Clinical EEG and neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Risk Factors for White Matter Lesion Burden in Adults with Focal Epilepsy.","authors":"Xu Zhang, Wenjie Zhang, Chang Ge, Mingbo Hu, Rui Li, Kun Luo","doi":"10.1177/15500594261465502","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594261465502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with White matter hyperintensities burden in adults with focal epilepsy.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of 60 patients with focal epilepsy treated at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between October 2024 and October 2025. Patients were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients underwent 17-h scalp video electroencephalography and 3 T brain magnetic resonance imaging (3D T1 and 3D FLAIR sequences, 1.0-mm slices). Clinical features were documented from caregiver-reported symptoms, video recordings, seizure frequency and duration during the preceding two months, and medical history. Seizure type and epilepsy classification were determined in a multidisciplinary conference in accordance with the 2017 International League Against Epilepsy guidelines. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes and the periventricular region were scored using the modified Scheltens scale, and a total WMH score was calculated. Non-parametric tests were used to compare regional WMH scores. The total WMH score was categorized into four levels: 0 (score ≤1), 1 (score >1-5), 2 (score >5-10), and 3 (score ≥10). Univariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with WMH burden.ResultsWhite matter hyperintensities were observed in 71.7% of patients. Lesions were predominantly located in the subcortical U-fibers and deep white matter, with fewer in the white matter adjacent to the cortex and in the corpus callosum. Frontal lobe WMH scores were significantly higher than temporal and occipital scores (P < 0.05). Most WMH were smaller than 3 mm in diameter(58%), whereas larger lesions were uncommon(42%). In multivariate analysis, age (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.01-1.10), seizure duration (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.13-2.24), and the presence of interictal epileptiform discharges (OR = 5.83, 95% CI 1.71-19.87) were independently associated with greater WMH burden. After adjustment for age, seizure duration, interictal epileptiform discharges, and a seizure frequency exceeding once per day were identified as independent risk factors for WMH burden.ConclusionWMH are common in adults with focal epilepsy, and the frontal lobe is the most frequently affected region. Age, interictal epileptiform discharges, and seizure duration are independent risk factors for greater WMH burden. WMH may serve as an imaging marker for clinical seizure severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"565-573"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148400132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG Profile Associated with the Developmental Outcomes of Preschool Children Born Very Preterm.","authors":"Yuliang Wang, Ouyang Guang, Tatia M C Lee, Cuixin Li, Lok Kan Leung, Shiting Liang, Winnie W Y Tso","doi":"10.1177/15500594261454408","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594261454408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundPreschool children born preterm are at risk of developmental delay and cognitive deficits. However, the neurocognitive underpinnings of the cognitive deficits in preterm children remain unclear.AimsThis study aimed to compare quantitative EEG (qEEG) profiles and cognitive function between preterm and full-term children aged 4 to 6 years.MethodChildren's cognitive ability was assessed using the Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese (GDS-C). Resting-state EEG was recorded, and spectrum analysis was conducted. In addition to conventional band power analysis, aperiodic components (exponent and offset) and center frequency of the dominant oscillatory peak were calculated by fitting oscillations and one-over-f (FOOOF).ResultsThe study recruited 28 preterm-born children (15 girls, mean age = 62.14 months, SD = 7.31) and17 age-matched full-term children (7 girls, mean age = 59.8 months, SD = 8.49) Preterm children showed significantly elevated aperiodic offset and exponent. They also exhibited significantly slower center frequency of the dominant oscillatory peak and higher delta and theta band power compared to full-term children.ConclusionPreterm children demonstrated elevated aperiodic offset and exponent and slower center frequency of the dominant oscillatory peak compared to full-term children, at preschool age. These findings suggest that preschool children born preterm may exhibit less efficient functional neural connections and delayed brain maturation.