British journal of psychology最新文献_第7页

Explanation strategies in humans versus current explainable artificial intelligence: Insights from image classification. 人类与当前可解释人工智能的解释策略：图像分类的启示

IF 4 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12714

Ruoxi Qi, Yueyuan Zheng, Yi Yang, Caleb Chen Cao, Janet H Hsiao

{"title":"Explanation strategies in humans versus current explainable artificial intelligence: Insights from image classification.","authors":"Ruoxi Qi, Yueyuan Zheng, Yi Yang, Caleb Chen Cao, Janet H Hsiao","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12714","url":null,"abstract":"Explainable AI (XAI) methods provide explanations of AI models, but our understanding of how they compare with human explanations remains limited. Here, we examined human participants' attention strategies when classifying images and when explaining how they classified the images through eye-tracking and compared their attention strategies with saliency-based explanations from current XAI methods. We found that humans adopted more explorative attention strategies for the explanation task than the classification task itself. Two representative explanation strategies were identified through clustering: One involved focused visual scanning on foreground objects with more conceptual explanations, which contained more specific information for inferring class labels, whereas the other involved explorative scanning with more visual explanations, which were rated higher in effectiveness for early category learning. Interestingly, XAI saliency map explanations had the highest similarity to the explorative attention strategy in humans, and explanations highlighting discriminative features from invoking observable causality through perturbation had higher similarity to human strategies than those highlighting internal features associated with higher class score. Thus, humans use both visual and conceptual information during explanation, which serve different purposes, and XAI methods that highlight features informing observable causality match better with human explanations, potentially more accessible to users.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141300073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Staying in control: Characterizing the mechanisms underlying cognitive control in high and low arousal states 保持控制：描述高唤醒状态和低唤醒状态下的认知控制机制。

IF 3.2 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12715

Clara Alameda, Chiara Avancini, Daniel Sanabria, Tristan A. Bekinschtein, Andrés Canales-Johnson, Luis F. Ciria

{"title":"Staying in control: Characterizing the mechanisms underlying cognitive control in high and low arousal states","authors":"Clara Alameda, Chiara Avancini, Daniel Sanabria, Tristan A. Bekinschtein, Andrés Canales-Johnson, Luis F. Ciria","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12715","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12715","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the day, humans show natural fluctuations in arousal that impact cognitive function. To study the behavioural dynamics of cognitive control during high and low arousal states, healthy participants performed an auditory conflict task during high-intensity physical exercise (N = 39) or drowsiness (N = 33). In line with the pre-registered hypotheses, conflict and conflict adaptation effects were preserved during both altered arousal states. Overall task performance was markedly poorer during low arousal, but not for high arousal. Modelling behavioural dynamics with drift diffusion analysis revealed evidence accumulation and non-decision time decelerated, and decisional boundaries became wider during low arousal, whereas high arousal was unexpectedly associated with a decrease in the interference of task-irrelevant information processing. These findings show how arousal differentially modulates cognitive control at both sides of normal alertness, and further validate drowsiness and physical exercise as key experimental models to disentangle the interaction between physiological fluctuations on cognitive dynamics.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"115 4","pages":"665-682"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Status Importance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report questionnaire for measuring how much people care about status 地位重要性量表：开发并验证用于衡量人们对地位重视程度的自我报告问卷。

IF 3.2 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12716

Francesco Rigoli, Marco Mirolli

{"title":"The Status Importance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report questionnaire for measuring how much people care about status","authors":"Francesco Rigoli, Marco Mirolli","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12716","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12716","url":null,"abstract":"Although substantial research indicates that considerations about status can lead to anxiety and other negative outcomes, a valid measure of the importance individuals attribute to status is lacking. This paper introduces the Status Importance Scale (SIS), a mono-factorial 10-item self-report questionnaire that quantifies how important a person deems status to be. Five studies validate the scale showing that it has excellent internal reliability and acceptable test–retest reliability, it correlates with several related measures (supporting convergent validity), it shows little correlation with theoretically unrelated constructs (supporting discriminant validity), it is the best predictor of conspicuous consumption compared with other potential candidates (supporting concurrent validity), and it can help predicting which activities one gives importance to (further supporting concurrent validity). Finally, as hypothesized by previous literature, the last study reveals that the SIS can predict status anxiety. The SIS can contribute to research regarding important phenomena such as the detrimental psychological effects of income inequality.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"115 4","pages":"683-705"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Loneliness is associated with more trust but worse trustworthiness expectations 孤独与更多的信任有关，但与更差的信任度预期有关。

