British Journal of Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing diabetic retinopathy query responses: assessing large language model in ophthalmology","authors":"Hongkang Wu, Zichang Su, Xiangji Pan, An Shao, Yufeng Xu, Yao Wang, Kai Jin, Juan Ye","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2024-325861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2024-325861","url":null,"abstract":"Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness, with an increasing reliance on large language models (LLMs) for health-related information. The specificity of LLM-generated responses to DR queries is yet to be established, prompting an investigation into their suitability for ophthalmological contexts. Methods A cross-sectional study involving six LLMs was conducted to ascertain the accuracy and comprehensiveness of responses to 42 DR-related questions from 1 February 2024 to 31 March 2024. Three consultant-level ophthalmologists independently assessed the responses, grading them on accuracy and comprehensiveness. Additionally, the self-correction capability and readability of the responses were analysed statistically. Results An analysis of 252 responses from six LLMs showed an average word count ranging from 155.3 to 304.3 and an average character count ranging from 975.3 to 2043.5. The readability scores showed significant variability, with ChatGPT-3.5 displaying the lowest readability level. The accuracy of the responses was high, with ChatGPT-4.0 receiving 97.6% good ratings and no ‘poor’ grades for the top three models. After introducing a self-correction prompt, the average accuracy score demonstrated a significant improvement, increasing from 6.4 to 7.5. Conclusion LLMs have the potential to provide accurate and comprehensive responses to DR-related questions, making them advantageous for ophthalmology applications. However, before clinical integration, further refinement is needed to address readability, and continuous validation assessments are imperative to ensure reliability. Data are available upon reasonable request.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes of intraluminal ripcord removal from Paul glaucoma implants","authors":"Liat Mendel, Jeremy C K Tan, Soledad Aguilar Munoa, Muhammad Ali Abouhamid, Nathan Mitchell Kerr, Keith Barton","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2024-326947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2024-326947","url":null,"abstract":"Background/aims To investigate the efficacy and safety of intraluminal ripcord suture removal (ROS) from the Paul glaucoma implant (PGI). Methods A retrospective cohort study involving all PGI ripcord removal cases at a single centre between 1 January 2018 and 1 November 2023. The primary outcome was defined as a ≥20% reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP), or a decrease in IOP-lowering medications, at 3 months post-ROS. Results 145 eyes of 131 patients were included. The mean interval between PGI implantation and ROS was 181.9±131.4 days. 70.3% of eyes met the primary endpoint of success, with second tubes and infero-nasal tube placement significantly associated with reduced success (p<0.05). Compared with the pre-ROS mean IOP (19.5±6.7 mm Hg), the post-ROS IOPs at 1 week, 1 and 3 months were significantly reduced to 12.7±7.4 mm Hg, 15.3±6.1 mm Hg and 13.7±5.3 mm Hg, respectively (p<0.0001). Similarly, the number of IOP-lowering medications was significantly reduced to 0.44±0.97, 0.75±1.18 and 1.12±1.30, respectively (p<0.005). Post-ROS complications included clinically significant hypotony (n=10, 6.9%), of which 6 eyes (4.1%) required surgical ripcord re-insertion, tube shunt occlusion (n=2, 1.4%) and post-ROS uveitis (n=1, 0.69%). We found no predictive factors for post-ROS hypotony, including the time of ROS since PGI surgery. Conclusions ROS from PGI resulted in at least 20% IOP or medication reduction in over 70% of eyes. Second and inferonasal tubes had reduced success. Clinical hypotony is the most common complication, without association with the time of stent removal since PGI implantation. Data are available upon reasonable request.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation and prevalence of inherited retinal diseases in the Finnish population reveals enrichment of population-specific phenotypes and causative variants.","authors":"Laura Lähteenoja,Pasi Ohtonen,Aura Falck,Elisa Johanna Rahikkala","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-327427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-327427","url":null,"abstract":"AIMSThis study aims to assess clinical and genetic characteristics as well as the prevalence of inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) and their subphenotypes in the Finnish founder population.METHODSA retrospective analysis of clinical and genetic data from Northern Finnish patients diagnosed with IRD between 1996 and 2023 at Oulu University Hospital, Finland, was conducted.RESULTSThe cohort comprised 582 patients with IRD, categorised into 16 different subphenotypes. