2024.00045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Waning immunity and emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlight the need for further research in vaccine development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A recombinant fusion protein containing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) fused to the human IgG1 Fc (RBD-Fc) was produced in CHO-K1 cells. RBD-Fc was emulsified with four adjuvants to evaluate its immunogenicity. The RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed by ELISA. The virus neutralizing potency of the vaccine was investigated using four neutralization methods. Safety was studied in mice and rabbits, and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) effects were investigated by flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RBD-Fc emulsified in Alum induced a high titer of anti-RBD antibodies with remarkable efficacy in neutralizing both pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. The neutralization potency dropped significantly in response to the Omicron variant. RBD-Fc induced both TH2 and particularly TH1 immune responses. Histopathologic examinations demonstrated no substantial pathologic changes in different organs. No changes in serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were observed. ADE effect was not observed following immunization with RBD-Fc.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RBD-Fc elicits highly robust neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses, with no adverse effects. Therefore, it could be considered a promising and safe subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":" ","pages":"228-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11393645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140961304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracheoesophageal fistula due to Candida and Actinomyces co-infection: A case report and comprehensive review of the literature.","authors":"A Teshon, R Reyes, D P Schammel, O Corso, C Schammel, P Kent, A M Devane","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00043","DOIUrl":"10.1556/1886.2024.00043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acquired benign tracheoesophageal fistulas and bronchoesophageal fistulas (TEF) are typically associated with granulomatous mediastinal infections, 75% of which are iatrogenic. Candida albicans and Actinomyces are commonly occurring organisms, but are uncommon etiologies of TEF. Normal colonization and the slow growth characteristics of some species of these agents rarely result in infection, mycetoma, and broncholithiasis, and thus, delays in diagnosis and treatment are likely. Few reports describe C. albicans or Actinomyces spp. as the etiology of TEF or broncholithiasis. Herein, we report a case of benign acquired TEF secondary to coinfection of Candida and Actinomyces complicated by the formation of an actinomycetoma and broncholithiasis and a comprehensive literature review to highlight the unique nature of this presentation and offer a diagnostic algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of TEFs. Following a presentation of three months of productive cough, choking sensation, night sweats, and weight loss, a bronchoscopy revealed a fistulous connection between the esophagus and the posterior right middle lobe. Pathology identified a calcified fungus ball and a broncholith secondary to the co-infection of Candida and Actinomyces. This unique presentation of Candida and Actinomyces co-infection and the associated diagnostic algorithm are presented as education and a useful tool for clinicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":" ","pages":"296-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11393647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods for screening and evaluation of antimicrobial activity: A review of protocols, advantages, and limitations.","authors":"Tanim Jabid Hossain","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2024.00035","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious diseases pose a formidable global challenge, compounded by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, researchers are actively exploring novel antimicrobial compounds as potential solutions. This endeavor underscores the pivotal role of methods employed for screening and evaluating antimicrobial activity-a critical step in discovery and characterization of antimicrobial agents. While traditional techniques such as well-diffusion, disk-diffusion, and broth-dilution are commonly utilized in antimicrobial assays, they may encounter limitations concerning reproducibility and speed. Additionally, a diverse array of antimicrobial assays including cross-streaking, poisoned-food, co-culture, time-kill kinetics, resazurin assay, bioautography, etc., are routinely employed in antimicrobial evaluations. Advanced techniques such as flow-cytometry, impedance analysis, and bioluminescent technique may offer rapid and sensitive results, providing deeper insights into the impact of antimicrobials on cellular integrity. However, their higher cost and limited accessibility in certain laboratory settings may present challenges. This article provides a comprehensive overview of assays designed to characterize antimicrobial activity, elucidating their underlying principles, protocols, advantages, and limitations. The primary objective is to enhance understanding of the methodologies designed for evaluating antimicrobial agents in our relentless battle against infectious diseases. By selecting the appropriate antimicrobial testing method, researchers can discern suitable conditions and streamline the identification of effective antimicrobial agents.","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140673696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Toxoplasma gondii exposure and abdominal pain: An age- and gender-matched case-control seroprevalence study.","authors":"Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Sergio Estrada-Martínez, Agar Ramos-Nevarez, Ángel Osvaldo Alvarado-Félix, Sandra Margarita Cerrillo-Soto, Gustavo Alexis Alvarado-Félix, Carlos Alberto Guido-Arreola, Leandro Saenz-Soto","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00025","DOIUrl":"10.1556/1886.2024.00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abdominal