Clinical EEG and neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Speech Mismatch Negativity (MMN) in Schizophrenia with Auditory Verbal Hallucinations.","authors":"Bronwen Schryver, Aster Javier, Joëlle Choueiry, Alain Labelle, Verner Knott, Natalia Jaworska","doi":"10.1177/15500594241292754","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241292754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are experienced by many individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), a neurodevelopmental disease that encumbers the quality of life and psychosocial outcome of those afflicted by it. While many hypotheses attempt to better define the etiology of AVHs in SZ, their neural profile and its moderation by current neuroleptics remains limited. The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) is an event related potential (ERP) measured from electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during the presentation of a deviance detection auditory paradigm. The neural regions and activity underlying the generation of the MMN include the primary auditory cortex and the prefrontal cortex which are regions also found to be activated during the experience of AVHs. Decreased MMN amplitudes have been robustly noted in SZ patients during the presentation of MMN tasks using auditory tones. However, the MMN generation to speech stimuli has not been extensively examined in SZ nor in relation to AVHs. The primary objective of this study was to examine the MMN to five speech-based deviants in SZ patients and healthy controls. Second, we assessed MMN features with AVH characteristics in 19 SZ patients and 21 HC. While AVH features did not correlate with measures of MMN, we found decreased MMN amplitudes to speech-based frequency and vowel change deviants in SZ patients compared to HC potentially reflecting deficiencies in basic speech processing mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"106-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142577191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mismatch Negativity as an Index of Auditory Short-Term Plasticity: Associations with Cortisol, Inflammation, and Gray Matter Volume in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.","authors":"Holly K Hamilton, Brian J Roach, Peter M Bachman, Aysenil Belger, Ricardo E Carrión, Erica Duncan, Jason K Johannesen, Gregory A Light, Margaret A Niznikiewicz, Jean Addington, Carrie E Bearden, Kristin S Cadenhead, Barbara A Cornblatt, Diana O Perkins, Ming T Tsuang, Elaine F Walker, Scott W Woods, Tyrone D Cannon, Daniel H Mathalon","doi":"10.1177/15500594241294035","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241294035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP) component reduction, indexing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent auditory echoic memory and short-term plasticity, is a well-established biomarker of schizophrenia that is sensitive to psychosis risk among individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR-P). Based on the NMDAR-hypofunction model of schizophrenia, NMDAR-dependent plasticity is predicted to contribute to aberrant neurodevelopmental processes involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia during late adolescence or young adulthood, including gray matter loss. Moreover, stress and inflammation disrupt plasticity. Therefore, using data collected during the 8-center North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS-2), we explored relationships between MMN amplitudes and salivary cortisol, gray matter volumes, and inflammatory cytokines. Participants included 303 CHR-P individuals with baseline electroencephalography (EEG) data recorded during an MMN paradigm as well as structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and salivary cortisol, of which a subsample (n = 57) also completed blood draws. More deficient MMN amplitudes were associated with greater salivary cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in future CHR-Converters, but not among those who did not convert to psychosis within the next two years. More deficient MMN amplitude was also associated with smaller total gray matter volume across participants regardless of future clinical outcomes, and with subcortical gray matter volumes among future CHR-Converters only. These findings are consistent with the theory that deficient NMDAR-dependent plasticity results in an overabundance of weak synapses that are subject to over-pruning during psychosis onset, contributing to gray matter loss. Further, MMN plasticity mechanisms may interact with stress, cortisol, and neuroinflammatory processes, representing a proximal influence of psychosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"46-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Approaches to Investigating Mismatch Responses in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Dirk C Gütlin, Hannah H McDermott, Miro Grundei, Ryszard Auksztulewicz","doi":"10.1177/15500594241253910","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241253910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alterations of mismatch responses (ie, neural activity evoked by unexpected stimuli) are often considered a potential biomarker of schizophrenia. Going beyond establishing the type of observed alterations found in diagnosed patients and related cohorts, computational methods can yield valuable insights into the underlying disruptions of neural mechanisms and cognitive function. Here, we adopt a typology of model-based approaches from computational cognitive neuroscience, providing an overview of the study of mismatch responses and their alterations in schizophrenia from four complementary