Clinical EEG and neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Neurofeedback Training in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review of Personalization and Methodological Features Facilitating Training Conditions.","authors":"Luisa Himmelmeier, Katja Werheid","doi":"10.1177/15500594241279580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594241279580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i> Current research on the effectiveness of neurofeedback (NFB) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is divided. Personalized NFB (pNFB), using pre-recorded individual electroencephalogram (EEG) features, is hypothesized to provide more reliable results. Our paper reviews available evidence on pNFB effectiveness and its methodological quality. Additionally, it explores whether other methodological features implying personalization are related to successful NFB. <i>Methods.</i> We conducted a systematic literature review on PubMed, PSYNDEX, PsycInfo and PsycArticles until November, 30, 2023. Studies that focused on pNFB in children with ADHD were selected, deviant studies excluded. Quality ratings by independent raters using Loney's¹ criteria were conducted. Pooled effect sizes for NFB effects and methodological features were calculated. <i>Results.</i> Three of 109 studies included personalization and were reviewed in the full-text. In two studies, theta/beta-NFB was personalized using individual alpha peak frequencies (iAPF), whereas in one study, individual beta rhythms were trained. All three studies demonstrated significant short- and long-term improvements in ADHD symptoms, as assessed by questionnaires and objective performance tests, when compared to standard protocols (SP), sham-NFB, and control conditions. Twelve of 111 studies reported methodological features consistently related to NFB effectiveness. These features, including self-control instructions, feedback animations, timing of feedback presentation, behavioral performance, pre-recorded individual ERP-components and stimulant medication dosage, can be used to personalize NFB and enhance training success. <i>Conclusion.</i> Personalizing NFB with iAPF appears promising based on the existing -albeit small- body of research. Future NFB studies should include iAPF and other personalized features facilitating implementation consistently associated with treatment success.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontal Activity of Recent Suicide Attempters: EEG spectrum Power Performing Raven Task.","authors":"Nafee Rasouli, Seyed Kazem Malakouti, Masoumeh Bayat, Firouzeh Mahjoubnavaz, Niloofar Fallahinia, Reza Khosrowabadi","doi":"10.1177/15500594241273125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594241273125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background:</i> Deficits in problem-solving may be related to vulnerability to suicidal behavior. We aimed to identify the electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum associated with the performance of the Raven as a reasoning/problem-solving task among individuals with recent suicide attempts. <i>Methods</i>: This study with the case-control method, consisted of 61 participants who were assigned to three groups: Suicide attempt + Major Depressive Disorder (SA + MDD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and Healthy Control (HC). All participants underwent clinical evaluations and problem-solving abilities. Subsequently, EEG signals were recorded while performing the Raven task. <i>Results</i>: The SA + MDD and MDD groups were significantly different from the HC group in terms of anxiety, reasons for life, and hopelessness. Regarding brain oscillations in performing the raven task, increased theta, gamma, and betha power extending over the frontal areas, including anterior prefrontal cortex, dlPFC, pre-SMA, inferior frontal cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex, was significant in SA + MDD compared with other groups. The alpha wave was more prominent in the left frontal, particularly in dlPFC in SA + MDD. Compared to the MDD group, the SA + MDD group had a shorter reaction time, while their response accuracy did not differ significantly. <i>Conclusions</i>: Suicidal patients have more frontal activity in planning and executive function than the two other groups. Nevertheless, it seems that reduced activity in the left frontal region, which plays a crucial role in managing emotional distress, can contribute to suicidal tendencies among vulnerable individuals. <i>Limitation</i> The small sample size and chosen difficult trials for the Raven task were the most limitations of the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Complex Mismatch Negativity in Early Phase Psychosis Using the Dual Rule Paradigm.","authors":"Jenna N Bissonnette, T-Jay Anderson, Candice E Crocker, Philip G Tibbo, Dean F Salisbury, Derek J Fisher","doi":"10.1177/15500594241273287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594241273287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the simple mismatch negativity (MMN), a marker of auditory cortex function, has been of great interest in the exploration of biomarkers for psychotic illness. Despite many studies reporting MMN deficits in chronic schizophrenia, there are inconsistent reports