Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme最新文献

{"title":"Examining changes in the sodium content of Canadian prepackaged foods: 2013 to 2017.","authors":"Anthea Christoforou, Jodi Bernstein, Kacie Dickinson, Yahan Yang, JoAnne Arcand, Mary L'Abbe","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0174","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In an effort to improve high sodium consumption in the population, in 2012 Health Canada released voluntary sodium reduction targets for prepackaged foods to be met before 2017. This study used the University of Toronto's Food Label Information Program database (FLIP), 2013 and 2017 collections, to evaluate changes and differences in mean sodium content of Canadian prepackaged foods and manufacturers' progress in meeting Health Canada's average and maximum sodium reduction targets. Changes to sodium content (reformulation) in products present in both FLIP years and differences across years including both new and existing products were assessed via paired and independent t-tests, respectively. The average sodium content from FLIP 2017 was also compared to previously published sales-weighted average sodium content published by Health Canada to aid in the interpretation of our results. Our reformulation analyses of consistent products between years revealed that 50% of food subcategories did not have significant changes in mean sodium from 2013 to 2017. Examining both new and existing foods, 59% of subcategories had no significant difference in mean sodium content between 2013 and 2017. The proportion of foods meeting final sodium targets was 33.6% in 2013 and 37.3% in 2017. In 2013 and 2017, 20.8% and 19.6% of products exceeded the maximum sodium targets, respectively. For almost all major food categories, a greater proportion of new products in 2017 met final sodium targets compared to existing foods (present in both FLIP 2013 and 2017). Nearly, half the major food categories examined had more new products meeting the maximum sodium target than existing products. Less than half of food subcategories (48%, <i>n</i> = 45/94) from FLIP 2017 differed by ≥20% compared to sales-weighted averages published by Health Canada. Our findings reveal limited progress in the reduction of sodium in prepackaged foods. Calls for more robust policy initiatives and the continued independent monitoring of food industry efforts in Canada are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a paternal diet high in animal protein (casein) versus plant protein (pea protein with added methionine) on offspring metabolic and gut microbiota outcomes in rats.","authors":"Riley A Patterson, Nicole A Cho, Tyra S Fernandes, Erin W Noye Tuplin, Dana E Lowry, Gabriel A Venegas Silva, Raylene A Reimer","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0294","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence suggests that paternal diet can influence offspring metabolic health intergenerationally but whether dietary animal and plant proteins differ in their impact on fathers and their offspring is not known. Our objective was to examine the effects of a paternal diet high in casein versus pea protein on fathers and their offspring. Five-week-old male rats were fed: (1) control, (2) high animal protein (AP, 36.1% of energy as casein), or (3) high plant protein (PP, 36.1% of energy as pea protein with added methionine) diets for 8-11 weeks before being mated. Offspring were challenged with a high fat/sucrose diet (HFD) from 10 to 16 weeks of age. Metabolic and microbial outcomes were assessed in both generations. In fathers fed PP diet, enhanced insulin sensitivity and lower liver triglycerides were seen alongside altered hepatic microRNA expression and gut microbial profiles. Few changes were seen in their offspring. In contrast, the paternal AP diet influenced adult offspring hepatic microRNA expression and programmed a latent increase in adiposity, dysregulated satiety hormones, and modified gut microbial composition in their adult offspring that occurred following the HFD. Overall, a diet high in pea protein with added methionine demonstrated protective effects on biomarkers of metabolic health in the fathers but led to minimal effects on the offspring while a paternal diet high in casein led to evidence of an increase in characteristics of metabolic dysfunction in their adult offspring when unmasked by exposure to a HFD for 6 weeks.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of sex and contraction intensity on fatigability and muscle oxygenation in trained individuals.","authors":"Minyoung Kwak, Pasquale J Succi, Brian Benitez, Clara J Mitchinson, Haley C Bergstrom","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0181","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fatigability varies depending on sex and contraction intensity during sustained exercise. This study examined the responses of time to task failure (TTF), performance fatigability (PF), and muscle oxygenation (SmO₂) in males and females during isometric handgrip holds to failure (HTF) at 30% and 60% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Males (<i>n</i> = 12) and females (<i>n</i> = 12) performed a pre-MVIC, handgrip HTF at randomly ordered percentages