pain has been rarely reported in individuals infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The aim of this study was to determine the association between T. gondii infection and abdominal pain. Two hundred and ninety-nine patients with abdominal pain (cases) and 299 age- and gender-matched people without abdominal pain (controls) were tested for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies. Twenty-four (8.0%) of the 299 cases and 12 (4.0%) of the 299 controls were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies (OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.02-4.25; P = 0.03). The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was significantly higher in women with frequent abdominal pain than in women without this clinical feature (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.06-4.96; P = 0.02). Twelve (4.0%) of the 299 cases and 7 (2.3%) of the 299 controls had high (>150 IU mL-1) anti-T. gondii IgG antibody levels (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 0.67-4.49; P = 0.24). Seven (29.2%) of the 24 cases with anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies and 3 (25.0%) of the 12 controls with anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were positive to anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.25-5.97; P = 1.00). Results suggest an association between T. gondii infection and frequent abdominal pain. Further research to confirm this association should be conducted.</p>","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":" ","pages":"180-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140338257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Enterococcus species bloodstream infections among adults with and without onco-hematological malignancies: Experiences from the national center of Hungary.","authors":"Bence Marosi, Béla Kádár, Anna Bruzsa, Laura Kocsis, Katalin Kamotsay, János Sinkó, Bálint Gergely Szabó, Botond Lakatos","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00011","DOIUrl":"10.1556/1886.2024.00011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Over the past decade, enterococcal bloodstream infection (BSI) shows increasing incidence globally among the elderly and in patients with comorbidities. In this study, we aimed to assess microbiological and clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of BSIs caused by Enterococcus spp. in adult patients with and without active onco-hematological malignancies hospitalized at a national referral institute.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective analysis of consecutive enterococcal BSI cases was conducted in the National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases (Budapest, Hungary) between December 2019 and April 2022. We compared characteristics and outcomes at 30-days and 1 year after diagnosis among patients with and without onco-hematological malignancies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 141 patients were included (median age 68 ± 21 years, female sex 36.9%), 37% (52/141) had active onco-hematological malignancies. The distribution of species was as follows: 50.4% Enterococcus faecalis, 46.1% Enterococcus faecium, 1.4% Enterococcus avium and Enterococcus gallinarum, and 0.7% Enterococcus raffinosus. No statistically significant differences in all-cause mortality rates were observed between patient subgroups at 30 days (32.7 vs. 28.1%; P = 0.57) and 1 year (75.0 vs. 60.7%; P = 0.09).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Enterococcal bloodstream infections yielded a relevant burden of morbidity, but with no statistical difference in long-term outcomes of adult patients with and without active onco-hematological malignancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":" ","pages":"134-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140308396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyphenolic compounds in the combat of foodborne infections - An update on recent evidence.","authors":"Carolin B Menikheim, Soraya Mousavi, Stefan Bereswill, Markus M Heimesaat","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00018","DOIUrl":"10.1556/1886.2024.00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the incidence of food-borne bacterial enteric diseases has increased worldwide causing significant health care and socioeconomic burdens. According to the World Health Organization, there are an estimated 600 million cases of foodborne illnesses worldwide each year, resulting in 420,000 deaths. Despite intensive efforts to tackle this problem, foodborne pathogenic microorganisms continue to be spread further. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find novel anti-microbial non-toxic compounds for food preservation. One way to tackle this issue may be the usage of polyphenols, which have received increasing attention in the recent years given their pleotropic health-promoting properties. This prompted us to perform a literature search summarizing studies from the past 10 years regarding the potential anti-microbial and disease-alleviating effects of plant-derived phenolic compounds against foodborne bacterial pathogens. The included 16 studies provide evidence that polyphenols show pronounced anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. In addition, synergistic anti-microbial effects in combination with synthetic antibiotics were observed. In conclusion, phenolic compounds may be useful as natural anti-microbial agents in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries in the combat of foodborne infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":" ","pages":"116-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140208634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis.","authors":"Elena Ponzo, Angelina Midiri, Andrea Manno, Martina Pastorello, Carmelo Biondo, Giuseppe Mancuso","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00013","DOIUrl":"10.1556/1886.2024.00013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. There are five human pathogenic species, of which Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the most prevalent worldwide and cause the greatest burden of disease in terms of mortality and morbidity. In addition, hybrid schistosomes have been identified through