British journal of psychology最新文献

{"title":"A first impression of the future","authors":"Clare A. M. Sutherland,&nbsp;Andrew W. Young","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12652","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12652","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We offer a response to six commentaries on our target article ‘Understanding trait impressions from faces’. A broad consensus emerged with authors emphasizing the importance of increasing the diversity of faces and participants, integrating research on impressions beyond the face, and continuing to develop methods needed for data-driven approaches. We propose future directions for the field based on these themes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 4","pages":"773-777"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9247713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resource scarcity aggravates ingroup bias: Neural mechanisms and cross-scenario validation","authors":"Fang Cui,&nbsp;Kexin Deng,&nbsp;Jie Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoxuan Huang,&nbsp;Jiamiao Yang,&nbsp;Yue-jia Luo,&nbsp;Chunliang Feng,&nbsp;Ruolei Gu","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12654","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12654","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous studies examining the relationship between ingroup bias and resource scarcity have produced heterogeneous findings, possibly due to their focus on the allocation of positive resources (e.g. money). This study aims to investigate whether ingroup bias would be amplified or eliminated when perceived survival resources for counteracting negative stimuli are scarce. For this purpose, we exposed the participants and another confederate of the experimenters (ingroup/outgroup member) to a potential threat of unpleasant noise. Participants received some ‘relieving resources’ to counteract noise administration, the amount of which may or may not be enough for them and the confederate in different conditions (i.e. abundance vs. scarcity). First, a behavioural experiment demonstrated that intergroup discrimination manifested only in the scarcity condition; in contrast, the participants allocated similar amounts of resource to ingroup and outgroup members in the abundance condition, indicating a context-dependent allocation strategy. This behavioural pattern was replicated in a follow-up neuroimaging experiment, which further revealed that when contrasting scarcity with abundance, there was higher activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as stronger functional connectivity of the ACC with the empathy network (including the temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex) for ingroup compared to outgroup members. We suggest that ACC activation reflects the mentalizing process toward ingroup over outgroup members in the scarcity condition. Finally, the ACC activation level significantly predicted the influence of resource scarcity on ingroup bias in hypothetical real-life situations according to a follow-up examination.</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 4","pages":"778-796"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9240454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘So Help Me God’? Does oath swearing in courtroom scenarios impact trial outcomes?","authors":"Ryan T. McKay,&nbsp;Will Gervais,&nbsp;Colin J. Davis","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12651","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12651","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In countries such as Britain and the US, court witnesses must declare they will provide truthful evidence and are often compelled to publicly choose between religious (“oath”) and secular (“affirmation”) versions of this declaration. Might defendants who opt to swear an oath enjoy more favourable outcomes than those who choose to affirm? Two preliminary, pre-registered survey studies using minimal vignettes (Study 1, <i>N</i> = 443; Study 2, <i>N</i> = 913) indicated that people associate choice of the oath with credible testimony; and that participants, especially religious participants, discriminate against defendants who affirm. In a third, <i>Registered Report</i> study (Study 3, <i>N</i> = 1821), we used a more elaborate audiovisual mock trial paradigm to better estimate the real-world influence of declaration choice. Participants were asked to render a verdict for a defendant who either swore or affirmed, and were themselves required to swear or affirm that they would try the defendant in good faith. Overall, the defendant was not considered guiltier when affirming rather than swearing, nor did mock-juror belief in God moderate this effect. However, jurors who themselves swore an oath <i>did</i> discriminate against the affirming defendant. Exploratory analyses suggest this effect may be driven by authoritarianism, perhaps because high-authoritarian jurors consider the oath the traditional (and therefore correct) declaration to choose. We discuss the real-world implications of these findings and conclude the religious oath is an antiquated legal ritual that needs reform.</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 4","pages":"991-1014"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9243296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions","authors":"Gill Althia Francis,&nbsp;Jenny Louise Gibson","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12650","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12650","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A notable observation is the similarities in the cognitive processes of pretend play (PP) and counterfactual reasoning (CFR) as both involve thinking about alternatives to reality. It is argued by Weisberg and Gopnik (<i>Cogn. Sci.</i>, <i>37</i>, 2013, 1368) that alternative thinking in PP and CFR is underpinned by an imaginary representational capacity but few studies have empirically investigated this link. We use a variable latent modelling approach to test a hypothetical model of the structural relationship of PP and CFR predicting that if PP and CFR are cognitively similar; they should have similar patterns of associations with Executive Functions (EFs). Data were collected on PP, CFR, EFs and Language from 189 children (<i>M</i> = 4.8 years, males = 101, females = 88). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that measures of PP and CFR loaded onto single latent constructs and were significantly correlated (<i>r</i> = .51, <i>p</i> = .001) with each other. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that EF accounted for unique significant variance in both PP (<i>β</i> = 21) and CFR (<i>β</i> = 22). The results of the structural equation modelling revealed that the data were a good fit for the hypothetical model. We discuss the plausible role of a general underlying imaginative representational capacity to explain similarities in the cognitive mechanisms of different states of alternative thinking like PP and CFR.</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 3","pages":"749-770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12650","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9846109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual attention to own- versus other-race faces: Perspectives from learning mechanisms and task demands","authors":"Janet H. Hsiao,&nbsp;Antoni B. Chan","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12647","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12647","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multiple factors have been proposed to contribute to the other-race effect in face recognition, including perceptual expertise and social-cognitive accounts. Here, we propose to understand the effect and its contributing factors from the perspectives of learning mechanisms that involve joint learning of visual attention strategies and internal representations for faces, which can be modulated by quality of contact with other-race individuals including emotional and motivational factors. Computational simulations of this process will enhance our understanding of interactions among factors and help resolve inconsistent results in the literature. In particular, since learning is driven by task demands, visual attention effects observed in different face-processing tasks, such as passive viewing or recognition, are likely to be task specific (although may be associated) and should be examined and compared separately. When examining visual attention strategies, the use of more data-driven and comprehensive eye movement measures, taking both spatial–temporal pattern and consistency of eye movements into account, can lead to novel discoveries in other-race face processing. The proposed framework and analysis methods may be applied to other tasks of real-life significance such as face emotion recognition, further enhancing our understanding of the relationship between learning and visual cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 S1","pages":"17-20"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12647","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9530361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paradoxical decrease of imitation performance with age in children","authors":"Giovanni Ottoboni,&nbsp;Alessio Toraldo,&nbsp;Riccardo Proietti,&nbsp;Angelo Cangelosi,&nbsp;Alessia Tessari","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12644","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12644","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Imitation development was studied in a cross-sectional design involving 174 primary-school children (aged 6–10), focusing on the effect of actions' complexity and error analysis to infer the underlying cognitive processes. Participants had to imitate the model's actions as if they were in front of a mirror (‘specularly’). Complexity varied across three levels: movements of a single limb; arm and leg of the same body side; or arm and leg of opposite body sides. While the overall error rate decreased with age, this was not true of all error categories. The rate of ‘side’ errors (using a limb of the wrong body side) paradoxically increased with age (from 9 years). However, with increasing age, the error rate also became less sensitive to the complexity of the action. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that older children have the working memory (WM) resources and the body knowledge necessary to imitate ‘anatomically’, which leads to additional side errors. Younger children might be paradoxically free from such interference because their WM and/or body knowledge are insufficient for anatomical imitation. Yet, their limited WM resources would prevent them from successfully managing the conflict between spatial codes involved in complex actions (e.g. moving the left arm and the right leg). We also found evidence that action side and content might be stored in separate short-term memory (STM) systems: increasing the number of sides to be encoded only affected side retrieval, but not content retrieval; symmetrically, increasing the content (number of movements) of the action only affected content retrieval, but not side retrieval. In conclusion, results suggest that anatomical imitation might interfere with specular imitation at age 9 and that STM storages for side and content of actions are separate.</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 3","pages":"678-709"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9779426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep as a mediator of the relationship between social class and health in higher education students","authors":"Romany McGuffog,&nbsp;Mark Rubin,&nbsp;Mark Boyes,&nbsp;Marie L. Caltabiano,&nbsp;James Collison,&nbsp;Geoff P. Lovell,&nbsp;Orla Muldoon,&nbsp;Stefania Paolini","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12645","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12645","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A substantial body of research indicates that higher education students from lower social class backgrounds tend to have poorer health than those from higher social class backgrounds. To investigate sleep as a potential mediator of this relationship, online survey responses of students from five large Australian universities, one Irish university and one large Australian technical college were analysed in three studies (Study 1 <i>N</i> = 628; Study 2 <i>N</i> = 376; Study 3 <i>N</i> = 446). The results revealed that sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep disturbances, pre-sleep worries and sleep schedule variability mediated the relationship between social class and physical and mental health. Sleep remained a significant mediator when controlling for related variables and other mediators. Thus, the findings suggest that sleep partly explains social class differences in health. We discuss the importance of addressing sleep issues among students from lower social class backgrounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 3","pages":"710-730"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12645","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9778866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Event-related potential and behavioural evidence of goal-based expectations for consistent actions among group members","authors":"Jun Yin,&nbsp;Dan Zhou,&nbsp;Danfeng Ai,&nbsp;Hongli Sun,&nbsp;Jipeng Duan,&nbsp;Zhongqiang Sun,&nbsp;Xiuyan Guo","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12643","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12643","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Placeholder Text</h3>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>People expect group members to act consistently. However, because actions are organized hierarchically, incorporating deep-level goals and shallow-level movements, it remains unclear what level of action is expected to be consistent among group members. We determined that these two levels of action representations can be dissociated in object-directed actions and measured the late positive potential (LPP), which indicates expectation. We found that participants identified a new agent's actions more quickly when this agent pursued a consistent goal while moving in a manner inconsistent with group members than when this agent pursued an inconsistent goal while moving in the same manner as group members. Moreover, this facilitation effect disappeared when the new agent was from a different group, revealing goal-based expectations for consistent actions among group members. The LPP amplitude during the action-expectation phase was greater for agents from the same group than for agents from a different group, suggesting that people implicitly generate clearer action expectations for group members than for other individuals. Additionally, the behavioural facilitation effect was observed when the goal of actions was clearly identifiable (i.e. performing rational actions to reach an external target) rather than when there was no clear association between actions and external targets (i.e. performing irrational actions). The LPP amplitude during the action-expectation phase was greater after observing rational actions than after observing irrational actions performed by two agents from the same group, and the expectation-related increase in LPP predicted the behavioural measurements of the facilitation effect. Hence, the behavioural and event-related potential evidence suggest that people implicitly expect group members to behave consistently according to goals rather than movements per se.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 3","pages":"662-677"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9788897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construal level among poor children: Executive function implications","authors":"Yi Ren,&nbsp;Chenyi Zuo,&nbsp;Hua Ming,&nbsp;Ying Jiang,&nbsp;Silin Huang","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12642","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12642","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Poverty impedes children's executive function (EF). Therefore, it is necessary to mitigate the negative effect of poverty by developing efficient interventions to improve poor children's cognitive function. In three studies, we examined whether high-level construals can improve EF among poor children in China. In Study 1, we observed a positive relationship between family socioeconomic status and children's EF, which was moderated by construal level (<i>n</i> = 206; <i>M</i>_age = 9.71; 45.6% girls). In Study 2a, we experimentally induced high- versus low-level construals and found that poor children with high-level construals exhibited better EF than those with low-level construals (<i>n</i> = 65; <i>M</i>_age = 11.32; 47.7% girls). However, the same intervention did not affect the performance of affluent children in Study 2b (<i>n</i> = 63; <i>M</i>_age = 10.54; 54% girls). Moreover, we found that the interventional effects of high-level construals improved the ability of children living in poverty to make healthy decisions and delayed gratification in Study 3 (<i>n</i> = 74; <i>M</i>_age = 11.10; 45.9% girls). These findings may have implications for using high-level construals as an effective intervention to improve poor children's EF and cognitive capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 3","pages":"638-661"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10164642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain in the eye of the beholder: Variations in pain visual representations as a function of face ethnicity and culture","authors":"Francis Gingras,&nbsp;Daniel Fiset,&nbsp;Marie-Pier Plouffe-Demers,&nbsp;Andréa Deschênes,&nbsp;Stéphanie Cormier,&nbsp;Hélène Forget,&nbsp;Caroline Blais","doi":"10.1111/bjop.12641","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjop.12641","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pain experienced by Black individuals is systematically underestimated, and recent studies have shown that part of this bias is rooted in perceptual factors. We used <i>Reverse Correlation</i> to estimate visual representations of the pain expression in Black and White faces, in participants originating from both Western and African countries. Groups of raters were then asked to evaluate the presence of pain and other emotions in these representations. A second group of White raters then evaluated those same representations placed over a neutral background face (50% White; 50% Black). Image-based analyses show significant effects of culture and face ethnicity, but no interaction between the two factors. Western representations were more likely to be judged as expressing pain than African representations. For both cultural groups, raters also perceived more pain in White face representations than in Black face representations. However, when changing the background stimulus to the neutral background face, this effect of face ethnic profile disappeared. Overall, these results suggest that individuals have different expectations of how pain is expressed by Black and White individuals, and that cultural factors may explain a part of this phenomenon</p>","PeriodicalId":9300,"journal":{"name":"British journal of psychology","volume":"114 3","pages":"621-637"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjop.12641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9787989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}