of MVIC (either 30% or 60%), followed by a post-MVIC on the dominant arm. During the HTF testing, the TTF and SmO₂ responses were recorded, and PF was determined from the pre- to post-MVICs. TTF for 30% MVIC HTF was greater than 60% MVIC HTF (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but was not different between males and females (<i>p</i> = 0.117). PF exhibited an inverse relationship with intensity for each sex, while males demonstrated greater PF than females for both 30% and 60% MVIC HTF. For the 60% MVIC HTF, males demonstrated greater desaturation than females (CI_95% = [-28.1, -2.6%], <i>p</i> = 0.021, <i>d</i> = 0.621), but not for the 30% MVIC HTF (CI_95% = [-12.2, 7.9%], <i>p</i> = 0.315, <i>d</i> = 0.621). Sex differences in PF and SmO₂ may be attributed to the differences in muscle mass, absolute strength, contractile properties, and muscle metabolism between males and females. However, these proposed differences between males and females may not fully inform exercise performance (e.g., TTF). Sex-specific fatigue responses may be affected by complex physio-psychological mechanisms, and therefore, additional investigations under diverse exercise conditions are required to better prescribe exercise for both males and females.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142303212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A compositional analysis of time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep with quality of life in Canadian older adults aged 65 years and above: findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.","authors":"Shawn Hakimi, Luc J Martin, Mark W Rosenberg","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0516","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Associations between daily time spent in physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep (collectively referred to as \"movement behaviour\") and quality of life (QOL) are typically studied without considering they are compositional, co-dependant variables. Study objectives were to use compositional data analysis to: (1) examine the relationship between movement behaviour composition and QOL, (2) estimate the degree to which changing time spent in any movement behaviour within the movement behaviour composition is associated with QOL. 7918 older Canadian adults ≥65 years of age from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging were studied using a quasi-longitudinal study design. Daily time spent in PA and SB were derived from self-reported Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly responses. Nighttime sleep was self-reported separately. QOL was assessed through the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Movement behaviour composition was significantly associated with QOL. Relative time spent in SB was negatively associated with QOL (HR = 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86-0.93)). Relative time spent in sleep was positively associated with QOL (HR = 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05-1.16)). Time displacement estimates revealed that greatest change in QOL occurred when time spent in PA was decreased and replaced with SB (HR = 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92-0.99) for 45 min/day displacement). Using compositional data analysis is advantageous because it shows how reduction in SB and increase in PA and sleep can lead to improvements in QOL for older Canadian adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142334223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baseline nutrition risk as measured by SCREEN-8 predicts self-reported 12-month healthcare service use of older adults 3 years later.","authors":"Heather H Keller, Vanessa Trinca","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0288","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated whether nutrition risk, as measured by SCREEN-8 at baseline, was associated with self-reported healthcare service use in the past 12 months among community-dwelling older adults who were interviewed 3 years later. Data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging were used. SCREEN-8 assessed nutrition risk among community-dwelling persons ages 55+. Multivariable logistic regression determined if baseline SCREEN-8 score was associated with the following healthcare services reported to occur in the 12 months preceding the 3-year follow-up period: (i) overnight hospital admission (<i>n</i> = 13 623), (ii) emergency room visit (<i>n</i> = 13 614), (iii) contacting a family doctor (<i>n</i> = 13 616), (iv) visiting dental professional (<i>n</i> = 13 288), and (v) visiting a doctor due to an infection (<i>n</i> = 13 171) after adjusting for demographic and health variables. Those with higher SCREEN-8 scores (lower nutrition risk) had significantly lower odds of reporting: (i) an overnight hospital admission (χ² (27, 13 587) = 10.59,  <i>p</i> < 0.001); (ii) visiting a hospital emergency room (χ² (27, 13 578) = 9.64, <i>p</i> < 0.001); and (iii) visiting a doctor due to an infection (χ² (27, 13 135) = 10.32, <i>p</i> < 0.001) at 3-year follow-up. Less nutrition risk was significantly associated with higher odds of reporting visiting a dental professional (χ² (27, 13 252) = 