molecular analysis. Human infection occurs when cercariae, the larval form of the parasite, penetrate the skin of people while bathing in contaminated waters such as lakes and rivers. Schistosomiasis can cause both urogenital and intestinal symptoms. Urogenital symptoms include haematuria, bladder fibrosis, kidney damage, and an increased risk of bladder cancer. Intestinal symptoms may include abdominal pain, sometimes accompanied by diarrhoea and blood in the stool. Schistosomiasis affects more than 250 million people and causes approximately 70 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mainly in Africa, South America, and Asia. To control infection, it is essential to establish sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for epidemiological surveillance and morbidity reduction. This review provides an overview of schistosomiasis, with a focus on available diagnostic tools for Schistosoma spp. Current molecular detection methods and progress in the development of new diagnostics for schistosomiasis infection are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":" ","pages":"86-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140144891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clonal dissemination of Acinetobacter radioresistens among Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) inhabiting a barren northern Peruvian island.","authors":"Ignasi Roca, Kathya Espinoza, Cinthia Irigoin-Lovera, Maria Piquet, Luciano A Palomino-Kobayashi, Angie K Castillo, Diego D Gonzales-DelCarpio, Joaquim Viñes, Laura Muñoz, Barbara Ymaña, Rosario Oporto, Carlos Zavalaga, Maria J Pons, Joaquim Ruiz","doi":"10.1556/1886.2023.00066","DOIUrl":"10.1556/1886.2023.00066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acinetobacter spp. are often isolated from natural sources, but knowledge about their presence in wild animals is fragmented and uncomplete. The present study aimed to characterize a series of Acinetobacter radioresistens isolated from Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Fifteen Humboldt penguins from an inhabited northern Peruvian island were sampled. Microorganisms were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents was established, and clonal relationships were determined. A representative isolate was selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS). A. radioresistens were isolated from the feces of 12 (80%) Humboldt penguins, being susceptible to all the antimicrobial agents tested, except eight cefotaxime-intermediate isolates. All A. radioresistens were clonally related. WGS showed that the isolate belonged to ST1972, the presence of two chromosomal encoded carbapenemases (blaOXA-23 and a putative subclass B3 metallo-β-lactamase), and a series of point mutations in antibiotic-resistance related chromosomal genes, which were considered as polymorphisms. In addition, a few virulence factors, including a capsule-encoding operon, superoxide dismutases, catalases, phospholipases and a siderophore receptor were identified. The present results suggest that A. radioresistens may be a common member of the gut microbiota of Humboldt penguins, but further studies in other geographical areas are needed to establish this finding.</p>","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":" ","pages":"210-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140133596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune landscape in APC and TP53 related tumor microenvironment in colon adenocarcinoma: A bioinformatic analysis.","authors":"Arefeh Zabeti Touchaei, Sogand Vahidi, Ali Akbar Samadani","doi":"10.1556/1886.2024.00015","DOIUrl":"10.1556/1886.2024.00015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>APC and TP53 are the two most regularly mutated genes in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), especially in progressive malignancies and antitumoral immune response. The current bioinformatics analysis investigates the APC and TP53 gene expression profile in colon adenocarcinoma as a prognostic characteristic for survival, particularly concentrating on the correlated immune microenvironment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinical and genetic data of colon cancer and normal tissue samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-COAD and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) online databases, respectively. The genetic differential expressions were analyzed in both groups via the one-way ANOVA test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were applied to estimate the overall survival (OS). P < 0.05 was fixed as statistically significant. On Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases, the linkage between immune cell recruitment and APC and TP53 status was assessed through Spearman's correlation analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>APC and TP53 were found mutated in 66.74% and 85.71% of the 454 and 7 TCGA-COAD patients in colon and rectosigmoid junction primary sites, respectively with a higher log2-transcriptome per million reads compared to the GTEx group (318 samples in sigmoid and 368 samples in transverse). Survival curves revealed a worse significant OS for the high-APC and TP53 profile colon. Spearman's analysis of immune cells demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the APC status and infiltration of T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+, NK cell, and macrophages and also a positive correlation between status and infiltration of T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>APC and TP53 gene mutations prevail in colon cancer and are extremely associated with poor prognosis and shortest survival. The infiltrating T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+, NK cell, and macrophages populate the colon microenvironment and regulate the mechanisms of tumor advancement, immune evasion, and sensitivity to standard chemotherapy. More comprehensive research is needed to demonstrate these results and turn them into new therapeutic outlooks.</p>","PeriodicalId":93998,"journal":{"name":"European journal of microbiology & immunology","volume":" ","pages":"154-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11097784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140103051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}