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants explaining IRD were identified in 36% (n=210/582) of all patients and 80% (n=210/261) of genetically tested patients with IRD. Diagnostic yields varied between different IRD subphenotypes. The genetic aetiology was most commonly confirmed in X-linked retinoschisis, severe early childhood-onset retinal dystrophy, congenital stationary night blindness and choroideremia. The lowest rates of causative variant identification were observed in cone or cone-rod dystrophy and macular dystrophy. In total, 70 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified across 39 different genes; variants in the FZD4 and RPGR genes were the most prevalent. Over half of the variants were enriched in the Finnish population. The estimated total prevalence of IRDs in Northern Finland was 69.8/100 000 (1:1432). The prevalence of the most common subphenotypes was as follows: retinitis pigmentosa, 25.3/100 000; X-linked retinoschisis, 10.7/100 000; Usher syndrome, 8.9/100 000; choroideremia, 7/100 000 and cone or cone-rod dystrophy, 6/100 000.CONCLUSIONThe Northern Finnish population exhibits an enrichment of population-specific IRD-associated variants, resulting in a high overall prevalence of IRDs and an increased prevalence of selected retinal subphenotypes, such as retinoschisis, choroideremia and Usher syndrome types 3 and 1.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"652 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation and prevalence of inherited retinal diseases in the Finnish population reveals enrichment of population-specific phenotypes and causative variants.","authors":"Laura Lähteenoja, Pasi Ohtonen, Aura Falck, Elisa Johanna Rahikkala","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-327427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-327427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aims to assess clinical and genetic characteristics as well as the prevalence of inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) and their subphenotypes in the Finnish founder population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of clinical and genetic data from Northern Finnish patients diagnosed with IRD between 1996 and 2023 at Oulu University Hospital, Finland, was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort comprised 582 patients with IRD, categorised into 16 different subphenotypes. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants explaining IRD were identified in 36% (n=210/582) of all patients and 80% (n=210/261) of genetically tested patients with IRD. Diagnostic yields varied between different IRD subphenotypes. The genetic aetiology was most commonly confirmed in X-linked retinoschisis, severe early childhood-onset retinal dystrophy, congenital stationary night blindness and choroideremia. The lowest rates of causative variant identification were observed in cone or cone-rod dystrophy and macular dystrophy. In total, 70 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified across 39 different genes; variants in the <i>FZD4</i> and <i>RPGR</i> genes were the most prevalent. Over half of the variants were enriched in the Finnish population. The estimated total prevalence of IRDs in Northern Finland was 69.8/100 000 (1:1432). The prevalence of the most common subphenotypes was as follows: retinitis pigmentosa, 25.3/100 000; X-linked retinoschisis, 10.7/100 000; Usher syndrome, 8.9/100 000; choroideremia, 7/100 000 and cone or cone-rod dystrophy, 6/100 000.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Northern Finnish population exhibits an enrichment of population-specific IRD-associated variants, resulting in a high overall prevalence of IRDs and an increased prevalence of selected retinal subphenotypes, such as retinoschisis, choroideremia and Usher syndrome types 3 and 1.</p>","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inherited retinal disease pathway in the UK: a patient perspective and the potential of AI.","authors":"Wendy Wong, Dayyanah Sumodhee, Tiyi Morris, Bhavna Tailor, Catherine Hollyhead, William A Woof, Stephen Archer, Carl Veal, Loy Lobo, Saoud Al-Khuzaei, Malena Daich Varela, Thales A C de Guimaraes, Manuel Gomes, Mital Shah, Mariya Moosajee, Susan M Downes, Savita Madhusudhan, Omar A Mahroo, Andrew R Webster, Michel Michaelides, Nikolas Pontikos","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2024-327074","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjo-2024-327074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are the leading cause of blindness in young people in the UK. Despite significant improvements in genomics medicine, the diagnosis of these conditions remains challenging, and around 40% do not receive a definite genetic diagnosis after extensive genetic testing. This survey aims to investigate the experience of individuals affected by IRDs, their relatives, friends and caregivers, focusing on their care and diagnostic journey. Additionally, it explores the potential acceptability of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as Eye2Gene, that predict causative genes from retinal images of patients with IRDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional survey included Likert scale and open-ended questions and was distributed electronically using the Qualtrics platform between April and August 2024. The survey included questions on respondent demographics; their journey to receive specialist care and genetic testing; their information needs and their attitude towards AI-augmented diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to interpret the survey responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey had 247 responses, of which 242 were analysed after removing four duplicates and one without consent; 80.2% were patients and the remainder were relatives, friends or caregivers. There was substantial variability in patient diagnostic journeys in terms of waiting times to see a specialist (IQR, 1-4 years), commute required (IQR, 10-74 miles) and number of visits to reach a diagnosis (IQR, 2-4). A substantial proportion of patients (35.8%) had a change in diagnosis. The majority of respondents (>90%) were overwhelmingly in favour of the integration of AI into the IRD pathway to accelerate genetic diagnosis and improve care.