Brain Stimulation最新文献

{"title":"Working memory enhancement using real-time phase-tuned transcranial alternating current stimulation","authors":"David Haslacher ,&nbsp;Alessia Cavallo ,&nbsp;Philipp Reber ,&nbsp;Anna Kattein ,&nbsp;Moritz Thiele ,&nbsp;Khaled Nasr ,&nbsp;Kimia Hashemi ,&nbsp;Rodika Sokoliuk ,&nbsp;Gregor Thut ,&nbsp;Surjo R. Soekadar","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Prior work has shown that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) of parietooccipital alpha oscillations (8–14 Hz) can modulate working memory (WM) performance as a function of the phase lag to endogenous oscillations. However, leveraging this effect using real-time phase-tuned tACS has not been feasible so far due to stimulation artifacts preventing continuous phase tracking.</p></div><div><h3>Objectives and hypothesis</h3><p>We aimed to develop a system that tracks and adapts the phase lag between tACS and ongoing parietooccipital alpha oscillations in real-time. We hypothesized that such real-time phase-tuned tACS enhances working memory performance, depending on the phase lag.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We developed real-time phase-tuned closed-loop amplitude-modulated tACS (CLAM-tACS) targeting parietooccipital alpha oscillations. CLAM-tACS was applied at six different phase lags relative to ongoing alpha oscillations while participants (N = 21) performed a working memory task. To exclude that behavioral effects of CLAM-tACS were mediated by other factors such as sensory co-stimulation, a second group of participants (N = 25) received equivalent stimulation of the forehead.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>WM accuracy improved in a phase lag dependent manner (p = 0.0350) in the group receiving parietooccipital stimulation, with the strongest enhancement observed at 330° phase lag between tACS and ongoing alpha oscillations (p = 0.00273, d = 0.976). Moreover, across participants, modulation of frontoparietal alpha oscillations correlated both in amplitude (p = 0.0248) and phase (p = 0.0270) with the modulation of WM accuracy. No such effects were observed in the control group receiving frontal stimulation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our results demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of real-time phase-tuned CLAM-tACS in modulating both brain activity and behavior, thereby paving the way for further investigation into brain-behavior relationships and the exploration of innovative therapeutic applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 850-859"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001220/pdfft?md5=a9b89bcc58a0d3640d218a0d7e0ecabf&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001220-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141726935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optogenetic fMRI reveals therapeutic circuits of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation","authors":"Yuhui Li ,&nbsp;Sung-Ho Lee ,&nbsp;Chunxiu Yu ,&nbsp;Li-Ming Hsu ,&nbsp;Tzu-Wen W. Wang ,&nbsp;Khoa Do ,&nbsp;Hyeon-Joong Kim ,&nbsp;Yen-Yu Ian Shih ,&nbsp;Warren M. Grill","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely employed for managing motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), its exact circuit mechanisms remain controversial. To identify the neural targets affected by therapeutic DBS in PD, we analyzed DBS-evoked whole brain activity in female hemi-parkinsonian rats using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We delivered subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS at various stimulation pulse repetition rates using optogenetics, allowing unbiased examination of cell-type specific STN feedforward neural activity. Unilateral optogenetic STN DBS elicited pulse repetition rate-dependent alterations of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals in SNr (substantia nigra pars reticulata), GP (globus pallidus), and CPu (caudate putamen). Notably, this modulation effectively ameliorated pathological circling behavior in animals expressing the kinetically faster Chronos opsin, but not in animals expressing ChR2. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that the pulse repetition rate-dependent behavioral rescue was significantly mediated by optogenetic DBS induced activity changes in GP and CPu, but not in SNr. This suggests that the activation of GP and CPu are critically involved in the therapeutic mechanisms of STN DBS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 947-957"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001372/pdfft?md5=5ec1bd1391b678bc68ead2c95e34a0c0&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001372-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating the risk of overdosing TMS due to coil-to-scalp distance: An electric field modeling study","authors":"Kevin A. Caulfield,&nbsp;Samantha M. LaPorta,&nbsp;Rhiannon M. Walton,&nbsp;Elisabeth V. Collins,&nbsp;Philipp M. Summers,&nbsp;Jennifer Y. Cho,&nbsp;Michael U. Antonucci,&nbsp;Alexander Opitz,&nbsp;Mark S. George,&nbsp;Lisa M. McTeague","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 970-974"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001384/pdfft?md5=091a95a738ff0f6a9f7e1956281d4f4c&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001384-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141911736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of gray matter volume changes from one week to 6 months after termination of electroconvulsive therapy in depressed patients","authors":"Maarten Laroy ,&nbsp;Filip Bouckaert ,&nbsp;Olga Therese Ousdal ,&nbsp;Annemieke Dols ,&nbsp;Didi Rhebergen ,&nbsp;Eric van Exel ,&nbsp;Guido van Wingen ,&nbsp;Jeroen van Waarde ,&nbsp;Joey Verdijk ,&nbsp;Ute Kessler ,&nbsp;Hauke Bartsch ,&nbsp;Martin Balslev Jorgensen ,&nbsp;Olaf B. Paulson ,&nbsp;Pia Nordanskog ,&nbsp;Joan Prudic ,&nbsp;Pascal Sienaert ,&nbsp;Mathieu Vandenbulcke ,&nbsp;Leif Oltedal ,&nbsp;Louise Emsell ,&nbsp;for GEMRIC","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Increased gray matter volume (GMV) following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been well-documented, with limited studies reporting a subsequent decrease in GMV afterwards.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study characterized the reversion pattern of GMV after ECT and its association with clinical depression outcome, using multi-site triple time-point data from the Global ECT-MRI Research Collaboration (GEMRIC).