of MMN reductions in the early phases of psychotic illness, suggesting the MMN elicited by traditional paradigms may not be a sensitive enough measure of vulnerability to be used as a biomarker. Recently, a more computationally complex measure of auditory cortex function (the complex mismatch negativity; cMMN) has been hypothesized to provide a more sensitive marker of illness vulnerability. The current study employed a novel dual rule paradigm, in which two pattern rules are established and violated, to examine the cMMN in 14 individuals with early phase psychosis (EPP, < 5 years illness) and 15 healthy controls (HC). Relationships between cMMN waveforms, symptom severity, and measures of functioning were explored. We found reductions of cMMN amplitudes at the site of maximal amplitude in EPP (<i>p </i>= .017) with large effect sizes (<i>Hedges' g </i>= 0.96). This study is an early step in the exploration of the cMMN as a biomarker for psychosis. Our results provide evidence that the dual rule cMMN paradigm shows promise as a method for cMMN elicitation that captures more subtle neurofunctional changes in the early stages of illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141989734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Complex Pattern Mismatch Negativity as a Potential Indicator of Psychosis Across all Phases of Illness: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Ashley M Francis, Sydney Slaunwhite-Hay, Kara Dempster, Natalia Jaworska, Philip G Tibbo, Derek J Fisher","doi":"10.1177/15500594241264870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594241264870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past decade, there has been extensive research on the mismatch negativity (MMN) and its promise as a biomarker of illness in people with schizophrenia (SZ). Nevertheless, when attempting to assess the early stages of illness progression, the utility of MMN has been inconsistent. Recently, researchers have been investigating a more advanced MMN paradigm (the complex MMN [cMMN]) which is believed to index higher-order cognitive processing and has been suggested to be a more effective indicator of the early phases of SZ. The cMMN is defined as a paradigm that relies on alterations within a pre-established pattern of stimuli. In this meta-analysis, we investigated cMMN deficits in individuals with SZ, including an analysis involving those in the first 5 years of illness. Our search also included individuals with bipolar disorder who experience psychosis; however, no related papers were found and thus, no findings are reported. Our findings indicate a small/moderate effect (d = 0.47), suggesting that individuals with SZ exhibit reduced cMMN amplitudes compared to individuals without SZ. Interestingly, this effect seems to be more pronounced in individuals within the first 5 years of their illness (d = 0.58), suggesting that cMMN might be a more sensitive biomarker in the early phases of SZ compared to traditional paradigms.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141880007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closed-Loop Infraslow Brain-Computer Interface can Modulate Cortical Activity and Connectivity in Individuals With Chronic Painful Knee Osteoarthritis: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.","authors":"Jerin Mathew, Divya Bharatkumar Adhia, Mark Llewellyn Smith, Dirk De Ridder, Ramakrishnan Mani","doi":"10.1177/15500594241264892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594241264892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction.</i> Chronic pain is a percept due to an imbalance in the activity between sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective, and descending pain-inhibitory brain regions. Evidence suggests that electroencephalography (EEG) infraslow fluctuation neurofeedback (ISF-NF) training can improve clinical outcomes. It is unknown whether such training can induce EEG activity and functional connectivity (FC) changes. A secondary data analysis of a feasibility clinical trial was conducted to determine whether EEG ISF-NF training can significantly alter EEG activity and FC between the targeted cortical regions in people with chronic painful knee osteoarthritis (OA). <i>Methods.</i> A parallel, two-arm, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial was conducted. People with chronic knee pain associated with OA were randomized to receive sham NF training or source-localized ratio ISF-NF training protocol to down-train ISF bands at the somatosensory (SSC), dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC), and uptrain pregenual anterior cingulate cortices (pgACC). Resting state EEG was recorded at baseline and immediate post-training. <i>Results.</i> The source localization mapping demonstrated a reduction (<i>P</i> = .04) in the ISF band activity at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LdlPFC) in the active NF group. Region of interest analysis yielded significant differences for ISF (<i>P</i> = .008), slow (<i>P</i> = .007), beta (<i>P</i> = .043), and gamma (<i>P</i> = .012) band activities at LdlPFC, dACC, and bilateral SSC. The FC between pgACC and left SSC in the delta band was negatively correlated with pain bothersomeness in the ISF-NF group. <i>Conclusion.