IF 3.2 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12713

Gabriele Bellucci, Soyoung Q. Park

{"title":"Loneliness is associated with more trust but worse trustworthiness expectations","authors":"Gabriele Bellucci, Soyoung Q. Park","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12713","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12713","url":null,"abstract":"Subjective feelings of loneliness emerge due to unsatisfactory social relationships, representing a major risk for mental and physical well-being. Despite its social nature, evidence on how loneliness affects social behaviours and expectations is lacking. Using Bayesian analyses and economic games, we show in three different studies that lonelier individuals trusted their partners to a greater extent despite less favourable trustworthiness expectations, showing a greater discrepancy between their trusting behaviours and their expectations of others' trustworthiness. Such discrepancy was reversed in extravert individuals who also reported to be less lonely. These results provide evidence on two opposing effects of loneliness as a motivator for social connections and promoter of social withdrawal, and demonstrate the moderating role of personality traits. This work contributes to a better understanding of how loneliness impacts social behaviour and social expectations, with important downstream clinical implications for varying health conditions associated with heightened feelings of loneliness.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"115 4","pages":"641-664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141160761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Protecting against misinformation: Evaluating the effectiveness of three techniques to reduce memory conformity 防止错误信息：评估减少记忆一致性的三种技术的有效性。

IF 3.2 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12712

Magdalena Kękuś, Regina Dziubańska, Kacper Michalak, Romuald Polczyk, Malwina Szpitalak, Krystian Barzykowski

{"title":"Protecting against misinformation: Evaluating the effectiveness of three techniques to reduce memory conformity","authors":"Magdalena Kękuś, Regina Dziubańska, Kacper Michalak, Romuald Polczyk, Malwina Szpitalak, Krystian Barzykowski","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12712","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12712","url":null,"abstract":"The memory conformity effect occurs when people witness a given incident (e.g. a crime) then talk to each other about it, and the statement of one person affects the memory account of the other person with respect to this incident. The aim of this article is to improve the quality of witness testimony by verifying the effectiveness of three methods that aim to reduce memory conformity effect: (1) an extended warning against misinformation; (2) a method based on information about memory functioning and its fallibility and (3) a method consisting in motivating participants to resist influence and demonstrating their individual vulnerability to it. In the presented experiment, the innovative MORI technique was used to study the memory conformity effect. This technique allows a pair of participants to sit beside each other, look at the same screen and see a different version of the same criminal event. In the next stages, the subjects are asked to answer a series of questions about different details, thereby introducing mutual misinformation; then, the participants perform an individual memory test. In the experimental conditions, this test was preceded by one of the three tested methods in each group, with the aim of determining their effectiveness in reducing memory conformity. It turns out that the implementation of an extended warning against misinformation eliminated the memory conformity effect, while the application of two other methods led to a reduction (but not complete elimination) of the studied phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"115 4","pages":"880-906"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unveiling the factors of aesthetic preferences with explainable AI. 用可解释的人工智能揭示审美偏好的因素。

IF 4 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12707

Derya Soydaner, Johan Wagemans

{"title":"Unveiling the factors of aesthetic preferences with explainable AI.","authors":"Derya Soydaner, Johan Wagemans","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12707","url":null,"abstract":"The allure of aesthetic appeal in images captivates our senses, yet the underlying intricacies of aesthetic preferences remain elusive. In this study, we pioneer a novel perspective by utilizing several different machine learning (ML) models that focus on aesthetic attributes known to influence preferences. Our models process these attributes as inputs to predict the aesthetic scores of images. Moreover, to delve deeper and obtain interpretable explanations regarding the factors driving aesthetic preferences, we utilize the popular Explainable AI (XAI) technique known as SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Our methodology compares the performance of various ML models, including Random Forest, XGBoost, Support Vector Regression, and Multilayer Perceptron, in accurately predicting aesthetic scores, and consistently observing results in conjunction with SHAP. We conduct experiments on three image aesthetic benchmarks, namely Aesthetics with Attributes Database (AADB), Explainable Visual Aesthetics (EVA), and Personalized image Aesthetics database with Rich Attributes (PARA), providing insights into the roles of attributes and their interactions. Finally, our study presents ML models for aesthetics research, alongside the introduction of XAI. Our aim is to shed light on the complex nature of aesthetic preferences in images through ML and to provide a deeper understanding of the attributes that influence aesthetic judgements.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140961481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Larger comfortable interpersonal distances in adults exposed to child maltreatment: The role of depressive symptoms and social anxiety 曾遭受儿童虐待的成年人的舒适人际距离更大：抑郁症状和社交焦虑的作用。

IF 3.2 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12705

Lara-Lynn Hautle, Jennifer Kurath, Lena Jellestad, Antonia M. Lüönd, Tanja S. H. Wingenbach, Billy Jansson, Monique C. Pfaltz

