Carbon Capture Science & Technology最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensive evaluation of various CO2 capture technologies through rigorous simulation: Economic, equipment footprint, and environmental analysis","authors":"Shou-Feng Chang ,&nbsp;Hsuan-Han Chiu ,&nbsp;Han-Shu Jao ,&nbsp;Jin Shang ,&nbsp;Yu-Jeng Lin ,&nbsp;Bor-Yih Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The comprehensive evaluation of various CO₂ capture technologies from multiple perspectives remains limited, yet it is crucial for the successful implementation and deployment of carbon capture solutions to achieve carbon neutrality. This study presents a framework for assessing representative CO₂ capture processes from key point sources through rigorous simulation. Eight scenarios were developed and compared, comprising four standalone processes (<em>i.e.</em>, physical absorption (PHYABS), chemical absorption (CHEABS), dual-reflux pressure swing adsorption (DRPSA) and pressure-temperature swing adsorption (PTSA)) and four hybrid processes that integrate different adsorption and absorption processes. To evaluate each scenario, an integrated indicator, the Economics, Equipment footprint, and Environmental Score (EEES), was introduced. Our results indicate that the standalone CHEABS exhibits the lowest EEES of 0.120, highlighting its technological readiness and superiority over other processes. In contrast, the standalone PHYABS (EEES=0.168) and the hybrid PHYABS/PTSA process (EEES=0.242) emerge as viable alternatives, balancing environmental performance with economic and spatial considerations. Standalone PTSA (EEES=0.465) and DRPSA (EEES=0.706) are less favorable because of their higher utility demands and larger equipment footprints. Similarly, hybrid processes, namely, DRPSA/CHEABS (EEES=0.891), CHEABS/PTSA (EEES=0.837), and DRPSA/PHYABS (EEES=0.784), are less advantageous across all three metrics. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses indicated that carbon permit prices exert a negligible effect on the process economics. Additionally, it appears that government subsidies may play a crucial role in facilitating the development of CO₂ capture technologies within the industrial sector. Overall, this study provides a robust framework for evaluating CO₂ capture processes and offers practical recommendations for technology deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Willingness to pay estimates for carbon capture and management: Evidence from a pilot choice experiment","authors":"Bruktawit M. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Mahelet G. Fikru","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing a discrete choice experiment with 250 US electricity consumers, this study estimates willingness to pay (WTP) for each percentage increase in carbon dioxide captured and the preferred carbon management technique—permanent storage or industrial utilization. Results from an alternative-specific conditional logit model suggest a WTP of $0.13 for each percent increase in carbon capture, and an additional $5-$6 per month for industrial utilization over storage. In contrast, the estimated WTP for each percent increase in renewable energy is $0.25, suggesting that consumers value renewable energy nearly twice as much as carbon capture. These preliminary results indicate some preference for carbon capture, though not as strong as for cleaner energy, with a clearer preference for carbon utilization than storage. Further research is recommended to investigate variations in these preferences based on individual characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving CO2 separation performances of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Triblock Copolymer Membranes by tunning its Microstructure via varying solvents and/or non-solvents","authors":"Jing Wei ,&nbsp;Ce Yang ,&nbsp;Wentao Du ,&nbsp;Min Deng ,&nbsp;Zikang Qin ,&nbsp;Yulei Ma ,&nbsp;Zheng Yan ,&nbsp;Lin Yang ,&nbsp;Lu Yao ,&nbsp;Wenju Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhongde Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microstructure in block copolymers has a critical impact on CO₂ separation performances. In this work, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer membranes were made using various solvent/non-solvent combinations. It was found that the solvents changed their microstructure thus the CO₂ separation performances were changed accordingly. CO₂ permeability in the range of 203.4 to 282, and CO₂/N₂ selectivity in the range of 15.8 to 22.7. The highest CO₂ separation performance (P_CO2 282 Barrer with CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 20.5) was obtained using cyclohexane (CYH) as solvent. Furthermore, the CO₂ separation performances of the membrane can be further improved by DI water-induced microstructure rearrangement (P_CO2 343.5 Barrer and CO₂/N₂ selectivity 17.9). In addition, it was found that the