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This survey identifies several key gaps and disparities in the IRD care pathway which may potentially be bridged with AI. The survey also reveals a favourable attitude towards incorporating AI into diagnostic testing of IRDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143966050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitrectomy with and without encircling band for pseudophakic retinal detachment: VIPER study report No. 4-long-term results.","authors":"Sabine Baumgarten, Martin Hellmich, Petra Schiller, Claudia Michalik, Peter Walter","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2024-325709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2024-325709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This open-label extension study to the original VIPER trial investigated the long-term single surgery success after repair of an uncomplicated pseudophakic retinal detachment (PRD) by vitrectomy and gas with or without an encircling band (EB).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Examination data from patients enrolled in the VIPER trial obtained after the 26-weeks' follow-up period (26-weeks' FU) of the original trial were analysed, and failures, given as indications for another reattachment procedure, were documented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the original study population of 257 patients enrolled to the three treatment groups (20G vitrectomy+EB (E1), 20G vitrectomy alone (C) and 23/25G vitrectomy (E2)), follow-up data from 105 (41%) patients could be collected. The additional postoperative follow-up was 1.4 months up to 10.8 years. Of the 105 patients enrolled in this long-term analysis, 102 had an observation time greater than 2 years. Failures due to the reattachment procedure within the 26-week FU of the original trial were as follows: 17 in E1, 19 in C and 5 in E2. Additional late failures were found in seven cases: two in E1, three in C and two in E2, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The long-term observation of additional failures after primary vitrectomy with or without EB did not change the main result of the VIPER study. There is still no evidence that an additional EB would improve the primary surgical success of vitrectomy for uncomplicated PRD. In the cohort of 105 patients with a longer follow-up than 26 weeks, only seven additional failures were observed.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>DKRS00023359.</p>","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current status of school vision screening-rationale, models, impact and challenges: a review.","authors":"Julie-Anne Little,Ving Fai Chan,Seang-Mei Saw,Yih Chung Tham,Ling Chew,Li Lian Foo,Megan Collins,Anne Effiom Ebri,Xiaotong Han,Linda Schultz,Deborah Gleason,Lisa Jacobs,Winston Deva Prakash Devaraj,Priya Morjaria,Samantha Kleindienst Robler,Susan D Emmett,Graeme MacKenzie,Ningli Wang,Rohit C Khanna,Donald Bundy,Nathan Congdon","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2024-326726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2024-326726","url":null,"abstract":"Uncorrected refractive error is the leading cause of vision impairment in children globally, and studies have demonstrated that spectacle correction addresses the large majority of childhood vision impairment. Furthermore, trial evidence illustrates the beneficial impact of spectacles on learning, with effect sizes exceeding that of other school health interventions. While it is established that good vision is important for learning and optimising childhood development and quality of life, many countries lack healthcare systems that provide vision screening or universal access to eyecare for all citizens. This review examined school vision screening across several regions/countries, focusing on conditions that should be targeted and the corresponding interventions. The range of international models, the status of global refractive service coverage and measures needed for improvement are discussed. Vision screening protocols need to effectively detect vision impairment, seamlessly connect with intervention services to deliver spectacles and signpost for future access to eyecare. Conditions which may not be treatable with spectacles alone, including amblyopia, strabismus and other ocular diseases, also warrant signposting for treatment. The vision community must unite to urge governments to invest in building service capacity; allocating the necessary resources and effectively developing public health systems to support vision screening and access to eyecare. Schools play a crucial role in enabling population-based vision screening and need to be supported with eyecare interventions and resources. This will ensure optimised approaches to correct avoidable vision loss and provide children with the educational and health outcomes they deserve.