{"title":"Larger comfortable interpersonal distances in adults exposed to child maltreatment: The role of depressive symptoms and social anxiety","authors":"Lara-Lynn Hautle, Jennifer Kurath, Lena Jellestad, Antonia M. Lüönd, Tanja S. H. Wingenbach, Billy Jansson, Monique C. Pfaltz","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12705","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12705","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies report a preference for larger comfortable interpersonal distance (CIPD) in individuals with child maltreatment (CM) when being approached by others. Yet, research on approaching others, as opposed to being approached, as well as on potential effects of social anxiety and depression is lacking. We investigated if CM and depressive symptoms influence CIPD and if social anxiety mediates the possible association of CM and CIPD when approaching a female stranger. One hundred ten participants with CM (CM) and 58 participants without CM (non-CM) experiences performed the stop-distance paradigm and stopped first when feeling uncomfortable (D1) and again when feeling very uncomfortable (D2). CM experiences were associated with a preference for larger CIPD, independent of depressive symptoms. All CM subtypes were associated with a larger D2. The relationship between CM and CIPD was partially mediated by social anxiety. These novel findings can help to develop interventions strengthening socially relevant skills and processes in those affected by CM, targeting alterations in social anxiety and depression.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"115 4","pages":"599-615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12705","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social and temporal disorientation during the Covid-19 pandemic: An analysis of 3306 responses to a quantitative questionnaire Covid-19 大流行期间的社会和时间迷失：对 3306 份定量问卷答复的分析。

IF 3.2 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12704

Pablo Fernandez Velasco, Bastien Perroy, Umer Gurchani, Roberto Casati

引用次数: 0

Why do people always want more? Perceived economic inequality leads people to be greedy by enhancing relative deprivation 为什么人们总是想要更多？感知到的经济不平等加剧了人们的相对匮乏，从而导致人们变得贪婪

IF 3.2 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12706

Zhenzhen Liu, Xiaomin Sun, Ruiji Bao, Rongzi Ma

{"title":"Why do people always want more? Perceived economic inequality leads people to be greedy by enhancing relative deprivation","authors":"Zhenzhen Liu, Xiaomin Sun, Ruiji Bao, Rongzi Ma","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12706","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12706","url":null,"abstract":"Greedy phenomena have dramatically increased in societies. However, despite the universality of greedy behaviour, empirical research on the causes of greed is scarce. In this context, we propose that perceived economic inequality may be an important factor influencing greed. Study 1 provided primary evidence of a positive relationship between perceived economic inequality and greed, based on data from a large-scale social survey (CFPS 2018, N = 14,317). Employing well-established questionnaires, Study 2A (N = 200) and Study 2B (N = 399) revealed that perceived economic inequality positively predicts greed, with relative deprivation playing a mediating role. Study 3A (N = 200) and Study 3B (N = 200) manipulated perceived economic inequality to provide causal evidence of its effects on greed and to replicate the mediating effect of relative deprivation. Finally, Study 4 (N = 372), using a blockage manipulation design, showed that the effect of perceived economic inequality on greed significantly decreases when relative deprivation is suppressed. In summary, the results of these six studies consistently suggest that perceived economic inequality positively affects greed and that this effect is mediated by relative deprivation.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"115 4","pages":"616-640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140630138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The power threat meaning framework 5 years on − A scoping review of the emergent empirical literature 权力威胁意义框架 5 年之后--对新出现的实证文献的范围审查

IF 3.2 2区心理学

British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12702

Orla Gallagher, Emma E. Regan, Gary O'Reilly

{"title":"The power threat meaning framework 5 years on − A scoping review of the emergent empirical literature","authors":"Orla Gallagher, Emma E. Regan, Gary O'Reilly","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12702","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12702","url":null,"abstract":"Since its release the Power Threat Meaning Framework (PTMF) has received considerable interest and uptake. However, there have not yet been any attempts to review the scope of this emergent literature. This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize: (1) all empirical research which utilized the PTMF in their methodologies, (2) the characteristics of these studies, (3) the different ways in which these studies utilized the PTMF, and (4) the key findings of these studies. This review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) scoping review extension (PRISMA-ScR). Following systematic searches of academic databases and grey literature, 17 studies meeting eligibility criteria were included. These papers were subject to critical appraisal, data charting, and narrative synthesis. This review identified four uses of the PTMF: (1) PTMF-informed data collection, (2) PTMF-informed data analysis, (3) Experiences of/views on the PTMF, and (4) PTMF-informed psychological practices. This evidence-base demonstrated the merits of utilizing the PTMF across a range of disciplines, settings, and populations. This heterogeneity also presents challenges for evidence synthesis. Implications for research (e.g. importance of the coherent and consistent approach to research) and practice/policy (e.g. professional training, collaboration, service-level barriers) are considered.","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"115 3","pages":"555-576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0