International journal of diabetes and clinical research最新文献

{"title":"Type 3 Diabetes? Evaluation of the Noradrenergic System in Diabetic Rats by Underexpression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Central Nervous System","authors":"Klockner Géssica De Mattos Diosti, Lovato Fernanda Christo, Rebouças Rebeca Loureiro, Langer Laura Ingrid Volkweis, Hoegen Ingrid Oliveira, Ronkoski Maria Luiza, Carvalhal Stephanie Rubianne Silva, Collaço Luiz Martins, M. Camila, Kubrusly Luiz Fernando","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410152","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic inflammatory state that leads to potentially degenerative changes in brain metabolism. Sustained pictures of hypoinsulinemia trigger phosphorylation of the tau protein and production of amyloid plaques, forming senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in brain tissue. Diabetic patients have a higher incidence of cognitive impairment and a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia characterized by chronic neurodegeneration involving early synaptotoxicity, suggesting critical links between DM and AD, currently characterized as Type 3 Diabetes. This work aimed to induce DM in Wistar rats and measure demographic neurological changes, through serological, histological, immunohistochemical, anthropometric and exploratory behavior analysis. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were used, divided into the Control Group (CG) and the Diabetic Group (DG), all included healthy. After complete anesthesia, the DG animals had streptozotocin-induced diabetes, whereas the CG received only NaCl. The animals were kept in an experiment for 69 days. Glycemic collections, body weight measurements and behavioral assessment were performed using the Open Field Test. On the day of euthanasia, the brain, pancreas and liver were retired for further analysis. ORIGInaL aRtICLe","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45960366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Efficacy and Antihyperglycemic Properties of Catharanthus roseus for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review","authors":"Tummala Dhrithi","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410151","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic diseases, in which the patient experiences high levels of blood glucose due to an insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas (Type I diabetes) or an inability of his/her body to respond to the insulin produced (Type II diabetes). Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) is a plant that belongs to the Apocynaceae family, and has long been used as a natural medicine for Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. This systematic review aims to summarize and provide an overview of the results of several studies that have been conducted to evaluate the plant’s antidiabetic efficacy. Methods: Publications from the databases PubMed and SpringerLink were searched up until August 2020. Publications and studies were considered based upon their relevance, impact, and recency. Studies that analyzed the antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic effects of C. roseus, and that had an English title and abstract were included. Extraction and content analysis were performed systematically. Results: In total, 169 publications were identified that had been published up to August 2020, of which 9 publications that analyzed the antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic effects of C. roseus were included after being assessed for eligibility and undergoing an exclusion process based on finding duplicates and assessing content. Conclusion: The results from all the studies were consistent in that they corroborated hypoglycemic activity by C. roseus and decreased/controlled blood glucose levels in their experimental subjects. These antidiabetic properties of C. roseus are accounted for by the augmented production of glucose-stimulated insulin from beta cells that were otherwise impaired and augmented the expression of GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 genes in the experimental subjects. Review ARTiCle","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42089200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Diabetic Patients for Frailty with the Frail Scale: A Comparison with the Fried's Phenotype Criteria in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Al-Ali Sadiq Ahmed, AlJabr Qasem Mohammed, Alramadhan Zainab Tariq, Algharrash Zainab, Alyousif Alhawraa Jassim Ahmad, Alessa Aroob Nassir, Al-Ababneh Hassan Ali","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410150","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Frailty is a serious health issue that is associated with the decline of muscle and nerve functions. Several conditions have been associated with frailty, such as dementia, cancer, and diabetes. The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of frailty in Saudi diabetic patients and assess the association between diabetes and frailty. Also, to investigate if the FRAIL scale is an adequate tool to identify frail patients to pre-frail and healthy patients. Methods: Seventy-eight participants were divided into three categories; group-I, the control group, included 31 healthy men 65 to 75 years, group-II 25 patients with DM2 aged 50-64, and group-III included 22 patients with DM2 aged 65-80 years-old. Frailty index using Fried’s criteria (CHS) and FRAIL scale was determined for all the participants. In ROC analysis, we evaluated