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"500-510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148229589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Motor Functions in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Milad Iravani, Maryam Moghaddam Salimi, Ali Jahan, Tohid Jafari Koshki, Abbas Ebrahimi Kalan","doi":"10.1177/15500594261492462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594261492462","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThis study investigated the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) targeting the supplementary motor area (SMA) on motor performance and neural activity in healthy individuals.MethodsIn a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, 60 right-handed participants received active tPBM (850 nm, 60 mW/cm², 36 J/cm²) or sham stimulation over the SMA for four consecutive days. Motor performance was assessed using a sequential finger-tapping task for both hands. Neural activity was evaluated using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) at rest.ResultsActive tPBM significantly improved non-dominant hand motor performance compared to sham, with reductions in reaction time and total movement time, and increased accuracy (all p < 0.001 after Bonferroni correction). qEEG showed significant increases in alpha and beta power at C3 and C4 electrodes in the active group (all p < 0.001 after correction). No significant changes were observed in the sham group.ConclusionThese findings suggest that short-term tPBM targeting the SMA can enhance motor performance, particularly of the non-dominant hand, and increase sensorimotor alpha and beta power in healthy young adults. Further research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"15500594261492462"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149168704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serial qEEG as a Neurophysiological Profiling and Treatment Monitoring Tool in dTMS-Treated Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report.","authors":"Harin Oh, Jaewon Lee","doi":"10.1177/15500594261474265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594261474265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition, yet current treatment approaches - predominantly behavioral and communicative - pharmacological option limited to symptomatic relief, with limited benefit for individuals with more severe presentations. Here we report an 8-year-old male with ASD presenting with social withdrawal, anxiety, and self-injurious behavior (SIB), who underwent quantitative electroencephalography(qEEG)-guided deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) over 40 sessions. Baseline qEEG demonstrated generalized cortical hyperexcitability - characterized by elevated absolute power across most frequency bands and diffuse coherence elevation - consistent with a maturational lag pattern previously described in ASD. We hypothesized that this profile might offer a neurobiological rationale for BDNF-activating neuromodulatory approach via dTMS. Serial qEEG assessments every 10 sessions enabled quantitative monitoring of treatment response; introduction of the H7 coil from the 21st session associated with subsequent delta reduction and partial resolution of central/posterior high-beta activity. CARS-2 scores decreased from 34 at baseline to 20 at treatment completion - a 41% reduction, representing a shift to the non-autistic range - coinciding with reduced anxiety-related behaviors, improved language, and overall reduction in SIB. This case illustrates the potential dual utility of qEEG as a neurophysiological profiling tool and a quantitative biomarker of treatment response, contributing preliminary evidence for the clinical utility of dTMS in ASD and highlighting the value of neurophysiologically informed, precision-based approach to psychiatric care.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"15500594261474265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LORETA Z-Score Neurofeedback and Dot-Probe Cognitive Rehabilitation for Reducing Addiction Severity in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder Receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Alireza Faridi, Farhad Taremian, Roghayeh Najafi-Dehjalali, Robert W Thatcher","doi":"10.1177/15500594261494405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594261494405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundOpioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a persistent and challenging condition often treated with Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT). However, additional interventions may enhance treatment outcomes. This study investigates the comparison of Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography Z Score Neurofeedback (LZNFB) with Dot-Probe Cognitive Rehabilitation (DPCR) in reducing the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) in opioid addicts.MethodsIn this randomized controlled clinical trial with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design, 30 men with OUD under MMT were randomly assigned into three groups: LZNFB, DPCR, and control (MMT alone). The LZNFB group underwent 20 sessions of LZNFB, while the DPCR group received 15 individual sessions over two weeks using the dot-probe task. The control group continued with MMT alone. ASI scores were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and during follow-up.ResultsThe results indicate that both interventions showed greater numerical improvement in ASI scores, with LZNFB, particularly in improving employment and support, family/social status, psychiatric status, and drug use sub-components.ConclusionThe findings preliminarily suggest that within-group improvements were observed following LZNFB and DPCR interventions. However, given the pilot nature of this study and the lack of robust between-group interaction analysis, these results should be interpreted with caution. Further fully powered studies with sham controls are required to confirm comparative efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"15500594261494405"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the P300 Component in Children Practicing Karate at Different Stages of Biological Maturation: An Investigation of Attention and Working Memory.","authors":"Eduardo Nicoliche, Alexandre