perspectives: (a) connectivity models, (b) decoding models, (c) neural network models, and (d) cognitive models. Connectivity models aim at inferring the effective connectivity patterns between brain regions that may underlie mismatch responses measured at the sensor level. Decoding models use multivariate spatiotemporal mismatch response patterns to infer the type of sensory violations or to classify participants based on their diagnosis. Neural network models such as deep convolutional neural networks can be used for improved classification performance as well as for a systematic study of various aspects of empirical data. Finally, cognitive models quantify mismatch responses in terms of signaling and updating perceptual predictions over time. In addition to describing the available methodology and reviewing the results of recent computational psychiatry studies, we offer suggestions for future work applying model-based techniques to advance the study of mismatch responses in schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"8-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11664892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140946549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Synaptic Modeling of Pitch and Duration Mismatch Negativity in First-Episode Psychosis Reveals Selective Dysfunction of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor.","authors":"F López-Caballero, R Auksztulewicz, Z Howard, R E Rosch, J Todd, D F Salisbury","doi":"10.1177/15500594241238294","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241238294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mismatch negativity (MMN) to pitch (pMMN) and to duration (dMMN) deviant stimuli is significantly more attenuated in long-term psychotic illness compared to first-episode psychosis (FEP). It was recently shown that source-modeling of magnetically recorded MMN increases the detection of left auditory cortex MMN deficits in FEP, and that computational circuit modeling of electrically recorded MMN also reveals left-hemisphere auditory cortex abnormalities. Computational modeling using dynamic causal modeling (DCM) can also be used to infer synaptic activity from EEG-based scalp recordings. We measured pMMN and dMMN with EEG from 26 FEP and 26 matched healthy controls (HCs) and used a DCM conductance-based neural mass model including α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid, N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA), and Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors to identify any changes in effective connectivity and receptor rate constants in FEP. We modeled MMN sources in bilateral A1, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). No model parameters distinguished groups for pMMN. For dMMN, reduced NMDA receptor activity in right IFG in FEP was detected. This finding is in line with literature of prefrontal NMDA receptor hypofunction in chronic schizophrenia and suggests impaired NMDA-induced synaptic plasticity may be present at psychosis onset where scalp dMMN is only moderately reduced. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of impaired NMDA receptor activity in FEP found through computational modeling of dMMN and shows the potential of DCM to non-invasively reveal synaptic-level abnormalities that underly subtle functional auditory processing deficits in early psychosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"22-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11427614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Biomarkers Potentially Sensitive to Early Psychosis Using Mismatch Negativity (MMN) to Complex Pattern Deviations.","authors":"Dean F Salisbury, Fran López Caballero, Brian A Coffman","doi":"10.1177/15500594241254896","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241254896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infrequent stimulus deviations from repetitive sequences elicit mismatch negativity (MMN) even passively, making MMN practical for clinical applications. Auditory MMN is typically elicited by a change in one (or more) physical stimulus parameters (eg, pitch, duration). This lower-order simple MMN (sMMN) is impaired in long-term schizophrenia. However, sMMN contains activity from release from stimulus adaptation, clouding its face validity as purely deviance-related. More importantly, it is unreliably reduced in samples of first-episode psychosis, limiting its utility as a biomarker. Complex pattern-deviant MMN (cMMN) tasks, which elicit early and late responses, are based on higher-order abstractions and better isolate deviance detection. Their abstract nature may increase the sensitivity to processing deficits in early psychosis. However, both the early and late cMMNs are small, limiting separation between healthy and psychotic samples. In 29 healthy individuals, we tested a new dual-rule cMMN paradigm to assess additivity of deviance. Sounds alternated lateralization between left and right, and low and high pitches, creating a left-low, right-high alternating pattern. Deviants were a repeated left-low, violating lateralization and pitch patterns. Early and late cMMNs on the dual-rule task were significantly larger than those on the one-rule extra tone cMMN task (<i>P</i> < .05). Further, the dual-rule early cMMN was not significantly smaller than pitch or duration sMMNs (<i>P</i> > .48, .28, respectively). These results demonstrate additivity for cMMN pattern-violating rules. This increase in cMMN amplitude should increase group difference effect size, making it a prime candidate for a biomarker of disease presence at first psychotic episode, and perhaps even prior to the emergence of psychosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11910136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140960686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Neurofeedback Training on Cognitive Abilities Assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised in Children with Attention Deficit: A Randomized Single-Blind Sham-Controlled Study.","authors":"Rukiye Ölçüoğlu, İlknur Kozanoğlu, Mehmet Mıdık, Eylem Gül Ateş","doi":"10.1177/15500594241279997","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241279997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> This study aims to investigate the effects of a neurofeedback system on cognitive skills, as measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), in a cohort of 100 children aged 8 to 12 who were diagnosed with attention deficit.