Chemosphere最新文献

{"title":"Single and mixture toxicity of benzophenone-3 and its metabolites on Daphnia magna.","authors":"Yun-Ru Ju, Chang-Rui Su, Chih-Feng Chen, Cheng-Fu Shih, Li-Siang Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one of the organic ultraviolet (UV) filters widely used in personal care products, resulting in its ubiquitous occurrence in aquatic systems. This study discovered the potential risks of benzophenone-3 and its metabolites (BP-1 and BP-8) in aquatic environments. This study investigated the toxicity of three single BPs and their mixtures' effects on the survival of Daphnia magna. All three BP types were found to have toxic effects on D. magna, with median effective concentration (EC50) values of 22.55 mg/L for BP-1, 1.89 mg/L for BP-3, and 2.36 mg/L for BP-8, after 48 h of exposure. When the three BPs were binary and ternary mixtures, the EC50 values fell within 2.74-32.26 mg/L. Binary and tertiary mixtures of the three BPs indicated no strong synergistic or antagonistic effects. The mixture toxicity predictions using the classical mixture concept of concentration addition and measured toxicity data showed good predictability. The ecological risks of BPs were assessed using the maximum measured environmental concentrations of BPs collected from a river in Taiwan, divided by their respective predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values derived from the assessment factor (AF) method. The result showed a low ecological risk for the sum of three BPs. However, BP-3 had the highest potential risk, while BP-1 was the lowest among the three BPs. Therefore, BP-3 should pay attention to long-term environmental monitoring and management. This study provides valuable information for establishing scientifically-based water quality criteria for BPs and evaluating and managing the potential risk of BPs in the aquatic environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":" ","pages":"143536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bismuth oxyiodide-based composites for advanced visible-light activation of peroxymonosulfate in pharmaceutical mineralization.","authors":"Laura Huidobro, Anna Domingo, Elvira Gómez, Albert Serrà","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of pharmaceutical pollutants in water bodies represents a significant environmental and public health concern, largely due to their inherent persistence and potential to induce antibiotic resistance. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that employ peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation have emerged as an effective means of degrading these contaminants. Bismuth oxyiodides (BiOI), which are known for their visible-light photocatalytic properties, demonstrate considerable potential for removal of pharmaceutical pollutants. This study examines the synthesis and performance of BiOI-based composites with barium ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles for enhanced PMS activation under visible light. BiOI and Bi₅O₇I were synthesized via solvothermal and electrodeposition methods, respectively, and their morphologies and crystalline structures were observed to exhibit distinctive characteristics following annealing. The formation of the composite with BFO resulted in an improvement in the catalytic properties, which in turn enhanced the surface area and availability of active sites. The objective of the photocatalytic studies was to evaluate the degradation and mineralization of tetracycline (TC) under visible light, PMS, and combined conditions. The Bi₅O₇I(ED)-BFO catalyst was identified as the optimal candidate, achieving up to 99.8% TC degradation and 99.4% mineralization within 90 min at room temperature. The synergistic effect of BFO in BiOI-based composites significantly enhanced performance across all conditions, indicating their potential for efficient remediation of pharmaceutical pollutant. The material's performance was further evaluated in tap water, where the degradation efficiency decreased to 56.4% and mineralization to 38.2%. These results reflect the challenges posed by complex water matrices. However, doubling the PMS concentration to 5 mM led to improved outcomes, with 93.8% degradation and 81.4% mineralization achieved. These findings demonstrate the material's robust potential for treating pharmaceutical pollutants in real-world conditions, advancing sustainable water treatment technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"366 ","pages":"143532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of MMO and BDD anodes for electrochemical degradation of diuron in methanol medium.","authors":"William Santacruz, Julia Faria, Rodrigo De Mello, Maria Valnice Boldrin, Artur de Jesus Motheo","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treating emerging pollutants at low concentrations presents significant challenges in terms of degradation efficiency. Anodic oxidation using active and non-active electrodes shows great potential for wastewater treatment. Thus, this study compared the efficiency of a commercial mixed metal oxide anode (MMO: Ti/Ti_0.7Ru_0.3O₂) and a boron-doped diamond anode (BDD) for the electrochemical oxidation of diuron in methanol, in chloride and sulfate media. The MMO anode achieved diuron removal rates of 94.9% and 92.8% in chloride and sulfate media, respectively, with