rearranged membrane demonstrated stable gas separation performance after the membrane was stored under ambient conditions for about 120 days, clearly denoting that the CO₂ separation performances of block copolymeric membranes can be tuned by varying the solvents/non-solvents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the CO2 adsorption capabilities of carbon nanostructures from biomass waste: An extensive review","authors":"Arun Kumar Senthilkumar ,&nbsp;Mohanraj Kumar ,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdul Kader ,&nbsp;Mohd. Shkir ,&nbsp;Jih-Hsing Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating alternate feedstocks is necessary because of the increasing need for sustainable materials and technologies. Though there are many advanced technologies for sequestering CO₂ from the atmospheric air. The most favourable route is using activated carbon derived from biomass. Biomass, a renewable material readily available at abundant levels, is one of the intriguing options for creating carbon nanostructures. In this review, various biomass sources like wood, plants, and aquatics are discussed for the production of materials with nanostructured carbon. Owing to their distinct characteristics, including their large surface area, pore size, and ability to attach various functional groups, they are the perfect source material for CO₂ adsorption. Additionally, tailoring the surface chemistry of nanostructured materials offers different kinds of adsorption mechanisms for CO₂ capture, which are covered in detail. Furthermore, this article offers a thorough review of carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, and other diverse carbon structures obtained from different biomass sources, and also their potential future study areas are discussed. Even yet, there are still problems with optimizing desorption efficiency and raising yield levels. By concentrating on these areas of research, it will be possible to fully realize the potential of carbon nanostructures obtained from biomass. Additionally, the increasingly growing global commitment to ‘net zero’ with a high level of investments in clean solutions will open the door for more sustainable futures with cutting-edge material technologies and effective CO₂ adsorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing carbon capture with bio-inspired membrane materials: A review","authors":"W. Rahmah ,&nbsp;K. Khoiruddin ,&nbsp;I.G. Wenten ,&nbsp;S. Kawi","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an innovative approach to carbon capture using bio-inspired membrane materials, addressing the urgent need to combat climate change and reduce atmospheric CO₂ levels. Traditional carbon capture technologies face limitations such as high operational costs and limited efficiency. In contrast, bio-inspired membranes, drawing from the efficiency and specificity of natural systems, offer higher CO₂ selectivity, reduced energy requirements, and increased sustainability. The paper explores the design principles and carbon capture mechanisms of bio-inspired membranes, highlighting significant advancements in material synthesis and structure. Key strategies include extreme wettability, facilitated transport mechanisms, and the use of porins and nanochannels. The integration of artificial photosynthesis and enzyme technologies into membrane systems is also examined. Innovations in material synthesis and composite development are showcased, demonstrating enhanced CO₂ separation across various industrial applications. Despite these promising attributes, bio-inspired membranes face significant challenges such as loss of mobile carriers, inadequate compatibility between polymeric matrices and facilitating agents, and difficulties in scaling up due to complex fabrication processes. These challenges underscore the need for continued research to optimize membrane design and functionality, ensuring their viability for large-scale implementation. The paper underscores the transformative potential of bio-inspired membrane materials in advancing carbon capture technologies, aligning with global efforts to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in sorption-enhanced steam reforming for clean hydrogen production: A comprehensive review","authors":"Ahmad Salam Farooqi ,&nbsp;Abdelwahab N. Allam ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zubair Shahid ,&nbsp;Anas Aqil ,&nbsp;Kevin Fajri ,&nbsp;Sunhwa Park ,&nbsp;Omar Y. Abdelaziz ,&nbsp;Mahmoud M. Abdelnaby ,&nbsp;Mohammad M. Hossain ,&nbsp;Mohamed A. Habib ,&nbsp;Syed Muhammad Wajahat ul Hasnain ,&nbsp;Ali Nabavi ,&nbsp;Mingming Zhu ,&nbsp;Vasilije Manovic ,&nbsp;Medhat A. Nemitallah","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SE-SMR) process, which integrates methane steam reforming with in situ CO₂ capture, represents a breakthrough technology for clean hydrogen production. This comprehensive review thoroughly explores the SE-SMR