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>86 subjects from the GEMRIC database were included, and GMV in 84 regions-of-interest (ROI) was obtained from automatic segmentation of T1 MRI images at three timepoints: pre-ECT (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>), within one-week post-ECT (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>), and one to six months post-ECT (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>). RM-ANOVAs were used to assess longitudinal changes and LMM analyses explored associations between GMV changes and demographical and clinical characteristics.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>63 of the 84 ROIs showed a significant increase-and-decrease pattern (RM-ANOVA, Bonferroni corrected p &lt; 0.00059). Post hoc tests indicated a consistent pattern in each of these 63 ROIs: significant increase from <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mtext>in</mtext><mspace></mspace><mtext>GMV</mtext></mrow></math></span>, followed by significant decrease from <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> and no difference between <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>, except for both amygdalae, right hippocampus and pars triangularis, which showed the same increase and decrease but GMV at <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> remained higher compared to <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>. No consistent relationship was found between GMV change pattern and clinical status.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The GEMRIC cohort confirmed a rapid increase of GMV after ECT followed by reversion of GMV one to six months thereafter. The lack of association between the GMV change pattern and depression outcome scores implies a transient neurobiological effect of ECT unrelated to clinical improvement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 876-886"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001281/pdfft?md5=42bdce731955d42bde6e214f0afb2189&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001281-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141765508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generators of the frequency-following response in the subthalamic nucleus: Implications for non-invasive deep brain stimulation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 847-849"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001189/pdfft?md5=176d5706fbd91a77e9f5faf291caabc3&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001189-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141598434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local neuronal sleep after stroke: The role of cortical bistability in brain reorganization","authors":"Caroline Tscherpel ,&nbsp;Maike Mustin ,&nbsp;Marcello Massimini ,&nbsp;Theresa Paul ,&nbsp;Ulf Ziemann ,&nbsp;Gereon R. Fink ,&nbsp;Christian Grefkes","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Acute cerebral ischemia triggers a number of cellular mechanisms not only leading to excitotoxic cell death but also to enhanced neuroplasticity, facilitating neuronal reorganization and functional recovery.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Transferring these cellular mechanisms to neurophysiological correlates adaptable to patients is crucial to promote recovery post-stroke. The combination of TMS and EEG constitutes a promising readout of neuronal network activity in stroke patients.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We used the combination of TMS and EEG to investigate the development of local signal processing and global network alterations in 40 stroke patients with motor deficits alongside neural reorganization from the acute to the chronic phase.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We show that the TMS-EEG response reflects information about reorganization and signal alterations associated with persistent motor deficits throughout the entire post-stroke period. In the early post-stroke phase and in a subgroup of patients with severe motor deficits, TMS applied to the lesioned motor cortex evoked a sleep-like slow wave response associated with a cortical off-period, a manifestation of cortical bistability, as well as a rapid disruption of the TMS-induced formation of causal network effects. Mechanistically, these phenomena were linked to lesions affecting ascending activating brainstem fibers. Of note, slow waves invariably vanished in the chronic phase, but were highly indicative of a poor functional outcome.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In summary, we found evidence that transient effects of sleep-like slow waves and cortical bistability within ipsilesional M1 resulting in excessive inhibition may interfere with functional reorganization, leading to a less favorable functional outcome post-stroke, pointing to a new therapeutic target to improve recovery of function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 836-846"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001232/pdfft?md5=ac825d909028841df8d87b66cb11020d&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001232-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141632759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances effort maintenance in ADHD","authors":"Jasper Vöckel ,&nbsp;Anne Kühnel ,&nbsp;Rebecca Rossberg ,&nbsp;Nina Geist ,&nbsp;Christine Sigrist ,&nbsp;Lena Pokorny ,&nbsp;Julian Koenig ,&nbsp;Nils Kroemer ,&nbsp;Stephan Bender","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit increased effort aversion, likely due to deficits in anticipatory dopamine firing. Previous research has shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the right prefrontal cortex can enhance activity in dopaminergic meso-striatal regions. However, the extent to which this specific tDCS configuration effectively modulates effort behavior in anticipation of rewards in ADHD remains uncertain.</p></div><div><h3>Hypothesis</h3><p>We expected an increase of effort maintenance and invigoration during and following our tDCS set-up compared to sham in subjects with ADHD.