diagnostic accuracy and AUC areas of the FRAIL scale compared with the CHS criteria. Results: Frail patients were more in Group II and III (diabetics) (44%, 55%) respectively than in Group-I (nondiabetics) 10%. People aged 63-years-old or more are more likely to have frailty syndrome. ReSeARcH ARTicle","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47082847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Using a Novel, Nanotechnology-Based Topical Formulation to Improve Pain, Sensitivity, and Function","authors":"LaMour Jeffery, Grimm Douglas, Smith Ester, Yaniv Zvi, Hurwitz Peter","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410149","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes has become one of the largest global healthcare problems of the 21st century. More than 100 million U.S. adults are now living with diabetes or pre-diabetes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that as of 2015, 30.3 million Americans (9.4% of the U.S. population) have diabetes and 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes every year. The population prevalence of diabetes in the US is approaching 10% and is increasing by 5% each year. Annual costs for diabetic management are over $300 billion (USD). It has been estimated that about 27% of health-care costs of diabetes can be attributed to Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN). DPN is the most common complication associated with diabetes mellitus and causes a broad spectrum of neuropathic complications, including acute and chronic forms, affecting each level of the peripheral nerves. DPN has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 50% and is the most common diabetic complication. DPN is a leading cause for disability due to foot ulceration and amputation, gait disturbance, and fall-related injury. Approximately 20% to 30% of patients with DPN suffer from neuropathic pain. DPN significantly lowers quality of life and substantially increases health costs associated with diabetes. There are several treatment options currently available, including vitamins, physical therapy, or topical interventions which have shown limited efficacy. The most common drugs (Gabapentin, Pregabalin) used to treat neuropathic symptoms have limited effectiveness and are frequently associated with substantial side effects. Overall, most patients are dissatisfied with their treatment and many of them are actively looking for better solutions. Ongoing research is needed to identify efficacious, safe, and minimally invasive therapies that provide optimal benefit and minimal harm, with the goal of reducing pain severity, improving function, and improving quality of life. Technological advancements have allowed for the incorporation of nanotechnology into the development of new innovative therapies; yet, there remains a paucity of data surrounding them. The paper summarizes the results of an approved Institutional Review Board (IRB) minimal risk, observational study-in order to evaluate the utilization of gas nanobubbles for treating foot Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) Symptoms. The study used patient perceptions and physician reported clinical assessments, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of novel nanotechnologyformulated, topically-applied hydrogel emulsion, screen for unanticipated adverse effects and proof of concept. The hydrogel emulsion consists of distilled water containing UltraFine Nanobubbles (UFNBs) of O2 and CO2 for the symptomatic treatment of DPN. Outcomes show that a considerable percent of patients experienced 50% or more improvement in their pain level across the different types of pain (tingling, numbness and burning pain) and the improvements are statistically s","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42492618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Contributing Factors and Management Strategies (Self-Management Education) of Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Nigeria: A Review","authors":"Tella Emos E, Yunusa Ismaeel, Hassan Judith H, Chindo Ibrahim A, Oti Victor B","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410148","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is one of the major causes of morbidity and premature mortality globally with over 371 million people worldwide and more than 80% of morbidity and mortality due to diabetes occurred in the lowand middle-income countries (LMICs) including Nigeria, which has the highest burden of diabetes in Africa. The high number of medical admissions and deaths (15% and 22%) due to diabetes complications in Nigeria reflect the poor quality of care. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the prevalence, contributing factors and management strategies (SelfManagement Education) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Nigeria. The review was an informal, targeted literature review that utilised secondary data from global health, PubMed data bases, websites of international organisation and government ministries and books from the libraries and personal collections. The factors contributing to the prevalence of diabetes complications in Nigeria were identified and discoursed in this review. Effective and feasible strategies of Diabetes self-management education (DSME) identified to promote implementation in Nigeria include; community-based DSME, family-based DSME and health facility-based DSME. All the DSME strategies are required in Nigeria for effective diabetes care. This review successfully documented the prevalence, patient related factors contributing and