pseudo-first-order kinetic constants of 0.0177 and 0.0143 min^-1. The BDD anode demonstrated slightly higher removal rates, achieving 96.2% in sulfate medium and 96.9% in chloride medium, with respective kinetic constants of 0.0193 min⁻¹ and 0.0177 min⁻¹. Increasing the current density enhanced diuron removal by up to 15% for both electrodes; however, excessively high current densities led to increased energy consumption due to side reactions. The present of water had antagonistic effects, resulting in removal rates of 91.1% for chloride media using the BDD anode; and 87.4% and 90.4% in sulfate media with MMO and BDD anodes, respectively. The MMO anode in chloride medium did not show significant difference in the degradation percentage, reaching 96% of diuron removals. The degradation mechanism was proposed based on the detection of various by-products. The primary reactions observed during the oxidation of diuron in methanol involved chlorine substitution in the aromatic ring and dealkylation. These processes generated several intermediates and by-products at low concentrations, ultimately leading to high diuron removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"366 ","pages":"143517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable aquaculture and seafood production using microalgal technology - A circular bioeconomy perspective.","authors":"Dillirani Nagarajan, Chiu-Wen Chen, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Cheng-Di Dong, Duu-Jong Lee, Jo-Shu Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aquaculture industry is under the framework of the food-water-energy nexus due to the extensive use of water and energy. Sustainable practices are required to support the tremendous growth of this sector. Currently, the aquaculture industry is challenged by its reliance on capture fisheries for feed, increased use of pharmaceuticals, infectious outbreaks, and solid/liquid waste management. This review posits microalgal technology as a comprehensive solution for the current predicaments in aquaculture in a sustainable way. Microalgae are microscopic, freshwater and marine photosynthetic organisms, capable of carbon mitigation and bioremediation. They are indispensable in aquaculture due to their key role in marine productivity and their position in the marine food chain. Microalgae are nutritious and are currently used as feed in specific sectors of aquaculture. Due to their bioremediation potential, direct application of microalgae in shellfish ponds and in recirculating systems have been adopted to improve water quality and aquatic animal health. The potential of microalgae for integration into various aspects of aquaculture processes, namely hatcheries, feed, and waste management has been critically analyzed. Seamless integration of microalgal technology in aquaculture is feasible, and this review will provide new insights into using microalgal technology for sustainable aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":" ","pages":"143502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the mechanisms of ethanol stimulation on magnetite-enhanced anaerobic process treating oxytetracycline contained wastewater.","authors":"Kaili Ma, Wei Wang, Lingwei Meng, Yujie Zhao, Yue Li, Xiangkun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetite has been proved to facilitate direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET)-based syntrophys and might alleviate inhibitory effects of antibiotics in anaerobic digestion (AD), while feeding ethanol was an effective approach to enrich the DIET partners. However, most of the existing studies were conducted at fixed ethanol concentration, few attentions were paid on the effects of differential ethanol proportion on AD, the underlying roles and mechanisms of ethanol stimulation remains unclear. This study systematically investigated the impact of ethanol stimulation on anaerobic processes treating oxytetracycline (OTC)-contaminated wastewater at varying proportions (20%, 50%, and 80%, based on equivalent COD value). In the presence of magnetite, ethanol stimulation promoted the methane production from 244.9 mL/g COD to a maximum 434.2 mL/g COD, with the most pronounced enhancement observed at high ethanol proportions. In particular, the average methane production obtained at 50% and 80% ethanol was 328.5 and 297.7 mL/g COD, respectively, whereas the enhancement of 20% ethanol stimulation was relatively limited. Concurrently, more stable COD removal and OTC reduction was noted in the existence of both magnetite and high ethanol proportions. Microbial analysis revealed the pivotal roles of Methanosaeta, alongside the predominance of Methanobacterium, in regulating COD conversion and driving methanogenesis through the CO₂ reduction pathway. Notably, high ethanol proportions fostered the enrichment of exoelectrogens (Geobacter, Desulfovibrio) in the magnetite-amended system, accompanied by the up-regulation of genes involved in organic metabolism pathways. Further investigation of functional genes highlighted the prevalence of pilA enrichment in the magnetite-amended system at low ethanol proportions, whereas omcS became more abundant at high ethanol proportions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":" ","pages":"143573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper-PANI-graphite