<b>Materials and Methods:</b> A randomized single-blind sham control group design was employed, with 50 participants assigned to the experimental group receiving neurofeedback training and 50 participants assigned to the sham group receiving simulated training. Participants were selected through random sampling from individuals seeking assistance at a specialized education center over the course of one year (May 2021-2022). Pre- and post-test WISC-R assessments were administered to both groups to evaluate participants' mental performance. The experimental group underwent a total of 60 sessions of quantitative electroencephalography-based infralow frequency neurofeedback training, with half-hour sessions conducted three days a week over a five-month period. The post-test WISC-R was administered at the end of the sixth month.<b>Results:</b> The results revealed significant differences between the pre- and post-training test scores, specifically in terms of verbal IQ, picture arrangement, performance IQ, and total IQ (p = 0.016, p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively), when comparing the differences between the two groups.<b>Conclusion:</b> These findings indicate a notable improvement in performance IQ, total IQ, and a reduction in attention deficits among the neurofeedback group based on the WISC-R assessments. Future studies should consider employing larger sample sizes, including appropriate control groups, and conducting long-term follow-ups to further elucidate the clinical significance of these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"603-612"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-attentive and Attentive Auditory Event-related Potentials in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism.","authors":"Ulrich Schall, Ross Fulham, Max Günther, Jessica Bergmann, Renate Thienel, Julie Ortmann, Natalie G Wall, Paula Gómez Álvarez, Anne-Marie Youlden","doi":"10.1177/15500594241255499","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241255499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abnormalities in auditory processing are believed to play a major role in autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both conditions often co-occur in children, causing difficulties in deciding the most promising intervention. Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been investigated and are showing promise to act as potential biomarkers for both conditions. This study investigated mismatch negativity (MMN) using a passive listening task and P3b in an active auditory go/no-go discrimination task. Recordings were available from 103 children (24 females): 35 with ADHD, 27 autistic, 15 autistic children with co-occurring ADHD, and 26 neurotypical (NT) children. The age range considered was between 4 and 17 years, but varied between groups. The results revealed increases in the MMN and P3b amplitudes with age. Older children with ADHD exhibited smaller P3b amplitudes, while younger autistic children showed reduced MMN amplitudes in response to phoneme changes compared to their NT counterparts. Notably, children diagnosed with autism and ADHD did not follow this pattern; instead, they exhibited more similarities to NT children. The reduced amplitudes of phonetically elicited MMN in children with autism and reduced P3b in children with ADHD suggest that the two respective ERPs can act as potential biomarkers for each condition. However, optimisation and standardisation of the testing protocol, as well as longitudinal studies are required in order to translate these findings into clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"613-624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140960801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal Electroencephalogram Findings and Its Correlation With Clinical Features From Pediatric Patients in Psychiatric Clinic.","authors":"Young Jun Ko, Jae Hyun Han, Anna Cho, Heejeong Yoo, Hunmin Kim","doi":"10.1177/15500594241256170","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241256170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities in pediatric patients attending an outpatient psychiatry clinic at a tertiary center. We examined the rates of abnormalities and specific findings based on demographics, specific diagnoses, and clinical severity. <b>Methods:</b> This study included pediatric patients who underwent EEG at the outpatient psychiatry clinic. Patient demographics, psychiatric diagnosis, intellectual disability, intelligent quotient (IQ) score, family history of psychiatric disorders, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score were obtained through retrospective electronic health record analysis. The rate of EEG abnormalities was calculated, and specific abnormal findings were reviewed. Relationships between the rate of EEG abnormalities and diagnosis, severity, IQ, and age at EEG examination were analyzed. <b>Results:</b> Of 319 patients who underwent EEG, 21.3% (68 patients) of patients exhibited abnormalities, including background abnormalities (14.7%, 47 patients), interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) (10.3%, 33 patients), and a slow posterior dominant rhythm (3.8%, 10 patients). The frontal region was the most commonly affected area. Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) had the most frequent abnormalities (29.8%), followed by anxiety (16.7%), sleep (14.3%), mood (11.7%), psychotic (5%), and conduct disorders (0%). Disease severity did not correlate with the rate of EEG abnormalities. Adjusted for age, sex, severity, and family history, patients with EEG abnormalities exhibited lower IQ scores. <b>Conclusion:</b> EEG abnormalities were common in pediatric patients with psychiatric disorders, with background abnormalities detected as frequently as IEDs. Disease severity was not associated with EEG abnormality, while IQ scores showed a negative correlation.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"636-642"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141082921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurofeedback Training in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review of Personalization and Methodological Features Facilitating Training Conditions.","authors":"Luisa Himmelmeier, Katja Werheid","doi":"10.1177/15500594241279580","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241279580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i> Current research on the effectiveness of neurofeedback (NFB) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is divided. Personalized NFB (pNFB), using pre-recorded individual electroencephalogram (EEG) features, is hypothesized to provide more reliable results. Our paper reviews available evidence on pNFB effectiveness and its methodological quality. Additionally, it explores whether other methodological features implying personalization are related to successful NFB. <i>Methods.</i> We conducted a systematic literature review on PubMed, PSYNDEX, PsycInfo and PsycArticles until November, 30, 2023. Studies that focused on pNFB in children with ADHD were selected, deviant studies excluded. Quality ratings by independent raters using Loney's¹ criteria were conducted. Pooled effect sizes for NFB effects and methodological features were calculated. <i>Results.</i> Three of 109 studies included personalization and were reviewed in the full-text. In two studies, theta/beta-NFB was personalized using individual alpha peak frequencies (iAPF), whereas in one study, individual beta rhythms were trained. All three studies demonstrated significant short- and long-term improvements in ADHD symptoms, as assessed by questionnaires and objective performance tests, when compared to standard protocols (SP), sham-NFB, and control conditions. Twelve of 111 studies reported methodological features consistently related to NFB effectiveness. These features, including self-control instructions, feedback animations, timing of feedback presentation, behavioral performance, pre-recorded individual ERP-components and stimulant medication dosage, can be used to personalize NFB and enhance training success. <i>Conclusion.</i> Personalizing NFB with iAPF appears promising based on the existing -albeit small- body of research. Future NFB studies should include iAPF and other personalized features facilitating implementation consistently associated with treatment success.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"625-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Effect of Antiseizure Medications on Cognition in Patients With Epilepsy.","authors":"Dilara Mermi Dibek, Hatice Eraslan Boz, İbrahim Öztura, Barış Baklan","doi":"10.1177/15500594241266283","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241266283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background.</i> The effect of antiseizure medications (ASMs) on cognition varies depending on the type of ASM. We aimed to investigate the effects of ASMs on patients with epilepsy based on the conflicting findings in the literature. <i>Methods.</i> Patients diagnosed with epilepsy who were taking ASMs were included. All patients underwent a neuropsychiatric assessment, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and general psychopathological tests. The patients were divided into polytherapy and monotherapy groups. Subgroups were categorized according to the type of ASMs, dosage, and duration of monotherapy. <i>Results.</i> Ninety-seven patients were included in this study. The polytherapy group showed a significant decrease in attention, total learning, and interpretation of proverbs compared to the monotherapy group. In the monotherapy group, carbamazepine use had a moderate positive correlation with working memory (<i>r</i> = .669; <i>P</i> = .034), and a strong negative correlation with maintaining attention (<i>r</i> = -.740; <i>P</i> = .014). The duration of levetiracetam monotherapy was negatively correlated with verbal memory (immediate recall <i>r</i> = -.436, <i>P</i> = .038; free recall <i>r</i> = .426, <i>P</i> = .043) and negatively weakly correlated with naming performance (<i>r</i> = -.488, <i>P</i> = .025). <i>Conclusion.</i> The study showed polytherapy may affect verbal and working memory. Carbamazepine may affect working memory and the maintenance of attention in a dose-dependent manner. Levetiracetam may cause impairments in verbal memory and naming, depending on the duration of usage.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"643-650"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141736025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}