management strategies (SelfManagement Education) of T2D complications/outcomes in Nigeria and thus, combination of the above strategies is recommended for effectively addressing the needs of diabetes patients in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45280634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic, Behavioral, and Clinical Characteristics of the Ambulatory Diabetic Population of the Dominican Republic, 2018","authors":"Duncan Leslie Anne, Hornsby Paige, Pannone Aaron, W EbrahimOmar, I. Ammar","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410143","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Type 2 diabetes has steadily increased in prevalence in the Dominican Republic. Our objectives were to identify the demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of adult male and female ambulatory diabetic patients in the Dominican Republic to better understand diabetes in the Dominican population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of a random sample of ambulatory patients treated at the diabetes clinic at the Instituto Nacional de Diabetes, Endocrinología y Nutrición (INDEN) whose first appointment was in 2018. We abstracted data for demographic, behavioral, and clinical variables and compared them by sex. Results: Of the 500 patients, a slight majority were female. Over 84% of patients had Type 2 diabetes. Female patients had significantly higher rates of several comorbidities, including obesity and hypertension. Male patients were slightly younger than female patients, and had significantly higher rates of several symptoms. In addition, men had significantly higher levels of HbA1c. Over 50% of all patients had a high fasting blood glucose level. The majority of the population reported never exercising. Conclusion: Sex-specific interventions are needed help to minimize the burden of the disease and improve the quality of life for the Dominican population. Programs to address high prevalence risk factors, like obesity and hypertension, and increase early access to medical care could help with prevention and/or management of diabetes, improve the health of the population, and decrease the economic burden of disease on both the population and the healthcare system of the Dominican Republic.","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46052975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Youth with Diabetes in the Dominican Republic, 2000 to 2016","authors":"Duska Jessica, P. HornsbyPaige, Pannone Aaron, C. Jack, S. Noris, W. EbrahimOmar, I. Ammar","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410137","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The incidence of Type 2 diabetes is growing among adults in the Dominican Republic (DR), with little data regarding diabetes among youth. Our primary objecti-ves were to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric diabetes patients in the DR. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 874 pediatric diabetes patients from 2000-2016. Data were abstracted and analyzed using SAS. Results: The number of pediatric patients seen in the diabetes clinic grew over the study period, with an increasing proportion with Type 2 (0-35%). A majority of our population was female (56%), with a median age of 11.7 years, and diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes (80%). Patients with Type 1 were younger (10 vs. 13, p < 0.0001), male (46% vs. 34%, p = 0.0045), and more often hospitalized (43% vs. 21%, p < 0.0001). Patients with Type 2 were more likely to have a first-degree relative with diabetes (14% vs. 50%, p < 0.0001). Nearly half of patients were overweight or obese; this proportion was higher for those with Type 2 (37% vs. 74%, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Pediatric patients with Type 2 diabetes are proportionally increasing in the DR. The study findings can inform policies, programs, and future research on diabetes among youth globally.","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42127627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Vitamin D Levels in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"A. Anyanwu, O. Olopade, S. Onung, I. Odeniyi, H. Coker, O. Fasanmade, A. Ohwovoriole","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410133","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to climb in many parts of the globe in association with the rise in Obesity. In parallel to the increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, evidence indicates a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency Worldwide. Areas with high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency have been associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes. group, 33 (45.8%), Z = -2.39, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common among the participants in this study. This alludes to the widespread vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in both apparently heal thy populations and patients with various pathologies including diabetes mellitus. The season of study (rainy/winter) may have contributed to the low levels of vitamin D among the participants.","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45167398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Foot Profile in Patients under Regular Haemodialysis","authors":"Boughallaba Nasreddine, Ksouri Habib","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410132","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diabetic foot syndrome that affects patients under regular haemodialysis is a complex mechanism