</i> The EEG ISF-NF training can modulate EEG activity and connectivity in individuals with chronic painful knee osteoarthritis, and the observed EEG changes correlate with clinical pain measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal Temporal Window of Integration in Auditory Sensory Memory in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Ren Asai, Hirooki Yabe, Tomiharu Hiruma, Takashi Matsuoka, Haruko Asai, Etsuko Hara, Yuhei Mori, Ken Suzutani, Hiroshi Hoshino, Tetsuya Shiga, Itaru Miura, Koichi Hirata, Sunao Kaneko","doi":"10.1177/15500594241263378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594241263378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mismatch negativity (MMN) is automatically elicited by incoming sound deviation compared to the neural representation of preceding homogenous sounds stored in the brain's auditory sensory memory. This study aimed to assess time-functional deviation sensitivity in auditory sensory memory associated with a temporal window of integration (TWI) of 160-170 msec in patients with schizophrenia. To this end, we measured the magnetic counterpart of the MMN (MMNm) in 20 patients with schizophrenia on medication and 20 healthy age-matched adults as a control group responding to an omitted tone segment incorporated into a complex sound of 176 ms duration corresponding to the TWI duration. Overall, the magnitude of the MMNm was smaller in the patients with schizophrenia than in the healthy control group. The peak latency of the MMNm was prolonged in the latter omitted segments for both groups, but to a greater extent in patients with schizophrenia. These results indicate that deviation detection is impaired in the later part of the TWI, corresponding to the duration of auditory sensory memory in patients with schizophrenia. Thus, the specific impairment of MMN in response to duration deviants (duration MMN), as previously reported, might result from a damaged mechanism in the later part of the TWI of sensory memory, suggesting that a decline in sensory memory causes distorted perception or disturbances in cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141736024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Effect of Antiseizure Medications on Cognition in Patients With Epilepsy.","authors":"Dilara Mermi Dibek, Hatice Eraslan Boz, İbrahim Öztura, Barış Baklan","doi":"10.1177/15500594241266283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594241266283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background.</i> The effect of antiseizure medications (ASMs) on cognition varies depending on the type of ASM. We aimed to investigate the effects of ASMs on patients with epilepsy based on the conflicting findings in the literature. <i>Methods.</i> Patients diagnosed with epilepsy who were taking ASMs were included. All patients underwent a neuropsychiatric assessment, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and general psychopathological tests. The patients were divided into polytherapy and monotherapy groups. Subgroups were categorized according to the type of ASMs, dosage, and duration of monotherapy. <i>Results.</i> Ninety-seven patients were included in this study. The polytherapy group showed a significant decrease in attention, total learning, and interpretation of proverbs compared to the monotherapy group. In the monotherapy group, carbamazepine use had a moderate positive correlation with working memory (<i>r</i> = .669; <i>P</i> = .034), and a strong negative correlation with maintaining attention (<i>r</i> = -.740; <i>P</i> = .014). The duration of levetiracetam monotherapy was negatively correlated with verbal memory (immediate recall <i>r</i> = -.436, <i>P</i> = .038; free recall <i>r</i> = .426, <i>P</i> = .043) and negatively weakly correlated with naming performance (<i>r</i> = -.488, <i>P</i> = .025). <i>Conclusion.</i> The study showed polytherapy may affect verbal and working memory. Carbamazepine may affect working memory and the maintenance of attention in a dose-dependent manner. Levetiracetam may cause impairments in verbal memory and naming, depending on the duration of usage.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141736025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remediation of Learning Difficulty Utilizing School-Based Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Measured by EEG Theta-Alpha and Theta-Beta Ratio During Resting and Cognitive Task Performance Conditions.","authors":"Pratima Kaushik, Pranav Kumar Shrivastava","doi":"10.1177/15500594241252483","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241252483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background.</i> EEG is an effective tool due to its ability to capture and interpret the changes in brain activity under different situations. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) can be essential in evaluating and treating children's learning problems. <i>Methods and procedure.</i> Fifty school-going children with difficulty in learning were studied. Analysis of the difference between pre-intervention and postintervention EEG power ratio of frequency bands, including Theta to Beta and Theta to Alpha, while eyes-closed, eyes-open, hyperventilation, writing, and reading conditions and the values for relative powers were calculated. The study correlated postintervention theta/beta ratio (TBR) and theta/alpha ratio (TAR) values with behavioral measures. <i>Results.