Vasconcelos, Marcos Machado, Guaraci Tanaka, Danielle Aprigio, Paulo Cardoso Junior, Renan Vicente, Adriana Marques, Thiago Vivacqua, Élida Costa, Mariana Gongora, Jessé Di Giacomo, Marcelo Nobre, Silmar Teixeira, Victor Hugo Bastos, Mauricio Cagy, Isabelle Fernandes, Pedro Ribeiro, Henning Budde, Bruna Velasques","doi":"10.1177/15500594261492489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594261492489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectivesTo investigate attention and working memory by comparing children who practice Karate with non-Karate practitioners at different stages of biological maturation through P300 amplitude and latency during a Go/No-Go paradigm.MethodsThe P300 component was analyzed at the Fz, Cz, and Pz electrodes in 80 participants divided into two groups: Karate practitioners and non-Karate practitioners. Each group was subdivided by Peak Height Velocity into two maturational levels.ResultsAt Pz, a Group × Peak Height Velocity interaction was found for P300 amplitude (F = 45.85, p < 0.001). At Cz, a Group × Peak Height Velocity interaction was also observed for P300 amplitude (F = 10.41, p = 0.004). At Fz, main effects of Group and Peak Height Velocity were found for P300 amplitude (F = 40.33, p = 0.010; F = 36.73, p = 0.012, respectively) and latency (F = 7.71, p = 0.012; F = 38.37, p = 0.010, respectively). The Karate group showed different electrocortical patterns across electrodes and maturational stages, with lower P300 amplitude in several comparisons and latency effects modulated by biological maturation.ConclusionContrary to the initial hypothesis of higher P300 amplitude in Karate practitioners, Karate practice and biological maturation appear to influence behavioral performance and P300 markers of target-related attentional processing in the opposite direction. The findings suggest altered efficiency in attentional processing and response evaluation rather than a uniform increase in P300 amplitude. Biological maturation should be controlled in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"15500594261492489"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of Low-Frequency Oscillatory Activity as an Indicator of Post-Stroke Injury and Recovery.","authors":"Jasper I Mark, Rachana Gangwani, Courtney Snyder, Jessica M Cassidy","doi":"10.1177/15500594261488982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594261488982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundThis study investigated the roles of delta (1-3 Hz) and beta (20-30 Hz) electroencephalography (EEG) oscillatory activity at rest in post-stroke recovery. Driven by previous work linking delta and beta activity with stroke-related injury and motor recovery, this study sought to validate these findings in an independent cohort, addressing the need for confirmatory studies in stroke biomarker development.MethodsIndividuals with stroke admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation facility along with a control group of unimpaired adults were recruited. Participants completed motor assessments and two EEG recordings near the time of facility admission and discharge. Coherence and power were computed, and structural imaging was obtained to assess stroke-related injury. Mixed-effects linear models and correlation analyses were employed to evaluate relationships between EEG measures and motor status, recovery, and injury.ResultsThis work replicated key EEG biomarker findings from previous work. Individuals post-stroke (n  =  30) depicted elevated delta coherence between bilateral motor cortices at the time of IRF admission that decreased over time, paralleling motor recovery and resembling coherence observed in controls (n  =  17) by IRF discharge. Greater corticospinal tract injury and lesion volume were associated with greater delta and beta coherence and delta power, respectively, in leads overlying bilateral sensorimotor regions.ConclusionsReplication of these findings in an independent cohort further substantiates resting-state low-frequency oscillatory activity as a marker of stroke-related injury and recovery. Collectively, these results support the validity of EEG-derived biomarkers in stroke and suggest that delta-band activity may represent a particularly relevant biomarker during early post-stroke motor recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"15500594261488982"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Efficacy of High-Frequency Deep Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression and the Predictive Role of Baseline Triglyceride Levels: A Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial.","authors":"Lin Liu, Juntao Wang, Zhenguo Wu, Jincheng Wang, Na Li, Meng Wang","doi":"10.1177/15500594261487817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594261487817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-frequency deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-dTMS) for depressive disorder and to explore whether baseline fasting triglyceride (TG) levels predict treatment response.MethodsIn this randomized, sham-controlled trial, 80 patients with moderate-to-severe depressive disorder were allocated to active HF-dTMS (n = 40) or sham stimulation (n = 40). Participants received 20 sessions over 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) scores from baseline to the end of treatment. Fasting TG levels were measured at baseline. We examined the association between baseline TG and symptom improvement and tested the interaction between TG and treatment assignment.ResultsActive HF-dTMS produced a significantly greater