HB2 composite for eco-friendly efficient degradation of textile dyes: Advancements in wastewater treatment enhanced by solar radiation.","authors":"Martin O A Pacheco-Álvarez, Rosa M Sevillano-Arredondo, Oracio Serrano, Juan Manuel Peralta-Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research aimed to assess the potential of Cu₅₀PANI@UG composite for sunlight drive photocatalytic dye degradation, targeting specifically Thymol Blue (TB) and Black NT (BNT) dyes and their mixture (DM). The Cu₅₀PANI@UG composite was successfully synthesized via electropolymerization in acetonitrile/sulfuric acid mixture under atmospheric conditions. Photocatalytic experiments were conducted by exposing aqueous dye solutions to sunlight. N,N-dimethyl-p-nitrosoaniline (RNO) served as a molecular probe for detecting hydroxyl radicals (^•OH). Additionally, experiments capturing free radicals were performed to identify active components, with a concomitant proposal of plausible degradation reaction mechanism for the Photo-Fenton-Like degradation into the Cu₅₀PANI@UG composite + H₂O₂ + hv reaction system. Various operating parameters affecting dye degradation were evaluated, including catalyst dosage (from 0.27 to 0.67 g L^-1), H₂O₂ concentration (from 16 to 64 mM), pH (from 3.0 to 9.0), and dye concentration (from 25 to 100 mg L^-1). Optimization of key parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, and H₂O₂ concentration was conducted. The highest degradation efficiency, ca. 100% of DM dye, was achieved within 35 min under optimized conditions, using Cu₅₀PANI@UG composite as a catalytic precursor. These conditions were determined as follows: Catalyst dosage = 0.67 g L^-1, pH = 3.0-6.0, H₂O₂ = 32-64 mM, and irradiation time of 35 min. The degradation percentage under the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized as a statistical tool to correlate influential parameters. Four consecutive reusability trials were performed to assess catalyst stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"366 ","pages":"143537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced simazine degradation via peroxymonosulfate activation using hemin-doped rice husk biochar as a novel Fe/N-C catalyst.","authors":"Aaron Albert Aryee, Md Abdullah Al Masud, Won Sik Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of herbicides, including simazine (SIM), in aquatic environments pose significant threats to these ecosystems, necessitating a method for their removal. In this study, a hemin-doped rice husk-derived biochar (RBC@Hemin_20%) was synthesized using a simple, one-step pyrolysis, and its degradation efficiency towards SIM via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was assessed. Under optimized conditions (hemin loading = 20 wt%, SIM = 0.5 ppm, RBC@Hemin_20% catalyst = 0.2 g L^-1, PMS = 2.0 mM, and pH = 5.84 [unadjusted]), RBC@Hemin_20%, as an Fe/N-C catalyst, could activate PMS to achieve >99% degradation of SIM. Based on radical scavenger and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) experiments, both radical (^•OH and SO₄^•-) and non-radical (such as singlet oxygen, ¹O₂) mechanisms and electron transfer were involved in the degradation system. Significant mineralization (97.3%) and reusability efficiency (∼74.1% SIM degradation after 4 applications) were exhibited by the RBC@Hemin_20%/PMS system, which also maintained a remarkable degradation efficiency in tap-, river-, and ground-water. Additionally, the RBC@Hemin_20%/PMS system exhibited rapid degradation of tetracycline (TC) and diclofenac (DCF), indicating its prospects in the degradation of other organic pollutants of aquatic environments. The plausible degradation mechanism pathways of SIM are proposed based on identified intermediates. Finally, the toxicity of these intermediate products is analysed using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationship (ECOSAR) software. It is expected that this study will expand the current knowledge on the synthesis of efficient biomass-based Fe/N-C composites for the removal of organic pollutants in water.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"366 ","pages":"143549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N-doped titania nanoparticles containing Mo₆ bromide and iodide clusters: Activity in photodegradation of rhodamine B and tetracycline.","authors":"Christopher O Olawoyin, Yuri A Vorotnikov, Igor P Asanov, Michael A Shestopalov, Natalya A Vorotnikova","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contamination of water sources is a major environmental problem with far-reaching consequences for humanity. Organic substances are among the most widespread and persistent pollutants. Advanced oxidation processes, especially photocatalysis, have been considered as one of the most promising technologies for organic pollution control. In this study, hybrid photocatalysts based on N-doped TiO₂, which exhibits activity in the visible region of the spectrum, and different content of octahedral Mo₆ bromide and iodide cluster complexes were synthesized to achieve the highest efficiency of the formed S-scheme photocatalytic system under white light irradiation. According to the data obtained, the resulting materials are nanoparticles with a diameter of ∼10 nm exhibiting absorption up to ∼550 nm. Photocatalytic studies were performed using