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"235 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic significance of pigmentation and stem cell markers in Indian population of uveal melanoma.","authors":"Nikhil Kumar, Mithalesh Kumar Singh, Lata Singh, Jayanti Jha, Neelam Pushker, Neiwete Lomi, Rachna Meel, Seema Sen, Seema Kashyap","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2024-325886","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjo-2024-325886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Increased pigmentation has been associated with cancer stem-cell-like behaviour and chemoresistance in uveal melanoma (UM) and cutaneous melanoma. Therefore, our present study determines the correlation between pigmentation and cancer stem cell markers in UM patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Expression of PAX3, CD133, ABCG2, TRYP1, TRYP2 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was assessed by immunohistochemistry along with mRNA expression level of PAX3 using quantitative real-time PCR in 70 prospective UM cases. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox-proportional hazards model were used to analyse the correlation of protein expression with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found significant expression of PAX3, CD133 and ABCG2 proteins in 28/70 (40%), 34/70 (49%) and 31/70 (44%) cases, respectively. There was a positive correlation between nuclear expression of PAX3 and high-risk clinicopathological parameters such as necrosis and scleral invasion (p<0.01). CD133 and ABCG2 expression were positively correlated with distant metastasis (p=0.03 and 0.01). Immunoexpression of PAX3, CD133 and ABCG2 proteins was positively correlated with MITF. TYRP2 expression correlated with PAX3 and ABCG2 immunoexpression. Tumour pigmentation was not correlated with any of the markers. PAX3 mRNA expression was positively correlated with immunoexpression of CD133 (p<0.01), ABCG2 (p=0.01) and distant metastasis (p<0.01). On Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, reduced metastasis-free survival was observed in patients with tumours showing high CD133 and ABCG2 expression. No significant correlation was observed between tumour pigmentation and overall survival.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study highlights the association between PAX3 expression, pigmentation markers such as MITF and TRYP2 and cancer stem-cell markers in UM progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"799-808"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic accuracy of optic disc microvasculature dropout for detecting glaucoma in eyes with high myopia.","authors":"Kaiming Ruan,Dan Cheng,Yiyi Wang,Weihua Ni,Hongling Chen,Hao Chen,Shiqi Sun,Sen Lin,Aizhu Tao,Yilei Shao,Yufeng Ye,Meixiao Shen","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-327237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-327237","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSETo characterise microvasculature dropout (MvD) and assess the diagnostic efficacy of MvD in detecting glaucoma in eyes with high myopia (HM).METHODSThis prospective cross-sectional study included 107 participants divided into HM group and HM with glaucoma group. Structural and vascular parameters were quantified using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA), including the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL), macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL), superficial capillary plexus, radial peripapillary capillaries, optic disc microvasculature dropout (MvD-D) and peripapillary microvasculature dropout. Receiver operating characteristic curves were employed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of each parameter. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between these parameters and mean deviations of the visual field test.RESULTSMvD-D outperformed all other structural and vascular metrics, achieving the highest area under the curve of 0.95. In multivariate regression analysis, MvD-D was identified as an independent factor associated with visual field loss (β=-0.42, p=0.02).CONCLUSIONSMvD-D demonstrates superior diagnostic performance compared with traditional structural markers such as pRNFL and mGCIPL in identifying glaucoma in highly myopic patients. Integrating MvD-D into routine clinical practice may provide a sightful value in detecting glaucoma with myopic discs.","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twelve reasons delays in uveal melanoma treatment might affect prognosis.","authors":"Gustav Stålhammar","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-327294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-327294","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9313,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"640 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}