</i> The findings suggested that there was a significant difference in pre-intervention and postintervention relative TAR and TBR power values. A significant increase of TAR and TBR power values was observed in eyes-closed (resting), hyperventilation, writing, and reading task conditions, indicative of a state of arousal at FP1FP2, T3T4, and O1O2 scalp locations. During eye open conditions, the TAR and TBR were significantly low at all 3 scalp locations, indicating a relaxed, conscious, and aware state of mind. Postintervention TAR and TBR values were significantly correlated with behavioral measures during 5 task conditions on several scalp locations. <i>Conclusion.</i> These quantitative electroencephalogram findings in children with learning problems indicate that with the increased complexity of the cognitive tasks, TAR and TBR increase, while postintervention, children could attain a relaxed and conscious state of mind during eyes-open condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140946501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Visual Prediction Impaired in Adolescents with Autism spectrum Disorder? Event-Related Potentials in a Cued Visual GO/NOGO Task.","authors":"Linda A Häger, Anne L Høyland, Juri D Kropotov, Jakob Åsberg Johnels, Benhard Weidle, Stig Hollup, Christopher Gillberg, Eva Billstedt, Geir Ogrim","doi":"10.1177/15500594241227974","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241227974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> Deviant visual processing has been observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), manifesting as decreased P1 and P2 components of visual event-related potentials (ERPs). Alterations have been attributed to a failure of Bayesian inference, characterized by hypo-activation of top-down predictive abilities. To test this hypothesis, we measured the visual negativity (vN) as an ERP index of visual preparation hypothesized to mirror predictive brain activity. <b>Method:</b> ERPs in a cued visual GO/NOGO task in 63 adolescents with ASD (IQ > 70, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder excluded) were compared with ERPs in a sex- and age-matched group of 60 typically developing (TD) controls. <b>Results:</b> The behavioral variables (omissions, commissions, reaction time, and reaction time variability), as well as ERP components reflecting, among other processes, cognitive control (contingent negative variation, P3 GO, P3 NOGO, N2 NOGO) did not differ between the groups. There were group differences in visually based ERPs. Besides P1 and P2 differences, the vN component differentiated the 2 groups with the highest effect size (<i>d</i>  =  0.74).<b>Conclusion:</b> This ERP study lends support to the hypothesis suggesting that a Bayesian hypo-prediction could underlie unique perceptual experiences in individuals with ASD. This could lead to a predisposition to perceive the world with reduced influence and modulation from contextual cues, prior experiences, and pre-existing expectations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear EEG Analysis During Motor and Cognitive Tasks in Patients With Long COVID: A Dynamic Systems Approach.","authors":"Gislene Diniz Morais, Pablo Andrei Appelt, Eduardo de Moura Neto, Rodrigo Bazan, Ariana Moura Cabral, Adriano de Oliveira Andrade, Gustavo José Luvizutto, Luciane Aparecida Pascucci Sande de Souza","doi":"10.1177/15500594241252484","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594241252484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction.</b> Nonlinear EEG provides information about dynamic properties of the brain. This study aimed to compare nonlinear EEG parameters estimated from patients with Long COVID in different cognitive and motor tasks. <b>Materials and Methods.</b> This 12-month prospective cohort study included 83 patients with Long COVID: 53 symptomatic and 30 asymptomatic. Brain electrical activity was evaluated by EEG in 4 situations: (1) at rest, (2) during the Trail Making Test Part A (TMT-A), (3) during the TMT Part B (TMT-B), and (4) during a coordination task: the Box and Blocks Test (BBT). Nonlinear EEG parameters were estimated in the time domain (activity and complexity). Assessments were made at 0 to 3, 3 to 6, and 6 to 12 months after inclusion. <b>Results.</b> There was a decrease in activity and complexity during the TMT-A and TMT-B, and an increase of these parameters during the BBT in both groups. There was an increase in activity at rest and during the TMT-A in the COVID-19 group at 0 to 3 months compared to the control, an increase in activity in the TMT-B in the COVID-19 group at 3 to 6 months compared to the control, and reduced activity and complexity at rest and during the TMT-A at 6 to 12 months compared to the control. <b>Conclusion.</b> The tasks followed a pattern of increased activity and complexity in cognitive tasks, which decreased during the coordination task. It was also observed that an increase in activity at rest and during cognitive tasks in the early stages, and reduced activity and complexity at rest and during cognitive tasks in the late phases of Long COVID.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}