mainly based on patient metabolism, neurosensitive abnormalities, and plantar pressure dysfunctions. Patients and methods: Our work is based on a descriptive cross-sectional and multicenter study conducted during 45 days and concerning 43 diabetic patients among a total of 193 patients undergoing regular haemodialysis in three haemodialysis centers in Tunisia. Data collection relied on patients clinical records, all data were collected anonymously and we use 3 sheets respectively for: Data collection, clinical examination and neuropathic pain evaluation. Some biological parameters which are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) were studied, as parathyroid hormone (PTHi), phosphatemia, hemoglobin (Hb), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Passive articular mobility was explored by a goniometer which is a tool for measuring joint amplitudes. Lower limbs arteriopathy exploration as: Ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) was performed using a pocket continuous wave doppler (8 Mhz) and a sphygmomanometer with a cuff width of at least the third of limb circumference. Protective skin sensitivity was explored by Semmes-Weinstein monofilamant 10g (SWM), and tactile skin sensitivity was explored by a cotton strand (wadding). As samples were small, we used Fisher's exact test for paired series for the statistical analysis of the relationship between certain parameters and diabetic foot. Results: The majority of the patients have type 2 diabetes. All had diabetic nephropathy and several comorbidities, 57% secondary hyperparathyroidism, 35% had a normalized proteins catabolic rate, and 44.1% had hypoalbuminemia. Fifty one percent of the patients have feet deformities as, toes claws (44.1%), hallux valgus (25.6%) and a history of ulceration or amputation (34.8%). Thirteen patients had diabetic neuropathy and 53.48% had sensory neuropathy. Neuropathic pain was found in 18.6% of patients. Regarding factors related to haemodialysis, the impact of “nutritional, inflammatory, anemic and disorders of the metabolism of calcium and of phosphorus” factors was clear. Diabetes inherent factors such as, duration of evolution, balance, and the tendency to obesity represent others complicating risk factors for our patients. Also, ABPI, which constitutes another risk factor, was greatly increased. Similarly, sensory and autonomic neuropathies were strongly present, as well as bone deformities. Conclusion: Obesity, malnutrition and comorbidities, as poorly balanced diabetes, anemia, disorders of the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus associated with a chronic inflammatory state, constitute risk factors that promote the occurrence of the diabetic foot complications. Presence of sensory and autonomic neuropathy, bone deformities and vascular calcification also contribute to the development of such pathology. Keyword Diabetes complications, Diabetic foot, Haemodial","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48748712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xenotransplantation of the Pancreas: A Reality Check of Its Historical Emergence","authors":"Weaver Cyprian","doi":"10.23937/2377-3634/1410131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410131","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements being made in the humanization of Crispr-based gene-edited animals have now provided a sophisticated molecular platform for exogenic organ production and xenotransplantation. Although this amazing and novel medical step into the future holds significant therapeutic promise for pancreas xenotransplantation presently impeded by lack of sufficient donors, its origins arose in an era that is often portrayed as an age of medical quackery and iatrogenesis. The present study reexamines the historical and cultural context in which the first pancreatic xenografts which preceded any attempt at allotransplantation emerged as an interventional force within clinical medicine during the mid-1800s into the early part of the 1900s. More specifically, it focuses on the advances and scientific findings that arose historically as a consequence of the newly diagnosed state of diabetes mellitus in the mid-1800s. Known throughout previous centuries yet ever evasive as a defined dysfunctional complex within carbohydrate metabolism, diabetes was initially challenged by its tenuous association with the pancreas. Once correlated however, dynamics were set into motion whereby the then current theory of internal secretion would initiate a struggle between hormone replacement theory per se and organ replacement. Initially the isolation and application of the potential anti-diabetic factor took the form of crude preparations of pancreatic ‘juice’ or the application of raw animal pancreas both via oral consumption as well as xenogeneic grafting. Both interventions proved ineffective. Ultimately the more refined extracts derived from duct-ligated pancreas to reduce the contaminating exocrine parenchyma led to the isolation and therapeutic use of insulin. The historical backdrop provides an insight to legitimate concerns of physicians for patients balanced by their willingness to employ unknown and novel treatments to rescue patients from the dreaded consequences of diabetes. Keyword Diabetes, Pancreas, Xenotransplantation, Insulin, Islets, Internal secretion HistoriCal analysis","PeriodicalId":92797,"journal":{"name":"International journal of diabetes and clinical research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44311517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}