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Twenty-four children and adolescents with ADHD (mean age: 11.6 years; 95 % CI [10.7, 12.4]) received 2 mA and sham tDCS for 20 min each. The anode was positioned over the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), while the cathode was placed over the right dorsolateral PFC, generating an electrical field with maximal strength in the right PFC. During and after the tDCS sessions, participants performed a button-pressing task aimed at earning delayed monetary rewards. Primary outcomes were effort maintenance (frequency of button presses) and invigoration (slopes of button presses), measuring motor task performance.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We observed a significant increase in effort maintenance both during (b = 2.66; <em>p &lt;</em> 0<em>.001</em>) and after tDCS (b = 2.04; <em>p= .007</em>) compared to sham. No significant difference was found for invigoration during stimulation, while after bonferroni correction (p = 0.025) a non-significant decrease was found after tDCS compared to sham (b = −5.18; p = 0.041).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>tDCS targeting the ventromedial PFC (anodal) and right dorsolateral PFC (cathodal) increases effort maintenance in children and adolescents with ADHD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 899-906"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001335/pdfft?md5=c666f37178ad45073da12b659bd0937b&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001335-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141874200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time closed-loop brainstem stimulation modality for enhancing temporal blood pressure reduction","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Traditional pharmacological interventions are well tolerated in the management of elevated blood pressure (BP) for individuals with resistant hypertension. Although neuromodulation has been investigated as an alternative solution, its open-loop (OL) modality cannot follow the patient's physiological state. In fact, neuromodulation for controlling highly fluctuating BP necessitates a closed-loop (CL) stimulation modality based on biomarkers to monitor the patient's continuously varying physiological state.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>By leveraging its intuitive linkage with BP responses in ongoing efforts aimed at developing a CL system to enhance temporal BP reduction effect, this study proposes a CL neuromodulation modality that controls nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) activity to effectively reduce BP, thus reflecting continuously varying physiological states.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>While performing neurostimulation targeting the NTS in the rat model, the arterial BP response and neural activity of the NTS were simultaneously measured. To evaluate the temporal BP response effect of CL neurostimulation, OL (constant parameter; 20 Hz, 200 μA) and CL (Initial parameter; 11 Hz, 112 μA) stimulation protocols were performed with stimulation 180 s and rest 600 s, respectively, and examined NTS activity and BP response to the protocols.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In-vivo experiments for OL versus CL protocol for direct NTS stimulation in rats demonstrated an enhancement in temporal BP reduction via the CL modulation of NTS activity.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study proposes a CL stimulation modality that enhances the effectiveness of BP control using a feedback control algorithm based on neural signals, thereby suggesting a new approach to antihypertensive neuromodulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 826-835"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001207/pdfft?md5=02d18d3af93c5ea960238b4d62696422&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001207-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141598436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal interference electrical neurostimulation at 20 Hz beat frequency leads to increased fMRI BOLD activation in orbitofrontal cortex in humans","authors":"Priyamvada Modak ,&nbsp;Justin Fine ,&nbsp;Brayden Colon ,&nbsp;Ella Need ,&nbsp;Hu Cheng ,&nbsp;Leslie Hulvershorn ,&nbsp;Peter Finn ,&nbsp;Joshua W. Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Temporal interference electrical neurostimulation (TI) is a relatively new method of non-invasive neurostimulation that may be able to stimulate deep brain regions without stimulating the overlying superficial regions. Although some recent studies have demonstrated the success of TI in modulating task-induced BOLD activity in humans, there is limited information on intended and off-target effects of TI during resting-state. We simultaneously performed TI stimulation with the set-up optimized for maximum focality in the left caudate and collected resting-state fMRI data to investigate the effects of TI on human BOLD signals. We found increased BOLD activation in a part of the mid-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and parahippocampal gyrus. Results indicate that TI can induce increased BOLD activation in the region that receives the highest magnitude of TI amplitude modulation in humans, with good safety and tolerability profiles. We also show the limits of spatial precision and explore the nature and causes of additional off-target effects. TI may be a promising approach for addressing questions about the causal role of deep brain structures in human cognition and may also afford new clinical treatments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 867-875"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X2400130X/pdfft?md5=1e867e69c12edf8ec0b3d30c48ecedf6&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X2400130X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141765509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One year clinical outcomes after transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality for posttraumatic stress disorder","authors":"Noah S. Philip,&nbsp;Kyra Brettler,&nbsp;Benjamin D. Greenberg,&nbsp;Amanda R. Arulpragasam,&nbsp;Samantha L. Cilli,&nbsp;Emily Aiken,&nbsp;Mascha van 't Wout-Frank","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 896-898"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X24001311/pdfft?md5=5aa18dcac0809de17a4cbcb5cf12477a&pid=1-s2.0-S1935861X24001311-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}