17.88, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Baseline nutrition risk was not significantly associated with visiting a family doctor at the 3-year follow-up. SCREEN-8 predicted future self-reported 12-month healthcare service use among older adults in expected directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the cardiac cycle in Royal Canadian Mounted Police cadets.","authors":"Jyotpal Singh, R Nicholas Carleton, Gregory P Kratzig, J Patrick Neary","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0340","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) cadets experience high volumes of potentially psychologically traumatic events, suggesting a need of normal cardiac cycle interval data on the cadets for comparison. We characterize the cardiac cycle of incoming RCMP cadets starting the 26-week training program. The cadets collected their cardiac data using the LLA Recordis™ device. Male RCMP cadets had higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) myocardial and diastolic performance indices, aortic valve open to aortic twist time, and isovolumic relaxation time than female RCMP cadets. Monitoring the cardiac cycle intervals in RCMP cadets can provide insights into changes in their heart function from their occupational demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary metabolic acidosis induced by four days of simulated combat training: impact of strenuous physical exercise, sleep deprivation, and food restriction.","authors":"Lisen Brønmo Næss, Arnt Erik Tjønna, Thomas Fremo, Victoria Johansen, Håvard Dalen, Roger Lien, Christian Moldjord, Morten Andre Høydal","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0013","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The military population relies on being mentally and physically healthy to perform well during operations. Recent studies indicate that multiple stressors during combat training influence both acute and chronic stress responses in soldiers, ultimately affecting their performance and health. This study investigated the physiological effects of strenuous physical activity, mental strain, sleep deprivation, and energy deficits during four days of simulated combat training (SCT) by analyzing changes in body composition and blood biomarkers, focusing on metabolic changes. This cohort study with a pre- and post-design included 48 cadets (12 females and 36 males) from the Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy, aged 20-29 years, who participated in mandatory SCT. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance (InBody 770), and blood biomarkers were collected through blood samples and capillary blood gas. We observed a significant decrease in total body weight following SCT, including reductions in total body water, muscle mass, and fat mass. Metabolic markers such as pH, pCO2, and base excess were significantly decreased, while the anion gap significantly increased. Lactate levels showed no significant change following SCT. All electrolyte and nutritional markers (triglyceride, glucose, sodium, calcium, and chloride) significantly decreased, except for potassium, which showed no change. These findings support the necessity for comprehensive monitoring and management of metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalances, and hydration status in soldiers undergoing SCT. Ensuring sufficient nutrition, hydration, and recovery time is crucial to reduce negative health effects and maintain optimal performance during and following SCT.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the association between the Healthy Eating Food Index-2019 (HEFI-2019), the Canadian Healthy Eating Index 2007 (C-HEI 2007), and health among First Nations adults across Canada.","authors":"Ines Sebai, Milena Nardocci Fusco, Amy Ing, Karen Fediuk, Hing Man Chan, Malek Batal","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0422","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessing diet quality is crucial in public health research, as it reveals relationships between dietary patterns and health. The Healthy Eating Food Index-2019 (HEFI-2019) and the Canadian Healthy Eating Index 2007 (C-HEI 2007) are robust tools used to evaluate adherence to dietary guidelines. While the C-HEI 2007 has been widely applied in nutritional epidemiology, research exploring associations between the HEFI-2019, which reflects the updated 2019 Canadian dietary guidelines, and health remains limited. Given the distinct dietary habits and health profiles of First Nations, evaluating these indices in this population is essential. This study investigates associations between HEFI-2019 and C-HEI 2007 scores and health variables, including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and self-perceived health among First Nations adults. Data were drawn from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study, which included interviews and 24 h dietary recalls from 5455 adults across 92 communities. Higher HEFI-2019 scores were significantly associated with increased odds of T2D but not with obesity or self-perceived health. C-HEI 2007 scores were also associated with T2D, with stronger associations in the highest tertile. However, C-HEI 2007 scores were not significantly associated