reduction in HAMD-17 scores than sham stimulation. Higher baseline TG levels were associated with greater symptom improvement. The relationship between TG and treatment response was stronger in the active HF-dTMS group than in the sham group, indicating that baseline TG may modify the treatment effect.ConclusionHF-dTMS was generally well tolerated and was associated with greater reductions in depressive symptoms than sham stimulation. Baseline fasting TG levels may be associated with the magnitude of treatment response and could serve as a potential exploratory biomarker for individualized dTMS treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"15500594261487817"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148922175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurophysiological Evidence of Enhanced Cognitive Control Following Auditory Control Enhancement (ACE) Therapy: A Pilot RCT in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders with Persistent Auditory Hallucinations.","authors":"Brian A Coffman, Dylan Seebold, Jenay Kocsis, Brianna Lepore, Lauren Fowler, Hayley Rhorer, Jack Kavanagh, Fran Lopez-Caballero, Alfredo Sklar, Dean F Salisbury","doi":"10.1177/15500594261481572","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594261481572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia (Sz) involves positive symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and delusions, and are commonly linked to deficits in cognitive control. These deficits appear in tasks like the A-X version of the continuous performance test (AX-CPT), which reflects reduced proactive control, and in diminished auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) during selective attention. Notably, in Sz, ASSR to sounds presented during diverted attention increases with hallucination severity. We report results from a single-blind randomized controlled trial evaluating Auditory Control Enhancement (ACE) therapy-the combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) paired with Auditory Cognitive Control Training (ACCT)-to improve cognitive control in Sz. Ten individuals with Sz participated: six received active ACE and four received sham tDCS with ACCT. All experienced auditory hallucinations at least three days per week. ACCT consisted of three 45-min computerized sensory reaction-time sessions over three consecutive days. All procedures, including baseline and follow-up assessments, were performed over a two-week period. Electroencephalography (EEG) was collected before and after training while participants completed AX-CPT and ASSR tasks. ASSR blocks alternated between attending to auditory stimuli and ignoring them while watching a silent video. Auditory hallucinations were assessed using the PSYRATS at baseline and post-intervention. Procedures were well tolerated, and acceptability was high. Participants receiving ACE showed increased attention modulation (larger ASSR attend-ignore difference), greater beta desynchronization during proactive inhibition, and reductions in physical aspects of auditory hallucinations. In contrast, the sham group showed no changes in EEG measures or hallucination severity. These preliminary results suggest ACE may enhance cognitive control and reduce physical aspects of auditory hallucinations in Sz. ACE could represent a promising intervention for cognitive dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"15500594261481572"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148881983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Vertex Sharp Waves: Sleep Stage Distribution Pattern and Implications for Scoring.","authors":"Gulcin Benbir Senel, Merve Hazal Ser, Gokcen Hatipoglu, Derya Karadeniz, Lourdes M DelRosso","doi":"10.1177/15500594261420478","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594261420478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Study ObjectivesVertex sharp waves(VSW) are sharply contoured waves with a duration of less than 500 mille-seconds and maximal over the central regions of the brain, that have been identified to appear during N1. Here we postulate that VSW are sleep stage-specific and can also identify a sleep stage shift to NREM sleep from REM sleep.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed PSG data of 20 out of 74 consecutive patients who were studied with 18-channel EEG within the last year. Vertex sharp waves were visually and manually scored and analyzed by sleep stage.ResultsTwenty patients(12 men, 60.0%) were analyzed. The median age was 37 years(95% CI 31.3-46.2 years) with a mean of 38.7 ± 14.4 years. Seventeen patients(85%) had VSW in both N1 and N2 sleep stage, only 6 patients(30%) had VSW in N3 sleep, and 10 patients(50%) in REM sleep. Regression analysis showed that the occurrence of VSW in N2 sleep(r² = 0.747,F = 44.366;p < 0.001) and REM sleep(r² = 0.473,F = 7.174; p = 0.028) was positively correlated with the presence of VSW in N1 sleep stage. The positive correlation during REM sleep was only spared for the VSW appearing following an arousal reaction(r² = 0.432, F = 5.329;p = 0.05).ConclusionsOur results suggest that vertex sharp waves are state-dependent activities of NREM sleep, predominantly seen in N1 sleep stage, and also in N2 sleep. As they emerge in REM sleep, following an arousal reaction or not, it may be regarded as a sleep stage shift from REM to NREM sleep stage. These findings may help clarify scoring rules for REM sleep and arousal.</p>","PeriodicalId":93940,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"442-448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}