model organic molecules - the more colored rhodamine B (RhB) and the less colored antibiotic tetracycline (TET). The most active samples showed high efficiencies against both pollutants with k_eff ∼0.3-0.4 and 0.4-0.5 min^-1, respectively, while the activity of iodide complexes was ∼1.3 times higher than that of bromide complexes. The stability of the catalysts is preserved for up to 5 cycles of TET photodegradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"366 ","pages":"143531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous calix[4]pyrrole-based polymers with high surface area for efficient removal of polar organic micropollutants from water.","authors":"Shuzhao Zhang, Wenwen Bie, Xiongcheng Duan, Zhuorui Wu, Lin Zhang, Hengye Li, Zhongxia Wang, Meijie Wei, Fenying Kong, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herein, effort was made to construct innovative adsorbent for the removal of polar organic micropollutants (OMPs) from water. Tetra-meso resorcinol-functionalized calix[4]pyrrole (CP) featured with endo-functionalized attribute and polyphenol hydroxyl structure was crosslinked by π-electron-rich 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl (BCMBP) through Friedel-Crafts reaction to generate porous calix[4]pyrrole-based polymers (PCPPs) with high surface area. The porosity of the PCPPs could be tuned by adjusting the molar ratio of hydrophilic CP to hydrophobic BCMBP, and diversified binding sites were integrated together. Based on adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies, PCPP(1-16) showed rapid adsorption rate and high removal efficiency (RE) as well as advanced adsorption capacity. The REs towards the tested polar OMPs by PCPP(1-16) were all above 95% in 30 min. Compared with granular activated carbon (GAC), the rate constant of pseudo-second-order model (k₂) and adsorption capacity upon PCPP(1-16) were 8-230 times and 1.3-3.1 times greater than those by GAC. Adsorption mechanism studies confirmed the presence of multiple interactions and thermodynamic investigation revealed the spontaneous and physical adsorption nature. Besides, PCPP(1-16) showed excellent adsorption performance in real water samples at environmental levels and exhibited advanced absorption ability in flow-through mode. Accompanied by facile regeneration under eluting with methanol and cost-effective preparation, PCPP(1-16) demonstrated great potential as promising adsorbent for water treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"366 ","pages":"143548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable urban water management: Evaluating two pilot-scale advanced decentralized treatment systems for removal of organic contaminants of emerging concern in reclaimed groundwater.","authors":"Misael Abenza, Francesc Labad, Oriol Gibert, Joan de Pablo, Sandra Pérez, E Vázquez-Suñé, Marc Teixidó","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid growth of population and the effects of climate change have placed unprecedented pressure on urban water supplies and pollution control. Consequently, it is essential to explore new local water resources in water-strained areas. To this end, this work focuses on evaluating pollutant removal effectiveness of decentralized treatment systems for groundwater reclamation. Two pilot-scale treatment trains, Treatment Line 1 (L1) and Treatment Line 2 (L2), which use membrane-free (with granulated activated carbon as the main process) or membrane-based (with reverse osmosis as the primary technology), were compared for their effectiveness in reducing concentrations of organic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Additionally, the effect of sodium hypochlorite addition for biofilm control on the contaminant removal performance was also examined. Results from the analysis of nearly 120 trace organic compounds (only 21 were detected in the raw water) showed that L2 significantly overperformed L1. Furthermore, the addition of a pre-chlorination step did not improve the removal performance. Regarding trace organic compounds, L1 without pre-chlorination averaged an overall good removal performance (94 ± 12%). However, Irbesartan, gemfibrozil and gabapentin showed moderate removals (50-90%) and Valsartan was poorly removed (<50%). After pre-chlorinating L1, the overall removal performance decreased (86 ± 20%). Nearly one third of the target contaminants showed moderate removal (50-90%), with Irbesartan and Valsartan exhibiting poor attenuations (<50%), highlighting that negatively-charged compounds were challenging to eliminate. In contrast, L2 exhibited very high removals (>99%) on all studied trace organic contaminants regardless of pre-chlorination. Our study also identified several indicator compounds to monitor CEC removal. Finally, considering the trade-offs between cost and final water use (non-potable), L1-based schemes with intermittent pre-chlorination could be the preferred implementation option. The results of this work will offer valuable insights into decentralized treatment systems, assisting decision-makers in choosing suitable approaches for sustainable urban water management.</p>","PeriodicalId":93933,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":" ","pages":"143568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142483116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}