with obesity or self-perceived health. The study highlights the significant relationships between HEFI-2019 and C-HEI 2007 scores and T2D among First Nations adults, underscoring the role of diet quality in chronic disease management. The positive associations with T2D may reflect dietary improvements following diagnosis, wherein individuals adopt healthier eating habits. The absence of associations between these indices and obesity or self-perceived health may also be explained by reverse causation, potentially obscuring expected associations. Furthermore, factors such as socioeconomic status and access to healthcare likely contribute to these outcomes. However, given the cross-sectional design, causal relationships cannot be established, and the observed associations should be interpreted with caution. These findings underscore the need for culturally relevant dietary interventions to improve health in Indigenous populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse event reporting in exercise studies of resistance training (AERIES-RT) recommendations and toolkit: a modified Delphi process.","authors":"Rasha El-Kotob, Justin R Pagcanlungan, B Catharine Craven, Catherine Sherrington, Marina Mourtzakis, Lora M Giangregorio","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0490","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to adapt existing adverse event (AE) reporting guidelines and develop AE Reporting In Exercise Studies of Resistance Training (AERIES-RT) recommendations and toolkit. We conducted purposeful and convenience sampling to identify researchers who published resistance training (RT) trials. We invited 80 research scientists to participate in a modified Delphi consensus process. Nineteen researchers from six countries (Canada, USA, UK, Australia, Greece, and Puerto Rico) agreed to participate. We drafted adapted AE-reporting recommendations informed by interviewing participants with common health conditions who experienced AEs after RT (<i>n</i> = 12), and researchers who published RT trials (<i>n</i> = 14). These recommendations were turned into a survey that was distributed electronically to the Delphi participants for rating. We conducted three rounds of voting until there was consensus (criterion: minimum 74% agreement) on each recommendation. All 19 participants responded to the three survey rounds (100% response rate). After each round, the recommendations were revised based on the participants' feedback. For the first round, ten of 24 recommendations did not meet the criterion for consensus. For the second round, one of 28 recommendations did not meet the criterion for consensus. For the final round, the remaining recommendation met the criterion for consensus. The agreed upon recommendations were used to develop the AERIES-RT toolkit including a checklist, template AE reporting form, and a decision tree. Our modified e-Delphi consensus process resulted in developing the AERIES-RT toolkit that researchers can use to improve the frequency and accuracy of AE reporting in RT trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144710254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining placebo effects after a 3-week repeated-sprint training program under hypoxic conditions in recreationally trained subjects: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Alexandre P Gutknecht, Martin Gonzalez-Figueres, Guilhem Belda, Grégoire Vergotte, Stéphane Perrey, François B Favier","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0468","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) has been suggested to significantly enhance anaerobic performance. However, the widespread belief in the benefits of altitude training raises questions about potential placebo effect. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the physiological and placebo effects of normobaric hypoxia combined with repeated-sprint training on performance. Twenty-nine moderately trained participants were randomly assigned to normoxia (repeated-sprint in normoxia (RSN)), placebo (repeated-sprint in normoxia with placebo setup (RSN-P)), or hypoxia (RSH) groups. Participants in RSN-P group were led to believe they were training at simulated altitude (between 2500 and 3500 m), while participants in the RSN and RSH groups knew they were training at sea level and at altitude, respectively. Repeated-sprint training involved six cycling sessions over 3 weeks, consisting of three sets of 8 × 6 s sprint with 24 s of recovery. There was no difference in the estimation of the altitude level to which participants from the RSN-P and RSH groups thought they had been exposed. There was a main significant effect of training on mean power output during Wingate (+7.9%; <i>p</i> < 0.001; <i>ηp²</i> = 0.47) and repeated-sprint ability tests (+7.7%; <i>p</i> < 0.001; <i>ηp²</i> = 0.55). However, contrary to our hypotheses, the enhancement among the three groups did not differ. The lack of greater improvement in the RSH group compared to the other groups raises questions about the added value of hypoxia in these conditions. In conclusion, neither real nor perceived hypoxia enhanced training adaptations following repeated-sprint sessions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}