process, highlighting its ability to efficiently combine carbon capture with hydrogen generation. The review evaluates the mechanisms of SE-SMR and evaluates a range of innovative sorbent materials, such as CaO-based, alkali-ceramic, hydrotalcite, and waste-derived sorbents. The role of catalysts in enhancing hydrogen production within SE-SMR processes is also discussed, with a focus on bi-functional materials. In addition to examining reaction kinetics and advanced process configurations, this review touches on the techno-economic aspects of SE-SMR. While the analysis does not provide an in-depth economic evaluation, key factors such as potential capital costs (CAPEX), operational expenses (OPEX), and scalability are considered. The review outlines the potential of SE-SMR to offer more efficient hydrogen production, with the added benefit of in situ carbon capture simplifying the process design. Although a detailed economic comparison with other hydrogen production technologies was not the focus, this review emphasizes SE-SMR's promise as a scalable and flexible solution for clean energy. With its integrated design, SE-SMR offers pathways to industrial-scale hydrogen production. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry experts committed to advancing sustainable and efficient hydrogen production technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on feasibility and techno-economic analysis of hydrocarbon liquid fuels production via catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic materials","authors":"Bablu Alawa,&nbsp;Sankar Chakma","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The single-use waste plastics is one of the major concerns globally to society as well as to the scientific community. It is even more so at the present-day due to the rapid production of plastic and polymeric materials to meet the societal demand. The consumers’ demand and dependency on plastic is huge due to its versatility, low production cost, light weight and numerous applications of it. With increasing the demand, waste plastic generation is also high that leads to creation of environmental and health problems like vomiting, anemia, headache, kidney, liver damage, cancer, shortened lifespan and chronic damage to nervous system. Therefore, new and modern techniques such as pyrolysis has been developed to reduce the environmental pollution and cutting of carbon tracers of plastic products by reducing the emissions of oxides of carbon like monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) as compared to other technologies. This review paper mainly focused on the plastic waste generation scenario in India and minimization technique to produce fuels. Additionally, other new technologies to handle waste plastic along with energy generation (in the form of oil and gas production) with the specific process parameters (reaction time, reactor type, catalyst type and reaction temperature) to obtain the maximum yield are also discussed. The technoeconomic analysis and energy participation of waste plastic oil has also been highlighted to enhance the utilization of pyrolysis products and their futuristic application as an automotive fuel. An attempt was also made to analyze the emissions reduction as well as promotion of circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakthroughs in CH4 capture technologies: Key to reducing fugitive methane emissions in the energy sector","authors":"Wenkang Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Xie ,&nbsp;Yalou Guo ,&nbsp;Guoping Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of negative impacts caused by greenhouse gas emissions have driven mankind to look for a more efficient and economical strategy to reduce emissions. Methane is the second most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas, and implementing cost-effective technologies to reduce its emissions is a crucial pathway toward achieving the milestones outlined in the Paris Agreement. The energy sector has a greater potential for methane emission reductions than other sectors, such as (agriculture and waste) with 75 % reductions achievable by 2050 using existing technologies. Capturing and utilizing fugitive methane from the energy sector could offset the cost of emission reductions to some extent. We analyzed existing methane abatement technologies such as leak detection and repair, flaring, technology standards, and methane capture technologies and found that there are well-established solutions for methane leakage at medium and high concentrations. However, capturing methane from low-concentration sources to meet transportation or utilization requirements remains a significant technical challenge, highlighting the need for advances in low-grade methane enrichment technologies. Adsorption technology has been regarded as a promising methodology for methane capture in recent decades due to various advantages such as high flexibility, low capital investment and energy consumption, and a well-established technological framework. This review provides an overview of recent methane emission trends and prevalent methane abatement strategies, offering a brief analysis of the merits and drawbacks associated with existing methane capture technologies for industrial applications. We analyze the current methane emission reduction policies from major economies and identify a gap between proposed policies and practical actions, suggesting that constructing methane detection systems and developing low-concentration methane capture technologies is a key approach to closing the gap.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal characterization and moisture adsorption performance of calcium alginate hydrogel/silica gel/polyvinylpyrrolidone/expanded graphite composite desiccant","authors":"Xin Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhengliang Han ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid desiccant dehumidification system can use low-grade energy for regeneration process and reduce the electrical energy consumption, thus saving energy and reducing carbon emissions. The choice of desiccant can significantly affect the dehumidification performance of the system. In the present study, the composite desiccant was synthesized by adding silica gel (SG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and expanded graphite (EG) with calcium alginate hydrogel (CAH) as the matrix, named CAH/SG/EG. Subsequently, the characteristics of the samples were analyzed, and a dehumidification system was built to reveal the effects of different working conditions on the dehumidification performances. The results show that CAH/SG/20 wt.% EG has the optimal adsorption kinetics among all samples. Its moisture adsorption capacity reaches up to 1.009 g/g at 25 °C and 70 % relative humidity (RH), and its adsorption rate is 0.0179 g/(g·min). Especially, its moisture adsorption capacity can still reach 0.44 g/g at 30 % RH, showing a good adsorption capacity at lower RH. Simultaneously, the thermal conductivity of composites gradually increases from 0.449 W/(m·K) to 0.716 W/(m·K) with the addition of EG, increasing by about 60 %. In addition, the dehumidification performance of CAH/SG/20 wt.% EG is higher than that of CAH/SG, and the dehumidification performance of the system shows an ascending, descending and descending trends with the increase of inlet air moisture content, inlet air temperature and inlet air flow, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green solvents assisted de-novo synthesis and defect-engineered UiO-66 for improved CO2 adsorption and kinetics- experimental and DFT approach","authors":"Saleem Nawaz Khan ,&nbsp;Ming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere is increasing at an alarming rate, which is causing distress to human society and the natural environment. Adsorption is one of the most widely used methods of removing CO₂ from flue gases, which reduces its adverse effects on our environment. For adsorption purposes, a facile green solvent-assisted de-novo synthesis approach was developed to construct a UiO-66′s structure to target CO₂ at low pressure due to the partial pressure of CO₂ in flue gases in the atmosphere (0.01⁓0.02 MPa). In the de-novo synthesis approach, a combination of various types of modulators and deep eutectic solvents (DES) are utilized to graft structural defects and induce quantitative and dispersive deep eutectic solvents onto the UiO-66 structure, respectively. The green solvent-assisted de-novo synthesis approach helped to tune all three structural parameters and preserve extra open metal sites (Lewis acid and Bronsted basis sites) with active NH₂ and OH groups for improved CO₂ adsorption and kinetics under flue gas conditions (CO₂/N₂=15/85 %). In comparison to the parent UiO-66, de-novo synthesized ChClProp_x5@UiO-66 showed increased CO₂ uptake (65.04 mg g^-1) by 73 % at 0.15 bar and 25 °C, and the cyclic capacity remained almost similar over 10 consecutive cycles with an almost 94 % retention rate. After 3 times of regeneration at 105 °C under N₂ atmosphere, the sample reserved almost similar adsorption capacity and could be recycled without dropping CO₂ uptake. The strong and rapid interaction between guest CO₂ and de-novo synthesized UiO-66 was confirmed by pseudo-first-order and second-order kinetics with reaction rate constants of 0.00026 and 0.00259, respectively. Furthermore, through periodic Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, a variety of linker defects are engineered onto the UiO-66 structure to preserve more open metal sites. For each of the engineering defects, free energies, adsorption energies, and the interaction of CO₂ molecules on defect structures with bond length (Ɩ, Å) and bond angle (θ˚) are calculated for the most stable structures of UiO-66.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}